Following the launches in July 2021 of Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic flight and Jeff Bezos’s Blue Origin initiatives, space tourism is closer than ever. Though these flights were short in duration, the stage is set for longer trips in the not-too-distant future. Governments, industry operators and the general public must begin to imagine and plan for the technical and legal details of governance and financial exchange among private parties on the extra-terrestrial frontier.
Humans have been captivated by space for millennia. Over the past 70 years, this curiosity has led to explorations and formed the basis for competition and collaborations among nations in the quest for space dominance. Below I outline a brief history of space activities, with a particular focus on how the legal principles of peaceful use have evolved as private operators enter and carry out new activities in space.
Space governance exists outside the jurisdiction of terrestrial nations; with advances in commercial spaceflight, the new roles that private actors play in space will challenge traditional space-governance structures in new ways. At the same time, the past decade has seen the development of blockchain technology, expressly designed to enable decentralised actors to govern transactions outside traditional institutions and jurisdiction. Could blockchain technologies respond to future space-governance challenges?
This paper is exploratory and futurist as space activities and blockchain use cases could evolve in multiple directions. A possibility, based on the speedy advancement in extra-terrestrial-related research and development, is that space becomes a settlement destination for humans in the next century.1 Tim Draper shares similar views on this in his interview with SpaceChain’s CEO, Zee Zheng. Another possibility is increased adoption in blockchain useAdvocates of blockchain technologies similarly believe strongly in their adoption in governance and financialir uncertainty, this paper engages with these views of the future to consider their implications and potential interactions. It aims for governments, space actors and all humanity to begin considering these issues and prepare for the future.
Over six decades ago, Russian cosmonauts launched the world’s first satellite (Sputnik), setting the stage forcan be healthy. The space race sped up advancements in space technology, as well as contributing to offshoot innovations in medicine, navigation, food preservation and other fields. The reduction in space-launch costs contributed to the acceleration of the space race, as visualised in the infographic above from data collected byce is “beyond territorial jurisdiction”, exacerbating the challenges posed by balancing the interests of multiple actors. Space governance consists of several layers that run in parallel to how governance of space has evolv. Space governance consists of international laws, called Space Law 1.0, focusing on global activities; national laws, called Space Law 2.0, focusing on national activities; and self-governing “by-laws”, called Space Law 3.0, focusing on activities of all operators.
Space governance draws some analogies from the governance of the high seas based on the Common Heritage of Mankind doctrine. Both outer space and the high seas are to be used for peaceful purposes, and the responsibility for maintenance is to be shared by all nation-states. However, their governance generally differs with respect to non-appropriation or the claim of sovereignty. Perhaps the key difference in their governance is that the laws of the high seas are based on more certainty than the laws of outer space. states to claim sovereignty or appropriate the high seas that are under 200 miles from their country’s coast (called the Exclusive Economic Zone). For outer space, there is still an ongoing argument for a consensus on where exactly space begins. As technologists envision commercial activity in space that goes well beyond the uses of international waters (for example in terms of duration of stay, communications limitations, and possible settlement), governance mechanisms and technologies will be insufficient.
The governance approach towards the internet switched from a purely non-profit effort to becoming a driver for trade and economics. A similar shift is ongoing with commercial human spaceflight. Private actors are generally distributed and have the potential to create a decentralised secondary market for space resources, independent of national governments (more on this later). Evidently, better governance needs to be put in place. This makes transparency a critical component. Blockchain (and by extension, smart contracts and cryptocurrency) – a technology that embeds transparency by default – could help. How and why blockchain is relevant will be explored in later sections.
The Outer Space Treaty (OST) is the central focus of Space Law 1.0, the first layer of space governance. Now over half a century old, it is the closest thing to a constitution for outer space. The focus of the OST is to maintain the peaceful use of outer space and prohibit the vesting of ownership in any one nation, declaring space a global commons. Other aspects of Space Law 1.0 the Moon Treaty.
This layer is where interstate negotiations on space governance-related issues happen. Countries are represented through their ministers and rules set down in the form of treaties. As a general rule in international law, countries uphold their sovereignty and are not bound by external laws. To extend the obligations in treaties to private and nongovernmental organisations, states have to pass national legislation that binds their citizens and space actors within their jurisdiction. The most common way this occurs is through the issuance of licences for space missions. To obtain such a licence, actors must meet all obligations found in relevant treaties, but also contained in specific national laws.
Generally, the OST is only binding on. The period after the introduction of the OST marked the beginning of Space Law 2.0. Before then, governments were the main space actors and also the main investors. The entrance of private actors into space activities made governments realise that space governance needs to go beyond treaties. In an attempt to bind more countries by “”, the Moon Treaty came into existence in 1979. However, the Moon Treaty has generally been considered a failure because almost none of the top players in space have signed or ratified it. This has resulted in more national governance efforts by key players such as Russia and the United States.
When the United States sought to pass, several countries questioned its provisions in relation to space governance. The law granted US citizens the right to “”. Of course, other countries called out the United States, considering that no nation may claim ownership of space resources. This is an example of Space Law 2.0, another layer of space governance, where intrastate negotiations happen. What this layer of space governance does is bring negotiations that happen on a global scale to a national level.
Perhaps a better, though more controversial, example of Space Law 2.0 is the Artemis Accords, which exposes the gap Space Law 1.0 could not fill (or left open to interpretations) with respect to the mining of space resources. This bilateral law championed by NASA and the United States claims to align with the OST, which expressly prohibits national claims on extra-terrestrial resources. Meanwhile, the Artemis Accords allows private actors to claim private ownership because For this reason, many have criticised the Accords as only serving the interests of the founding signatories, who are incidentally the most active space actors.
Private participation and investment in outer-space activities are fast overtaking government investments, as evidenced by the success of private players such as Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin. Morgan Stanley projects the space economy will be worth at least $1 trillion by 2040.
This is quite understandable when one considers the vast opportunities and resources that space offers beyond Earth. The possibilities, from a galactic settlement to the mining of valuable near-unlimited materials and other resources, make it evident that humanity needs to work better on developing stronger governance mechanisms for space. Also, as we saw in Space Law 2.0, considered national claims of ownership and private claims of ownership regarding space resources.
This is the layer that best embodies the reason why space governance should be jurisdiction-agnostic. It has become necessary to minimise the roles of nation-states, to make better binding rules on private activities. This minimisation is supported in discussions relating to internet governance. With the influx of private players and more public actors, this governance layer is where inter-operator negotiations happen. A recent example of Space Law 3.0 is Space Safety Coalition’sors”, a guideline to advancing the sustainable use of space. At the time of writing, there are 57 endorsees including Aerospace, Astroscale and Virgin Orbit.
Blockchain was once exclusively used in finance but more recently it has been adopted in other sectors and industries, including space, with applications such as space technologies, the space supply chain, unlocking new business models, source tracking and space-resources governance. Some organisations with successful blockchain integration in space activities include Blockstream and Spacechain.
Supply chain in its traditional sense is a complex process of creation and distribution of goods. This complex process involves invoices and payments, communications and connections between various entities spanning months or years, and multitudinous locations. Clearly, these processes need documentation, tracking, contract agreements, automated milestones and so on.
With the advent of blockchain, international space-traffic tracking and monitoring systems will onboard a transparent, tamper-proof and automated technology. This is because blockchain’s proof of stake and DAO feature (see below) facilitate automation and transparency.
Spacechain, a Singapore startup, already has Spire, a supply and logistics company, supplying satellites and its Sabertooth computers for Spacechain’s on-orbit blockchain demonstration series. The success of Spire and Spacechain establishes the outer-space application of blockchain for logistics and supply-chain management.
Whatever the industry, a record is needed. Blockchain technology is defined as a digital transaction ledger that records transactions transparently without middle men.
Blockchain will provide outer space with an immutable and automated information ledger. Until the end of the time, the transaction is there and tamper-proof.
Source tracking is another win for the integration of blockchain in space. One of blockchain’s major tools, cryptography,cord a transaction. Cryptography ensures that the records in a blockchain network are tamper-proof. With this, the process of moving goods between countries and continents can be transparently traced and tracked without the activities of middle men. Source tracking will significantly reduce disputes and blockchain as an all-party open-access technology will provide true records. This can help with managing the governance of space debris, which is mostly caused by collision or damage of space objects.
Blockchain is a disruptive technology that unlocks new business models for space activities. Depending on the blockchain application, new business models such as fractionalisation and tokenisation of space assets can be unlocked. For an industry with a constant need for heavy funding, blockchain can be leveraged for raising capital through crowdfunding from token sales, an approach that highlights the fact that space belongs to everyone.
Several features of blockchain technology, such as the fact that it is distributed (not tied to a single jurisdiction), immutable (tamper-resistant), transparent (trackable due to immutable audit trail), autonomous (relying on consensus algorithms rather than sovereign entities), alegal (existing outside the concept of law), and automated (programmable: code could be law), make it a viable candidate for adoption in space governance.
One long-range manifestation could be in the use of blockchain for developing a space-native digital currency to power the fast-growing space economy in the coming decades. Efforts towards a global currency have been largely unsuccessful, largely because sovereign states fear the loss of their economic and political sovereignty and global dominance.
Neither the dollar nor the euro is a global currency by design, though they have become dominant due to the industrial and geopolitical power of the United States and Europe. Space, an industry that has begun to gain rapid focus in recent decades, has developed within a global system where diplomacy and peacekeeping are tools employed for international relations.
Trang Ngo identified three conditions necessary to consider crypto a global currency: a shared market, political neutrality, and a regulative body. The fact that crypto is digital, not beholden to any political power and relying on consensus algorithms for regulation, may make it favourable to space acrypto as a galactic-reserve currency, such as volatility for non-stablecoins and de-pegging for stablecoins.
“It’s all coordination.” This simple statement by Kevin Owocki, cofounder of Gitcoin, encapsulates both traditional and novel approaches to governance. In traditional governance systems, having a central entity tasked with the control of labour, funds and resources is the norm. This is, however, ill suited for space governance, where many players from multiple jurisdictions will lay (unequal) claim to resources. With the increase in participation of space actors (private and public), each with myriad interests, there is a risk for the space race to turn into a free-for-all without sustainable governance.
At the centre of blockchain technology is the abilitygovern itself based on code (smart contract) alone. Rules of governance embedded in code determine how the organisation is run. Think of it like an “If-Then” operation. If you pay your rent, then you will be able to unlock your house. Smart contracts are coded tot, and can be as simple or complex as necessary to cover the desired legal eventualities.
DAOs are internet-native organisations for managing funds and labour towards achieving a specific goal. This goal could be buying the United States constitution, as the ConstitutionDAO attempted, or venture-capital investing, such as MetaCartel. DAOs are decentralised because members drive the activities and their governance rather than some hierarchical executives as seen in traditional corporate entities. They are autonomous because their funds and labour can be automatically distributed in accordance with governance outcomes. They are an organisation because DAOs are essentially a group of people with a specific goal leveraging the blockchain for coordination.
Now imagine the DAO on a large scale, like a country or a continent. Or space. DAOs can be set up to address different needs and missions. For instance, there could be one DAO for satellites, another for human spaceflight, another for managing space debris and so on. DAO participants would be space actors involved in the key activities of the DAOs, whether government or private actors.
MakerDAO and MolochoDAO are presently the largest DAOs. MarrinoDAO is an organisation providing services for the approval process o (AEH) for alIn a DAO, a smart contract executes the rules of the contract without the need for a human intermediary. As there is limited human occupation of space, most space interactions and transactions are between machine and machine, making it a perfect scenario to leverage smart contracts for space governance.
In traditional governance systems, the desire to be inclusive slows down the governance process in a bid to hear everyone’s opinion. However, with DAOs, size has little effect. Size does not affect DAO governance: often not all members participate in voting activities.
For instance, a space organisation has a need to launch a satellite project. The traditional process would be to raise funds from investors, apply for relevant licences and approvals, build and test, and eventually release into orbit. With blockchain integration, investors from anywhere on Earth can pool funds with easy tracking: investors can literally see their coins go to the moon and back. All the rules involved at each stage could be converted to code, making it easy to track and verify compliance. To combat space debris, the organisation would be asked to make a deposit which they would lose if the satellite was not retrieved at the end of life expectancy or when damaged.
It is logical to impute from the OST that there should be no centralised resource-governance entity in space. Private operators in space will need to manage ownership and liability for a wide range of artificial and natural resources, including oxygen, lost equipment, boosters, dead spacecraft, meteoroids and space debris. Both artificial and natural space resources should be governed without a centralised governance entity. Cryptocurrency could be adopted in space by extension of it being a Space organisations could integrate smart-contract networks, an automation tool that writes contracts/rules as codes.
Generally, space actors, especially private actors, would prefer an agile governance approach that gives room for innovation, rather than the stifling centralised approach that nation-states prefer. As a result, governance approaches that embed incentivisation could be considered favourably. Space-resources exploration, utilisation and rental should be governed communally, aligning with the intention of the OST that space belongs to humankind.
Orbital debris is usually caused by the collision of satellites. As the space industry gets competitive, giant spaceship companies such as Boeing and SpaceX using large fleets will need to develop strategies to avoid causing accidental orbital debris.
In 2018, ConsenSys acquired Planetary Resources, an asteroid-mining company established in 2009. After the acquisition, ConsenSys focused its ideas on blockchain space mining. ConsenSys rebranded Planetary Resources as a subsidiary company, ConsenSys Space. To avoid accidental debris or other forms of debris arising from positioning and trajectory, ConsenSys launched TruSat, a blockchain-based ledger that will monitor the orbital positioning of spaceships.
While there are myriad benefits to using blockchain for space governance, there are also risks.
WideniGoing digital – and certainly going to space – requires resources that are often not affordable to the average person. For countries with low GDP, competing in the emerging space economy is of low priority relative to the population’s primary needs. Yet they should not be left behind as this new economic and legal terrain is explored and exploited.
Steep learning curve and power shift to the more technically capable. This is where capacity building comes in. The country that invests more in sending off citizens to acquire various skills and knowledge would reap bountifully. Using blockchain at any level requires an understanding of how it works. Such capacity building incurs huge costs in time and resources, which emerging markets may not be able to afford at short notice.
Interoperability amongst the varied types of blockchain and limit of functionality to only within the technological ecosystem. All the wonderful blockchain features highlighted earlier only work for on-chain activities. Once an activity has to go off-chain, that is, interacts outside the blockchain technological ecosystem, the features become limited: for instance, verifying the authenticity of data entered into the blockchain and enforcing dispute resolution outcomes. In such a scenario, there will need to be reliance on trusted entities for data verification and outcome enforcements. Therefore, blockchain technologies can augment—but not replace—traditional governance mechanisms and institutions, even in international jurisdictions such as outer space.
Sybil Attacks: The problem with rules is that there is always someone (or something) somewhere with a desire to break them. Like any digital network, blockchains are susceptible to Sybil attacks which can occur when malicious nodes/participants try to take control of the network. This can manifest in the form of executing a 51 per cent attack or outvoting honest nodes on the network. This is a corrollary to the above point: off-chain governance mechanisms and institutions are therefore a necessary complement to blockchain technologies.
Accelerate Awareness: Most space events lack broad publicity. The publicity is usually directed at those who already participate in the sector. Now is the time to employ some real-time online and offline strategies. Organise physical, virtual and hybrid events. There is at least one hackathon happening daily in some part of the world. But how often, if at all, has a space-themed hackathon happened? A certain level of confidentiality often shrouds space-related developments and activities, especially for private actors and registered space objects that could be protected under quasi-territorial intellectual property rights. This is ironic considering that space is regarded as being under communal ownership. It is time to open-source space development if it truly is for humanity. Enthusiasts and scholars in the space sector need to start representing the industry as ambassadors in their local communities, advocating the common ownership of outer space.
Encourage Experimentation: It is time to go beyond dressing up in spacesuits and ensure that schools teach the basics of space science and space ownership right from grade school. Children are persuasive ambassadors because of their curious and persevering nature. They can influence knowledge-sharing with others in their circle, including adults. Beyond educating young people about space and blockchain, there should also be more funding allocated for their ideas. Knowledge acquisition in the 21st century is expensive. It is time to start awarding scholarships to deserving individuals and communities with an interest in space-related blockchain applications. Interestingly, STEM attracts lots of funding, but it seems little is set aside for space-related studies and research.
Stronger Regulations: Current realities and developments highlight the need for an update of space regulations, both national and international. To reflect the open-access principles of outer space, it is essential that new laws and agreements are as sociocratic as possible. We could codify new laws with automation capabilities using blockchain. This does not mean the state will no longer be needed; rather, sociocratic laws will emphasise communal participation while minimising state control. Such participation can heighten ownership of responsibility and lead to increased compliance.
Blockchain is already being applied to extra-terrestrial ventures by startups, established companies, governments and even individuals. One reason for decentralising space governance is that humanity might outlast nations. This is also more reason for space actors to play the long-term game.
A major part of this work is devoted to the use of blockchain in outer space. Conversely, space can also be used for blockchain: specifically, the use case of outer space as a decentralised data centre for blockchain network nodes. Satellites can also be used as nodes in blockchain technology. Square’s decision to invest $5 million in BlockStream’s facility to build solar-powered energy for bitcoin mining confirms that satellites might be the next blockchain network nodes.
Cryptocurrency’s features of decentralisation, no single issuing entity, speed and relatively low transaction costs make it a good fit for use as a space-native digital currency. Coordination for both humans and inanimate objects in outer space could improve through the use of smart contracts, a technology that embeds transparency, traceability, auditability and automation. Recognising these possibilities is the basis for the European Space Agency’s Space 4.0 project that aims to evolve in tandem with the ongoing industrial revolution dubbed industry 4.0.
The use of blockchain for space governance is not without challenges. Blockchain is still nascent in most industries, requiring a steep learning curve and scaling technical hurdles in adoption. The ideas shared in this piece may appear futuristic and farfetched as it is uncertain when such situations will manifest: perhaps in a decade or a century or more! As both sides mature, specifically as space-related costs lower and accessibility increases, and blockchain adoption increases, we may see partial, full or even no use of blockchain in space governance. Actually, it does not matter if blockchain is used or not; what is important is that the status of space as a global commons is protected for the benefit of humanity.
In conclusion, the key takeaway from this paper is that present human coordination on Earth might not be suited for human coordination in space (natively—only happening in space). While the assumptions made in this paper might take a long time to realise, the inclusive conversation on how coordination will evolve in outer space needs to start happening now. And it needs to be inclusive because, at the moment, it appears that only dominant space actors have a seat at the table. Blockchain is proposed as one tool that can help to both shape inclusive evolvement and advance coordination in outer space.
^.


David Thewlis clarifies that he is set to appear in three Avatar sequels – but not Avatar 2. Over ten years after the original movie set the then-record for box office performance with $2.79 billion (a record that of course was beaten by Avengers: Endgame), director James Cameron is returning to the moon Pandora for not one but four Avatar sequels, with the total budget for the sci-fi quartet expected to top $1 billion.
In typical Cameron fashion, those four super-expensive Avatar sequels will push the boundaries of moviemaking technology, as the director takes his performance-capture cameras underwater to visualize a whole undersea kingdom on Pandora. Recent behind-the-scenes images from the shoot of Avatar 2 (which is set to resume in New Zealand after a coronavirus-caused delay) gave audiences a small taste of underwater Pandora, highlighting new cast members Kate Winslet and Cliff Curtis along with returning Avatar stars Zoe Saldana and Sam Worthington. Joining Winslet and the others in the Avatar universe is Thewlis, who recently revealed that he is playing a member of the blue-skinned alien Na’vi tribe.
In the same interview, Thewlis talked about the experience of working with Cameron, a director who is notorious for being “difficult.” Thewlis said that he actually found Cameron “an absolute pleasure” and described him as “something of a genius.” But, he also said doing extensive performance capture with “a camera right in your face all day” was nothing like making a film as he understands it, joking that he felt like an old man on the set because everything “was completely new” to him.
Indeed, everything about the shooting of Avatar 2 and the other three sequels sounds like an the actors. It does however seem as though Thewlis enjoyed himself on the shoot despite the difficulties, and it’s always good to hear someone say nice things about Cameron, a director who has rubbed many an actor the wrong way in the past. With coronavirus restrictions being lifted, Cameron will soon get to go back to work on his four-film Avatar opus, though of course 4 and 5 remain up in the air until after Avatar 2 and 3 are released and the audience renders its verdict on the director’s long-delayed return to Pandora. At the very least, Thewlis fans get to see him as a Na’vi in Avatar 3, and may still get to see him in the two subsequent sequels.
Mandalorian showrunner Jon Favreau talks things over with director James Cameron in a behind-the-scenes photo from the set of Avatar 2.


If you are looking for a place to retreat to with amazing views where you can feel literally on top of the world you might want to check out Vanjangi hill station in Andhra Pradesh in the Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam district. There truly are very few better places to watch the sunrise from, amongst the clouds, 3400 feet up on a cool morning slowly revealing the Vanjangi hilltops and the vista below. It is a recent discovery, the most recent Indian hill station to become more well known and a special place to visit for people who love nature, impressive views, mountains and trekking.
Being referred to by visitors as Megha Samudram aka the Ocean of Clouds because of how the light hits the collection of significant clouds each morning. It is a sight worth taking some time to come out and see. Where once the village had low numbers, due to the recent increase of visitors more are turning it into a potential tourist destination. It will be important on your visit to make sure you do not leave behind garbage so that place stays clean and resplendent. To get there you can drive the 3 hours from Visakhapatnam and then from there it is 6km from Paderu village. Be prepared for another 5km hike through the forest to reach the top. Head off with time before sunrise to get the most from the views but it is a great spot any time of day.
Another great option if you are looking for a retreat is Jims jungle retreat in Corbett Park, in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand state. Rather than high views and golden clouds here you can experience nature in all its glory, from wildlife and birds to many species of plants and trees. From close to some very comfortable lodgings you can hear the tigers growl, or a tusker trumpet, or watch smaller mammals rustling close by and see magnificent birds in the air and trees. It is a place that has a great impact on your connection to the world around you.
As well as eating well and enjoying luxury accommodation you can head out on one of many trails, to get even closer to things. Go on a night walk and have an expert show you things you wouldn’t normally see at this time! Spread across 15 acres of land there are grasslands, water bodies and forests to explore so a lot of different ecosystems to learn about. You can choose to mix your adventure with some Jeep Safaris if you do not want to trek each day. There are also cycling expeditions, bird-watching walks and more. Jims jungle retreat gets great reviews from visitors every year and is set in India’s oldest national park it is a place experts, first-timers and amateurs will be glad to see.


Our researcher Michele Bolognese presented today at  European Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Conference (EFC21) the results of the experimental validation of the SWITCH Large Stack Module. The results of the dynamic modelling of the Reversible Stack Module and of the External Reformer were validated by the experimental activities performed in Fondazione Bruno Kessler – FBK with 3% of discrepancy. The results confirm the robustness of the model, that can be used for future modelling of hydrogen stationary applications
More details will be shared in the conference proceedings.
SWITCH PRESENTS RESULTS AT FCH JU PROGRAMME REVIEW 2021
What is the state of the art of R&D on Electrolysers for Clean Hydrogen production in Europe? Luigi Crema presented the development activities of the SWITCH Project at the Programme Review Days 2021 organized by Fuel Cells & Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU).
Stay tuned to know more on the testing activities.
The SWITCH project has been presented in the online workshop “Hydrogen in power combined heat and power energy -intensive industry and agriculture”. The workshop has been organised by the PIME Knowledge Academy , which is promoting knowledge exchange to develop a hydrogen economy in energy and transport in Poland.
During the workshop, Matteo Testi (FBK) presented the talk “Reversible Solid Oxide Cells at support of flexible production of hydrogen, power and heat”, focusing on the R&D activities performed on the SWITCH Large Stack Module. The new LSM will significantly enhance the efficiency of green hydrogen production while securing production independently from renewable energy.
For more information, please download the workshop brochure.
EPFL organizes the 17th edition of the MODVAL Symposium on Modeling and Experimental Validation of Electrochemical Energy Technologies.  Taking place yearly in March/April, it alternates locations mostly between Switzerland and Germany, and is hosted by a local academic institution.
The focus of the 17th edition is to present advances in modelling and in experimental work for model validation, for fuel cells, batteries and electrolysers. Attendance is ~120, from academia and industry, from Europe and overseas. The symposium provides good opportunity to create new proximity R&D collaborations.
The 3rd project meeting has been organized online on the 14th of January 2021. All the partners presented their activities and provided evidence of the work performed over the last six months. Fortunately, the Covid-19 pandemic has not impacted on the initial activities for SWITCH.
The prelimany testing activities on the stack and the LSM are planned to start in March. DLR, FBK and EPFL will be the leading players in the coming months.
Matteo Testi receives young scientist award
Our Researcher Matteo Testi from FBK – Italy has been awarded the “Young Scientist” Prize at the European Hydrogen Week 2020. Testi has been awarded for his research in the field of hydrogen mobility and transport.
In the SWITCH project, Testi is working on the control strategy of the system.
Discover more on Testi’s research on his LinkedIn profile
The second project meeting of the SWITCH Consortium took place on the 26th of June 2020. The project was hold online and it was focused on the design and modelling activities performed by EPFL.
The first deliverables have bee published. The deliverables report the activities performed in the first six months on the preliminary system design, on the use cases, and on the standard and regulations that the SWITCH system will comply to.
The SWITCH project has been kicked off at Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam, in the Netherlands.
Representatives of the seven partners organizations met to present the project plan, roles and responsibility in the development of the SWITCH system prototype.
The SWITH project will exploit the results of the CH2P project to build a system operating in both fuel cell and electrolysis mode. The project will use the Solix Oxide Cell (SOC) technology to produce “Mostly green, always secured” hydrogen.


Will Devin Gardner (left) get more snaps next season and Denard Robinson move around?
Stephen (@Steve_Shep) from Milan, Ohio asks: What are the realistic chances that we will see Denard Robinson at another position other than QB and Devin Gardner at QB?
Josh in Portland, Maine, asks: After adding eight recruits to bring the 2013 total to 11, does U-M have the nation's No. 1 class?
Kim from West Virginia writes: Michael, I am a former longtime resident of Ann Arbor and longtime Michigan fan. I unfortunately left in 2008 during the downturn and now I live in West Virginia. It is not easy being a Michigan fan in Mountaineer country, believe me. I have been out of town for a few days due to a funeral, and at this point I simply have a question. What is the status ofn)?I can't see anywhere that he signed. If he has not signed anywhere, what the heck is taking him so long ?


This shoot will be 8 stages; registration will be online--HIGHLY PREFERRED--- opening on 1 MAY (details to be released before then), or at the shoot starting at 8 AM--registrations will CLOSE at 9:45 AM sharp. COST will be $25 per shooter. Shooters will need 100--125 rounds of ammo for this shoot. Members of VCDL, RRRC and any guests who wish to attend are invited !! Membership in IDPA is not required.
HELPERS will be needed to assist in setting up this event on FRIDAY;
To ASSIST--contact al@vcdl.org.
MORE details will be posted by 1 MAY


ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB ASAUB began its history in 20Dhaka inside an urban campus. ASA University Bangladesh always ends up in the top 80 best universities of Bangladesh.
The composition of the university. ASA University Bangladesh
Infrastructure of ASAUB. The university has a dedicated library.


These protracted situations have wide-ranging effects on the areas of departure and arrival of refugees. The domestic costs and challenges for host countries of managing these refugee populations are enormous. Voluntary repatriation is generally seen by regional and international actors as the preferred solution to these displacement crises. The return of refugees has become a key element in peace negotiations and post-war peacebuilding and is considered a critical step towards national recon-ciliation, state stability and economic development. However, studies on return reviewed by researchers for this project show that contrary to previous assumptions, returnees rarely come home to political stability and security, and return migration can itself complicate security and stability in the areas to which they return. This is particularly relevant in the Great Lakes region, where cycles of displacement and return have fuelled conflict and power struggles over many years.


INIT can be hard to debug, as services it controls may not be visible in the process table until a client tries to connect to that service.
INIT services are either executed at a particular runlevel if the script file exists, or it is simply not running at that runlevel.
INIT starts services on demand, and therefore is more efficient than the runlevel based XINET system.


Swaswara is a luxury holiday space for those seeking wellness, healing, rejuvenation, and a path to self-discovery.
Andrew began the practice of Ashtanga yoga in 1994 in Adelaide, Australia but it was not until 2001 that he finally made it to meet and study with Guruji, Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, and Sharath Jois in Mysore, India. Since then he has spent much cherished time in Mysore studying at KPJAYI and is certified to teach the traditional Ashtanga yoga system. Andrew has also devoted many years to the study of Vedic chanting and the philosophy of the Yoga Sutras, the Bhagavad Gita, and Upanishads etc., while immersing himself deeply in the local culture of Mysore. He currently teaches in California.
Veronique started practicing Ashtanga yoga in 2005 while working in Hong Kong. She became a direct student of R. Sharath Jois in 2008 and has since made annual extended trips to study with him at KPJ Ashtanga Yoga Institute in Mysore, India. Veronique is currently learning the advanced series under the guidance of Sharath and is authorized level 2 by KPJAYI to teach Ashtanga in the tradition of his grandfather, Sri K. Pattabhi Jois. She currently teaches a daily morning Mysore program in Osaka.


Join a Book Club - It's Free and Fun!
Book Clubs: November - December 2017
Wednesday, November 15, 1 p.m.
by Annonymous (Mara Hillers)
The Maplewood Eclectic Book Club discusses a variety of books from classics to modern literary fiction. We generally read a mystery, a science fiction selection, a young person's book and a non-fiction title each year.
by Kao Kailia Yang
Wednesday, December 20, 7 p.m.
Bring a book to share
Thursday, November 16, 1 p.m.
The Twelve LIves of Samuel Hawley
Tuesday, November 21, 6:30 p.m.
Tuesday, December 19, 6:30 p.m.
RCL - Shoreview Fiction
Thursday, November 6, 12 p.m.
RCL - White Bear Lake Mystery
Wednesday, November 1, 6:30 p.m.
Mysteries made into TV series


With pride, we fabricate beers from only the essential raw materials in order to allow time and mystery, two of our favorite ingredients, to provide maximize complexity and intrigue.
There are absolutely no additives, processing aids, mineral salts, stabilizers, or artificial CO2 added to our beer at any time during production. In an era of hop madness, we use only one hop, the Cascade hop grown by Goschie Family Farms in Silverton, OR.


Pe Man and the X3 Battle of the RIPPED where is DESTROYED another team that thought they could hang with TR…. The X3 Challenge
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During the third round of the 2010 Arnold Palmer tournament at Bay Hill, Kevin Na hooked a drive left of the cart path and close enough to the out of bounds on No. 9 that he hit a provisional. A lady in the gallery picked up the first ball under a hedge. Of course, she should have left it there to give Na a chance to actually see it. When asked to point out where she picked up the ball by an official, she showed him and in his judgment it was outside the OB boundary. However, Na wouldn’t accept that answer and called for a second opinion, one of his options. However, this official concurred that the ball had been OB. However, Na got a little hot under the collar and would not continue play, and was reported to have said,”I don’t care if you’re Budda, you’re going to be upset. Am I mad at the lady? No, I’m mad at the situation.”
Sometimes a player will get a different answer as I found out when working at the Ben Hogan Tour event in Odessa. A player was up against the lip of a fairway bunker and there was an ant bed nearby, but they were not fire ants for which the rules said you got relief. I told the player he had to play the ball. He asked for


Despite the various degrees of effectiveness, the authors worry present-day flu vaccines "continue being a beneficial community health and fitness Resource" and suggest "it is always greater to get vaccinated than not to obtain vaccinated."
How about the argument produced by a number of people that vaccines don't perform that nicely . . . that disorders can be going absent by themselves due to superior hygiene or sanitation, regardless of whether there were no vaccines?


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UP Yoddha held their nerve to edge out Telugu Titans 25-23 in a thrilling match of the fifth Pro Kabaddi League here today.
Nitin Tomar scored crucial points for his team in the last two minutes where as Titans were let down by their raiders' performance.
Rahul Chaudhari scored his first raid point of the night in the second minute as Telugu Titans led 2-1. Surender Singh scored two points in the fourth minute to give UP Yoddha 3-2 lead. It was a closely fought encounter in the first 10 minutes as the match was tied 5-5.
Tomar made his first successful raid to help UP Yoddha lead 7-5 after 12 minutes. Telugu Titans kept breathing down the neck and trailed 8-9 in the 15th minute.
Chaudhariitans levelled the game at 20-20. However, Tomar scored two points in the last minute as UP Yoddha opened up a 24-22 lead, before eventually winning the game 25-23.


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2. Tor agrifood systems, in an inclusive manner.
3. .
4. Today, our world is facing complex challenges, including conflicts and war, humanitarian emergencies,- causing economic shocks and downturns.
5. And often overlapping with the persistent chal, which have been worsening over the past months and years.
7. And globally the gap between women and men has increased - with 150 million more women who are food insecure than men.
9. And we must work together to make our 10. Digitalization plays diversifying incomes and unlocking on-farm and off-farm the new generation of farmers and young people.
12. Ensuring that developing countries, and especially women and youth, are not left behind in the fast-paced global digital landscape.
13. FAO recognizes the need for inclusive access to digital technologies for all by developing digitally skilled rural communities.
14. Through digital solutions, the world can recover together quickly, stronger, smarter and greener• ensure economic inclusion of marginalized groups, women and youth, to strengthen their productive engagement in the sector.
16. We know that digital technologies can bring further opp, providing them with tools and knowledge products “in hand”.
18. The can access loans and connect with buyers and input suppliers, and carry out commercial transactions, even at small scale.
19. Young people are best placed to acquire the knowledge needed to uptake new technologies, make agricultural value chains more tech-savvy, and spearhead digital transformation in rural areas.
will contribute to removing barriers to the internet, especially for vulnerable population groups, through supporting initiatives that improve affordability, user capabilities and infrastructure, enhanced transparency and distribution of resources among value chain actors.
21. We must leverage data, artificial intelligence and digital public goods as accelerators to support the agricultural digital transformation.
23. For the transformation of our25. For the benefit of smallholders who are faced with structural problems, affordability issues, skill gaps and regulatory bottlenecks that limit their access to digital technologies, as well as to business and development opportunities.
26. Youth and women are the first to suffer from these consequences, and they should be among the main beneficiaries of our recovery efforts and actions, because of the important transformative role they play in global agrifood systems.
27. As r technical information, the digital gender divide in rural areas should be addressed as a matter of priority.
28. We need to acknowledge that digital technologies are not gender neutral, neither in design nor in implementation.
29. Reducing the digital gender divide is not only about expanding women’s access to digital technologies, but also about increasing women’s capacity to make meaningful use of these technologies.
31. And the internet user gender gap has widened 7 percentage points since 2013.
32. This has made womendeepening existing gender inequalities.
33. We must invest in building digital competences of young rural people, to enable them to be active participants and innovators in agrifood systems.
34. FAO is fully committed to fostering the interest and ability of young people to pursue decent jobs and livelihoods in agrifood systems.
35. Laying these critical foundations will give rise to new emerging markets, youth and women-led smal6. This is also at the core of the FAO Strategic Framework 2022-31, which will guide our work over the next decade, with specific targeted measures.
37. To enhancethe benefit of rural women and youth, we need concrete actions and implementation at the field, institutional and policy levels.
40. Using innovative models for knowledge transfer from the data platforms and knowledge bases to the field.
41. We need policies that enable the integration of open data, open models and open content for actionable digital solutions accessible for everyone, for long term results and sustainable success.
43. For example, through financial services like micro credit and re-insurance schemes that benefit small business models.
44. FAO is continuously developing its inventory of digital public goods and offers them to governments for the benefit of their populations.
46. Which was developed to empower farmers, smallholders, women and agrifood systems entrepreneurs in the field with digital public goods to strengthe47. The Portfolio disseminates updated and timely information, and scaled-up agricultural services, delivering country specific advisory messages directly to the mobile devices of consumers.
48. Working closely with partners on better data and models, and making them jointly available as Digital Public Goods, we can provide more targeted services to public and private sector partners.
49. Constructive dialogues, joint actions, and exchanges of best practices on the use of digital technologies must be key components in shaping targeted policies for the future of our agrifood systems.
50. Another example, is how FAO is working with partners globally to develop rural digital inclusion initiatives on the ground, aiming to bring innovation closer to the needs of small-scale farmers, for increased food security.
51. FAO’s 1000 Digital Villages Initiatives a.
53. Which provide business o diversify income sources, and increase their resilience.
55. And we need to increase efforts towards a balanced regulatory ecosystem that will enable private and public collaboration for increased small business opportunities that will enhance an inclusive digital transformation.
57. Through an enabling global policy framework for wide-scale application of digital agriculture tools.
59. Ensuring equity, inclusion, safety and security for all.
60. Let’s be efficient, be innovative, and be effective; let’s stay committed to creating changes for a better world, together. Digital world is our future!


for development. They keep my small static assets in the same version-controlled bundle with my code. But when it comes time to deploy, I'd like to be able to squirt them up to S3, flip a switch, and have them served from there instead. > and those SULibrary > files are just the standard Scriptaculous distribution that comes > bundled with Seaside. I. Even if I use updateRoot: on my component to do this for Scriptaculous, I would still need a solution for WAStandardFiles. I think I will add a setter for WAApplication>>libraries: so that I can force them to an empty collection. Then I will use my app's #updateRoot: to set them to resource URLs. Thanks everyone for the suggestions. -- Ken Treis Miriam Technologies, Inc. </s> You should make familiar with Monticello for Squeak. This is used all the time to work in teams to develop for Squeak. Just google for it to find some tutorials and overviews like [1]. But there is also Subversion for Squeak [2] which is not the default way to work with teams but maybe another option. Bye Torsten [1] [2] - </s> ICT is our level 1 Bible Basics class. If you're new to the Bible, it's a great place to start. If you're familiar with the Bible but are looking for a refresher, it's a great review! Click here to register today!
Earlier Event: October 31Basics of Christian Teaching
Later Event: November 9Basics of Christian Living </s> North Fork TV Festivalit.
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I asked Maya about her research process. She said this book took a very long time to write. It started with the character of Gina. Gina’s mom, Nadya, was initially in psychology, but then later changed to folklore. Maya did research on Russian Orthodox magic with the book “” For the archaeological aspects, Maya drew on Archaeology Magazine, where she found a lot of information on National Park Service Agents. There was a story about a woman with a family who was in the field conducting sting operations on antiquities thieves and black market dealers. For the background of a character named Rose, Maya looked at black market antiquities that showed up at Sotheby’s and the English Museum, like the Elgin Marbles (a set of marble statues that once stood in the Parthenon). Maya also had questions like, “What is it like to go to a Police Academy?” and “How are police departments structured?” which she got answered by police officers she connected with in online chatrooms. She also explored questions of what happens when jurisdictions collide, how departments work together, etc.
…M’ll be using solid pieces to do it.
Tim Pratt has won a Hugo Award for short fiction, and was a finalist for Nebula, World Fantasy, and Philip K. Dick Awards, among others. He is the author of 25 novels and four story collections, and works as a senior editor at Locus magazine. His latest project is the Axiom space opera series, begun with The Wrong Stars in 2017 and continuing this year with The Dreaming Stars.
(5) FINDING THE BUCKS FOR WAUKEGAN’S BRADBURY MUSEUM. The Chicago Tribune paints a word picture of the proposed exhibits: “Fundraising for Ray Bradbury Experience Museum in Waukegan kicks off as designs take shape”. The organizers are looking for a million dollars to get the museum completely up and running, and are pursuing a mix of grants, large donors and smaller individual donations.
An adjustable periscope cwork on a room dedicated to “Fahrenheit 451” just began this past week, Petroshius said. The room will exa.
Larry Niven was interviewed for the article.
Born October 9, 1964 – Jacqueline Carey, 54, Writer of the long-running mildly erotic Kushiel’s Legacy universe which contains three trilogies, the first novel of which, Kushiel’s Dart, won a Locus Award for Best First Novel. Locus in their December 2002 issue did an interview with her about this series called “Jacqueline Carey: Existential BDSM”. Her most recent works are the standalone novels Miranda and Caliban, which is a re-telling of The Tempest, and the epic fantasy Starless.
Comic Con has grown so huge that it takes over the entire convention hall—some 200,000 people were expected to attend over the four-day run—and on Saturday and Sunday it often felt like every square foot was packed with bizarre creatures, grim warriors, heroic men and women and aliens and animals looking to save or possibly destroy the world. There are no rules of cosplay, of course, except for maybe that no store-bought, factory-made outfits are allowed. Which is why many of the most jaw-dropping costumes took months to create.
It cannot be overstated how happy I was at this moment. I didn’t want Ryan to suddenly, magically succeed. I wanted him to keep failing.
I don’t want to see people using the word “inspirational” to describe him. He’s not an inspiration. He’s a normal guy, who happens to have a disability.
…When I would read a story like The Shadow over Innsmouth, it felt more relevant to our journey than most of the refugee narratives on the market. Someone arrives in town to discover peculiar folks are nice at first, then turn into monstrous horrors who have bizarre traditions they want the protagonist to partake in? That’s an oversimplification, certainly, but the seeds are there to be sown. It can be sensitive to have a conversation on the real politics that ignited the Laotian Secret War, but a conversation on an alien war between Great Old Ones and Elder Things, with poor humanity caught between mindless horrors duking it out? There’s a tale that could be told, although not without its complications. Are the Great Old Ones NATO or the Warsaw Pact to Lovecraft’s Elder Things and Elder Gods? Lovecraft’s Fungi from Yuggoth appear in The Whisperer in Darkness; there, the reader learns these creatures take the brains of their victims to their distant planet in shiny metal cylinders. Simple science-fiction horror or an interesting metaphor for the cultural brain drain of a country as refugees board the metal cylinders of American planes to escape to safety?
a.
(13) ESA ASTRONAUT INTERVIEW. Newsweek interviewbout her time after her stay on the ISS and her current role on the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway project (“Astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti: NASA Lunar Gateway Is ‘Natural Next Step in Exploration’”).
In 2014, Altus launched The Wild Adventures of Tarzan, with Tarzan: Return to Pal-ul-don. Two years later came the monumental King Kong versus Tarzan, a dream project long thought unachievable.
Fans of Edgar Rice Burroughs and his amazing creations have long dreamed of reading a novel in which the Lord of the Jungle visits the Red Planet and encounters John Carter.
W environment. With no hope of rescue, the ape-man begins the arduous journey that takes him from being a friendless stranger on an alien world to his rise as a force to be reckoned with. For on Barsoom—as Martians style their home planet—Tarzan will go up against these fearsome creatures, and so begins the perilous march that elevates him from naked and unarmed castaway to the undisputed Ape-lord of Barsoom!
Neil Clark, curator of paleontology at the University of Glasgow’s Hunterian Museum. Clark told Fox News that he had just given a talk in Inverness in the Scottish Highlands and decided to “visit the Jurassic rocks” in the area.
Available Formats include PDF, EPUB, Mobi, .prc, .lrf, and .lit.


6 Reasons Why You’ll Never Learn to Code
A teacher’s perspective on motivation
 a computer programmer. I quit three times. I was still totally determined to make a website for my band — so that we could take over MTV and then the world!
In the beginning, I cycled through a few thousand hours of reading and writing code, using languages that I now know don’t even make sense for making a website (like Java & Perl, I had problems). Until the day I finally started to build the damn thing. That was when it all clicked.
1) You’re not making a real project. One of the biggest problems that HTML/Rails/Python students run into is that they spent too much time thinking about code. Yeah, yeah… you’re great at taking quizzes, but you’re terrified when it comes to actually building something real.
Hell, you could just make a one-page art project of awesomeness. For example, a student of mine made this “YOGA & SMILES” website and I couldn’t be any prouder.
Seriously — it’s my all-time favorite. I challenge you to beat it.
2) You don’t understand problem-solving. Pay attention to how you solve problems, and not just how to use the tools. Otherwise you’ll’s less interesting to “learn to code” just for the sake of leveling up your skill set. Learning how to solve actual, real-world problems is the skill. There’s a difference.
3) Process makes perfect (and you don’t have a process). Once you solve a common problem (for example, “How do I set up Github?”) outline the steps you used and duplicate the process next time. Otherwise, each time you begin, you’ll be starting from scratch. Ew! No. Define a distinct process, and improve upon your process each time.
4) You think that you need to know everything. “I have no idea” is a recurring daily panic—but I’ve learned to breathe deep and ease into the fear.
5) You think using Google is cheating. Well… you’re wrong. IMHO, 75% of developing code is Googling,
…and it’s ok to admit that. Do for.
6) Yors. Learn fromask for help. Go to Meetups and Hackad, and live. Go and live!
I’m the co-founder of One Month, teaching the world how to code in 30 minutes a day. For more tips on learning how to code, you can read my Medium article “Soft Skills”.
Thanks to Mattan Griffel.


 – a critique and reflections
's arguments haven''The third section is the substance of the author's argument, which I will talk about at more length.
The fourth section consists of ruminations about alternative apologetic material for those more likely to be persuaded by their emotions than their intellects – people whom Parton calls, somewhat awkwardly, "the tender-minded".
My primary interest is in critiquing Parton's core arguments and contrasting them with my own experience of faith. I will summarize Parton's arguments for those who have no intention of reading the book, but no summary is really adequate. By all means, buy the book and read it for yourself. Then you can skip my insultingly brief summary.
Parton begins boldly, making it clear that he is going to make his case for Christianity entirely on the secular naturalist's terms. He sets out to prove, showing that their provenance is as good as, or better than, most other documents from the ancient world. He then examines the writers of the Gospels as witnesses, showing, by various means, that they do not exhibit the characteristics of liars. On this basis, Parton concludes that resurrection itself is proven to have occurred – by the standard of being reasonable though not beyond all possible doubt. From the resurrection, he concludes Christ's divinity, the veracity of his statements, and, by extension the truth of scripture as a whole. It is a good case, overall. It might prevail in front of a jury of a dozen average, unbiased people – if such a group of people could be found.
Personally, while I find the arguments reassuring, my own faith springs from other sources. I give the author credit for attempting to take on materialism on materialism's own ground, but, having spent a very long time in that camp, I can still imagine the objections from that quarter very clearly. While I have sworn an oath never to advocate on the Devil's behalf (as Mr. Parton probably has himself) I don't believe it is an affront to God to speculate about the Devil's counterarguments. With respect, then, I will now dust off my atheist hat and put it on – being careful to remove it again once I am done, and make my closing comments from a much more comfortable Christian perspective.
First, there is a principle in inductive logic, dating back at least to David Hume, that proving If I tell my wife I parked the car in the garage it is reasonable for her to believe me based merely on the fact that I do not lie as a matter of course. On the other hand, if I tell her I parked an elephant in the garage, it would be prudent for her to have a look. From any non-believer's perspective, Christ's resurrection is certainly an extraordinary claim. By the usual inductive standards it should require a bit more than a lack of evidence of deliberate deceit. Even if the documents and the witnesses look quite good, the evidence is probably insufficient to overcome the sheer uniqueness of the event. I say "probably" because, to the best of my knowledge, this standard doesn't have a quantifiable test.
T "strange" assertion has to compete against all the existing "knowledge"'sa's Cton'ston's argument certainly doesn't disprove Christ's t'n'tn''s disciples. Morrison argues that hiding Christ's''satheists to have difficulty with Parton''sst'an's'se.
Before Mr. Parton begins his case proper, he dispenses with the idea of a sort of "try-it-you'll-like-it" approach to Christianity. I will not argue with the cited philosopher, Anthony Flew, because a penetrating discussion of his position would be an essay in itself.2 In any case, I think I can make my point without resorting to that. I believe that by rejecting the "try-it-you'll-like-it" approach entirely, Parton is, at least by implication, narrowing the path to belief a little too much. Although he goes on to discuss alternate approaches to faith for the "tender-minded" near the end of the book (via music or literature, for example) I was left with the impression that he believes the historical/legal approach is somehow better or more complete than any other. I do not believe this is true.
The reason for my own belief, as best as I can express it, is disappointingly circular. I believe because I can. Let me unpack that. If you told me I had to believe in Santa Claus to make everybody happy and to fit in with the world around me, I could easily pretend to. I could figure out what reality + Santa Claus would have to be like, and talk to believing adults the way that I currently talk to believing four-year-olds. But I could not actually believe in Santa Claus. There are no hoof prints on my roof. The stocks of toys on the shelves in the local Walmart dwindle suspiciously in late December. Sure, I could act the part, eventually quite automatically – but belief is not a choice. My experience of Christianity is nothing like that. Somehow, midway through the Catechism I attended with my wife, I simply found that I believed. In the beginning, I had only suspended disbelief – the way one does when one is watching a movie. Then, there it was, unbidden and unexplained, – faith. Now, this sort of phenomenon does not fit neatly into either of Parton's categories. I had certainly not been "tough-minded," bowing only to substantial evidence, but I hadn't been "tender-minded" either – bowing to some aesthetic event. The Holy Spirit, in my case, planted faith inside my head with all the awe-inspiring drama of a mailman putting a letter in a mailbox. It was just there – an anomalous presence in an otherwise fairly analytical life. Now, with guidance this kernel of belief has gone on to make all sorts of far-reaching changes to the way I understand the world, and I struggle with all sorts of problems like any other wretched sinner – but faith itself wasn't something that I put there or could have put there by my own effort. This is not merely the regurgitation of Lutheran doctrine – it is my actual experience.
What is important about my experience of faith is that it is utterly worthless as a piece of evidence for anyone but myself. The contents of my head are not open for public scrutiny. A materialist skeptic could shrug my statements off as some mild form of mental illness – as a delusion pure and simple. I could not prove such a person wrong. It is perfectly possible, too, for a fellow Christian to doubt my faith. None of that concerns me very much. If I cared, I could as easily impugn a skeptic's motives for being dismissive. It is a common enough human tendency to bolster one's own beliefs by attributing the beliefs of others to various defects, either in themselves or in their environment. I believe what I believe. God is known to each of us individually and in perfect silence – or he is not known at all.
From a broader perspective, the whole project of apologetics is something of an enigma. Surely it is a good thing to bring people to Christ, and to strengthen our fellow Christians in their faith. Some are drawn to that work, which can take a variety of forms. Different people find different obstacles to the possibility of belief, and are amenable to different kinds of argument or persuasion. Dr. Parton seeks to influence people with rigorous, rational minds, and there is an audience of people who will find his words helpful – myself among them. Nevertheless, with deference to the author, all attempts at apologetics are attended by an air of pathos. What, after all, is the apologist doing? The apologist can ultimately bring no one to faith. According to the scripture itself, only the Holy Spirit can do that. Well, then the apologist can prepare the ground – make the work of the Holy Spirit a bit easier. Without a doubt, apologists, teachers, pastors, friends, and all manner of other people cultivate the soil of faith – playing their deliberate or unwitting roles as the Holy Spirit's instruments. Yet, whatever we may do, none of us has any right to the smallest particle of pride. God can plant faith in the heart of the hardest skeptic in the most unlikely circumstances if he so chooses. He can grow a rose in granite. Without our help. Without breaking a sweat. The best apologist is no better than a child bringing a badly made peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich to his father. God, I imagine, must smile at us and love us – but more for the poignant sincerity of our effort than for our inevitably inadequate assistance.
1 The evidence for early human evolution presents the same sort of case in the opposite direction: To the secular naturalist the anthropological evidence proves the theory – but to the biblically-oriented Christian it is too much to ask to infer a human ancestor, sometimes complete with behavior, from a mere handful of broken and badly worn bones. The "extraordinary evidence standard" (for lack of a better term) is not a law of nature but simply an acknowledgement of a common heuristic. Generally speaking, people prefer to live in a world that is reasonably explicable. If you abandon your worldview at the slightest provocation, or worse – fill it up with contradictions, you doom yourself to a life of unending chaos and confusion. Thus, people are pigheaded in their own defense. By their nature, they prefer to "know" a coherent fabric of falsehoods than to "know" nothing at all.
2 Briefly, Flew's pa "gardener,"rch''s metaphor.
Observations on a Trump Rally, Dayton Ohio
These are a few observations and personal reflections about the Trump Rally on March 12th in Dayton Ohio – the rally at which a protester, Thomas DiMassimo, charged the stage. While I was there, I didn't actually see the attack. The event was held in a large aircraft hangar and as soon as the commotion started everyone stood on tiptoe to see – which meant that only people very near the stage saw anything. In any case, there is plenty to say about the event itself.
Above all else, it is more than a little notable that thousands of people would gladly come out and stand on a hard concrete floor, crowded together waiting for hours on end, to watch a presidential candidate who, by any objective standards, is no great orator. Trump likes to say there is "alot of love" at his rallies, and from his perspective he is right. The man is a political rock star. He doesn't get polite applause – ever. He gets a deafening roar of solidarity. I saw several people who had obviously come to disrupt his speech simply lose heart and slink back through the crowd to quietly leave. I did not, by the way, see one of them impeded or threatened. It is fair to say that Trump supporters are angry, but it is unfair to say they are a mob. Having been to many Tea Party events where the average age was probably close to sixty, it was refreshing to see a large turnout of people in their twenties and thirties. I'm not going to say the crowd was a perfect mirror of the latest US census in racial terms, but frankly I am sick of caring. There were Asians and Latinos here and there. There were a scattering of blacks, some of whom had actually not come to shout the speaker down. I didn't get any sense that anyone who honestly came to listen was unwelcome.
The event really had two salient features. The first was Trump's own rambling, off-the-cuff, idiosyncratic stump speech. The second was the premeditated, periodic interruptions of protesters. I can fairly say that most of the protests were little conspiracies in themselves because when someone either raised an inflammatory sign or shouted some self-righteous obscenity, there were almost always two or three others in support, ready to capture the event on their cell phone cameras. The goal, I suppose, was either to become heroes on YouTube or to get extra credit in their multicultural empowerment studies classes. These people were not beaten or pushed, but ushered off with swift efficiency by the Secret Service. Usually they went out peaceably and smiling, though one young gentleman left throwing mock punches at the crowd, and hooting like an ape. I am sorry, but I actually witnessed this. Most of the protesters I saw were white college-age males with furry faces and glasses – not that I want to be accused of profiling. Without talking to them, I admit I have no idea with what race or gender they actually identified. I retain a measure of sympathy for the blind idealism of youth, but it is strained pretty thin when it is treading on someone else's freedom of speech. Trump supporters have not performed such antics at Bernie Sanders rallies.
The content of Trump's speech was an amalgam of things I've already heard him say, with a few hard jabs at Governor Kasich who was, of course, Trump's major competitor in the state. Not very many thoughtful people like all of Trump's message, but there is much there to like if you give him a fair hearing. Trump's genius is simply to state obvious things that all of the other candidates have been too straitjacketed by consultants and donors to say, and he says these things over and over again to the delight and reassurance of his supporters. We need a real border. Muslim immigration is a risky proposition. Trade deals should be made for economic rather than political reasons. This makes Trump a reincarnation of Hitler – really? I looked hard, but did not see the little mustache.
To be honest, I am truly bothered when Trump reaffirms his advocacy of torture. Sometimes I wonder if I am ready to vote for a man who does such a good imitation not of Hitler – but of Tony Soprano. He thinks that we should reinstate waterboarding and worse, on the argument that ISIS is unconstrained by moral qualms and our constraints make it impossible for us to fight them effectively. George Orwell said it with a bit more eloquencere is some truth to this species of argument – made all the more credible by the Obama administration's anemic suggestion that the way to defeat ISIS is to somehow raise employment levels in the Middle East. I think that torture will always happen in war, and in certain cases really is the lesser of two evils, but I have a problem with introducing it as a legally sanctioned instrument of the government of a republic. I fear that what is done to terrorists today may be done to ordinary criminals tomorrow, and, eventually, to people who just hold politically unpopular views. It bothers me. I worry. It does not end my support for Trump, however.
It is not as though the choice we have were Trump or Gerald Ford. We no longer live in a functioning, rational republic – but a thoroughly degenerate kleptocracy. Apart from Trump, we have essentially two choices. On the one hand, we have Bernie Sanders – a comparatively honest ideologue who would have more-or-less the same relationship to the US economy that an iceberg had to the Titanic. Hasn't the world tried socialism often enough? Why should we imagine that, maybe this time, it will not lead to chronic economic lethargy at best – and gulags and totalitarianism at worst. In answer to my own question, most millenials simply don't know any real history. They believe in socialism because they've been indoctrinated by a couple of generations of frustrated old radicals. Socialism has always had a pleasant icing of progress and idealism – it's the rotten or iron-hard cake underneath that always proves distasteful to digest. On the other hand, behind the other podiums we have – everybody else. Cruz supporters will probably fume that I would toss their perfectly-branded hero into the same dirty basket with Hillary Clinton, but ultimately the two associate with the same Council on Foreign Relations, the same Goldman Sachs, and they both went to the same elitist, ultra-liberal universities. They are both surrounded by similar groups of political consultants to craft their messages for maximum effect and minimum culpability. They are, in short, just members of different family branches of the same corrupt, inbred, politic class. Kasich is just an awkward uncle of the family – out of touch and past his prime. I have ceased to listen to what any of these people say because, frankly, their words are empty. "Conservative," from the lips of a politician, means about as much as "racist" from the lips of Melissa Harris-Perry. It's a nonsense word used solely for effect. Political consultants have undoubtedly estimated the fraction of the public who will be seduced by a particular lie, what fraction will check their facts, and if the lie will probably net more votes from suckers than it will lose from fact-checkers – any of these candidates will use it.
There is every reason to believe the mother of all monetary crises lurks just over the horizon. Running crushing deficits year after year is unsustainable. An elitist, lying, kleptocratic lawyer versus Tony Soprano with some real world experience and an economics degree? Is that really a hard choice? Which is more unpleasant – the human suffering caused by an unchecked economic implosion or the waterboarding of a few terrorists? The latter does raise risks – the former is all but a certainty. Trump's detractors may just wish they had a strongman when the banks collapse again.
The ending of the rally was surprisingly calm and quiet. When the news cameras were put away, the protestors disappeared. Trump walked the edge of crowd, smiling and shaking hands. A small cloud of signs bent in his direction for autographs the way that plants bend toward the light. He signed a few. From the side he could barely be seen among his federal bodyguards – standing out only because of his distinctive hair. It is strange to witness the unlikely fulcrum on which history appears about to pivot. Tens of millions of people watch and pray.
Backhanding the public has consequences
It is bitterly amusing to watch the two party establishments and the miscellaneous talking heads recoil in horror over Donald Trump – as though he were some evil titan that the public's worst sentiments had conjured up. If there is anyone to blame for Trump's spectacular rise, it is the very people who now oppose him the most desperately. Most real conservatives would have been quite content to vote for a second term of Herman Cain or Newt Gingrich – but we were not given that option. We were given "Mittens" Romney because, I suppose, it was his turn. The Washington establishment is upset because many Americans want to see every illegal immigrant in the United States deported? Perhaps if both parties hadn't cooperated to all but erase the southern border by effectively nullifying the immigration laws, you and I might be able to find a bit more Christian charity in our supposedly racist little hearts. People tend to have more compassion for others when it isn't obvious those others are being imported to replace them. I don't hate Spanish-speaking countries – but I would like at least a little say about whether or not I am going to have to live in one. Moreover, importing 1.5 million Muslims in the wake of 9/11 has to be one of the most irrational public policy decision ever made. It takes a kind of cultivated blindness to see it as anything else. A virulent strain of Jihadist terrorism is spreading across the Muslim world – and the reaction of our "best and brightest" is to give Muslims not only admittance, but a kind of "preferred immigrant" status. That isn't tolerance – it is sheer contempt for the security of ordinary American lives. When Trump says he will end these things our enthusiasm is not so much a reflection of our trust in him as it is our justifiable distrust of everyone else.
I used to like Ted Cruz – until I had a cursory look at his background. Most politicians are in bed with the big banks and the globalists to some degree, but Cruz is the only one I know of who is literally in bed with them – his wife Heidi being a former operative at both Goldman Sachs and the shadowy Council of Foreign Relations. Neither Goldman nor the CFM are exactly known for their conservative principles or their love for American national sovereignty. Maybe Ted and his campaigning wife manage, somehow, never to discuss potential public policy but, you know, "I'm just saying..." While Trump's New York City is not particularly a bastion of conservative thought, Ted and Heidi's alma mater, Harvard, doesn't exactly have direct flights to the Reagan Ranch either. Sure, Mark Levin gives him a 97% liberty score for his voting record, but it doesn't fully cover up that underlying elitist odor. Rubio, Kasich, and the others who have fallen by the wayside hardly seem worth the trouble of mentioning.
We have Donald Trump, the last man standing – and the first in a very long time to actually stand up and speak his mind. He is everything America ever was – good and bad – all rolled up into one big, beautiful, raucous, uncouth package. What country but America could have made such a man? I am tired of apologizing for my country or for him. It is true that Donald Trump will never write the 21st century equivalent to the Gettysburg address, but we've just suffered through seven years of a president who believed he could remake the entire world with the vastly overrated power of his words. We have nothing good to show for either his eloquence or his ideas. It is evident enough that behind the amazing shotgun blast of language that comes our of Donald's mouth there lies that formidable talent that we used to call "American know-how" – that force that built the greatest nation on the Earth before we all learned to be so sensitive that we're afraid to breathe. We need a businessman with an economics degree more that we need another passive-aggressive elitist with a law degree. I'm not going to waste time voting for one more candidate whose obvious goal is to manage America's decline for the benefit of the current political class. If we are to fail as a nation and as a people, then by God let us fail standing up and being heard.
It has come to this
1. Yes, it is perfectly possible I have underestimated Trump.
3. Yes, electing a strongman is indeed a dangerous thing. And the alternative is not?
5. To those who have praised the article in various ways: You have my heartfelt thanks. You give me courage and renew my hope. -emc ]
The United States of America that we grew up in, and in some cases fought for it – no longer exists. I would like to write something stirring in defense of our Constitution, but it isn't under attack. It is simply ignored. Some have proposed that we have a Constitutional convention to add new amendments. What would that accomplish? Would our present Federal government respect a set of new amendments when they don't respect the old ones? What good does it do to insist on one's rights as a citizen, when in fact mere citizenship has lost its meaning? Americans have no rights officials in Washington feel bound to recognize. Both Republicans and Democrats overrule majority opinion as a matter of course. They do not doubt for a moment that they are the best and brightest, and that our voting franchise is merely an antiquated inconvenience. My elected representatives represent no one but themselves. They make war on my culture, my faith, and my security – then they insult me in front of the elitist media on TV. The executive branch, the congress, and most of the judiciary have no more respect for me as a human being than the government of the British Empire had for the most backward and primitive of its subjects. The elites that live inside the beltway and in the bubble of academia should try living in Ohio or Missouri for a few years. "White privilege" isn't doing all that well in rural West Virginia. We are here, now, in this country at this time. We are real people with real lives. We are not statistics in a sociologist's model, nor are we third and fourth generation perpetrators from some politically reconstituted version of history. It is all too obvious that our most unrepresentative of representative governments neither knows us nor respects us. They despise us. It is too much to ask us not to despise them in return.
I am tired of being told by Barack Obama on the one hand, and Bill O'Reilly on the other, what my American values are or ought to be. I can work those out for myself. I am tired of living in the dumping ground for whatever group of hostile immigrants the social engineers in Washington import to ease their guilty consciences. Let them move their Mexican underclass and angry Syrian colonists to Martha's Vineyard or Marin County north of San Francisco. Maybe this would help our legislators and "opinion makers" alleviate a bit of their never-ending narcissistic angst. I am tired of nameless, self-righteous bureaucrats levering open the restrooms of my local schools to the confused transvestites that a liberal education churns out, then lecturing me about tolerance and individual rights. Where is their tolerance of my culture? Where is their respect for my rights? Where is the brotherly concern shown to my neighbors? I am tired of living in an ill-planned social experiment. Of taboo words and taboo ideas. I am tired of being called a racist by people who are, themselves, the worst of racists – and who have denuded the word itself of any meaning.
To be quite honest, I have no particular love for Donald Trump – but he is what we have. He doesn't speak well. I don't think he has any idea what a republic is. Then again, his last two predecessors didn't really understand the concept of a republic either. No doubt it's not a word they use at Harvard. Although I may not especially like the erratic, often juvenile Mr. Trump, it isn't lost on me that he at least doesn't hold me in contempt. He may make war on illegal immigration and Muslim fundamentalism, but most of the alternatives are making war on me. Twenty years ago I would have worried about a man who scares resident aliens, and even a few citizens, to death. You will forgive me if I have come to the epiphany that protecting absolutely every minority's feelings is not a rational government's primary purpose. You will forgive me, too, if I stop ignoring fourteen centuries of Islamic history, the stark brutality of Islamic scripture, and the barbarism of contemporary Islamic states. Give me a gated, crime-free community to live in, and maybe I can have the luxury of worrying about the planet's weather.
I would prefer to have a genuine conservative candidate to vote for, and will probably vote for Cruz if he looks viable enough. But if Donald Trump is what it has come to – I will happily take the risk and check the box next to his name. Republican, independent, or Bull Moose party – I could not care less. Conservatives don't have a party. We cannot be choosy. Better Trump than the Democrat's mad rush to national harikari. And better Trump than the Republican establishment's facilitation of the same national harikari, plus the now intolerable old lie that "it's the best that we could do." It has never been impossible to build 700 miles of security fence. Eisenhower built most of the interstate highway system in under a decade. It has never been impossible to balance the budget. Over the course of American history balanced budgets have actually been the norm. Moral cowardice has never been an attractive trait, and no amount of clever advertising really makes it so. Ivy leaguers like Hillary who fail, then get congratulated for their failures by the ivy league talking heads, do not impress me more than Trump. Frankly, George W. Bush set the bar pretty low for ivy leaguers and Barack Obama took the bar down altogether. It is sad to say that Trump would not be our first celebrity president. Yet for all of his ratings appeal and flamboyance, he did at least accomplish something in his lifetime other than being popular and being famous. He is, at least, a competent businessman. That's better than having such credentials as "I made a great speech at the '04 convention," or "I married Bill Clinton," or, the perennial favorite, "I waited my turn."
We have nearly died of the disease of too much compromise. Of "reaching across the aisle." Of "building a coalition of our Muslim allies." We have no real friends in either quarter. How can a free people compromise with totalitarian ideologies, either socialist or Islamic? Let's not fool ourselves. America has bitter enemies – both foreign and domestic. Donald Trump, fs. Most of all, so far, he doesn't scare.
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Chris will be active on all bands from 1,8 to 30 MHz, including the WARC bands. With a year of activity, rest assured that you'll have a reasonable crack at him!
10-05: Chris has now made around 800 QSOs in four days of intermittent operation. He's been on 10, 15, 17, 20 and 30 m. Sounds like a good start!
10-24: Chris has installed and tested the C3H. We saw around 2 S units of improvement over the wire antenna, and something like 4 S units of F/S. The SWR is not the greatest, probably because of the proximity to the metal roof, but it looks like there is gain and directivity. What more could we ask?
10-29: Chris wanted to make a serious effort in the CQWW DX Phone contest this weekend, and was dismayed to find that conditions were absolutely rotten. On Saturday, he managed to make only about 200 QSOs. He called CQ for several hours, with no responses and no signals heard on the band. Fortunately, things improved on Sunday and he was able to end the contest with something like 1370 QSOs and a million points. At least a new record for ZD9 is pretty certain!
01-29: Chris reports a busy weekend, with over 8000 QSOs in the log so far. It's been hard to find a spot on the band, with the VP8GEO operation's huge pileups!
05-16: Bad news!The first real winter storm has destroyed the C3H. Gusts of 90 knots were recorded, and the antenna is in pieces. Chris has promised some pictures. The Roaring Forties ain't the best place for antennas!
06-30: The new antenna, funded by the NCDXF and supplied in record time by Force 12, made it onto the ship with less than a day to spare. It was installed today. Chris has added some guy lines in the most crucial directions, and the new C3S/H has a much beefier boom than the original C3/H. Chris says that some real nasty weather is approaching, and the antenna will prove its mettle (or otherwise!) within a few days. Here's hoping!
This page is hosted courtesy of Bernie van der Walt ZS4TX. Check out his Super Combo Keyer. It provides full two-radio support on CW and SSB, with no external switching required. It supports most of the popular logging packages. Join the Big League with a minimum of fuss and bother!


Sue Desmond-Hellmann new Chair of Prix Galien USA Committee, the movement to foster and recognize outstanding achievement in improving human health through innovation in medicines discovery
NEW YORK, Feb. 27, 2018
NEW YORK, Feb. 27, 2018 /PRNewswire-USical scientists, including Nobel laureates in medicine, dedicated to the pursuit and recognition of medical research to improve the state of human health. Dr. Desmond-Hellmann, a member of the Galien Awards Committee since 2016, is currently  mission of the largest U.S. private philanthropic institution to give people worldwide
Her appointment is effective immediately, succeeding the current Committee chair, Dr. P. Roy Vagelos, Retired Chairman and CEO, Merck & Co., Inc.,who will continue as a Committee member under Dr. Desmond-Hellmann's leadership.
In a statement, outgoing Chair Dr. Vagelos cited Dr. Desmond-Hellmann's extraordinary background on the front line of virtually every health challenge of the past three decades. "I also take great pleasure in the Committee's choice because no one understands as well as Sue that the medicines supply chain's toughest challenge is covering that last mile to the patient. Knowledge of access platforms and logistics must go hand-in-hand with great research if the innovations cited by the Foundation are to have practical impact in the real world of unmet medical need. Sue Desmond-Hellmann will keep us focused not just on recognition, but on results that matter for patients too."
In addition to her position as Chair of the Galien Awards Committee, Dr. Desmond-HellmanMedicine. She
Members of the Prix Galien USA Committee:
Pr Richard AXEL, M.D. Nobel Laureate, Co-dr Michael S. BROWNr Sue DESMOND-HELLMANN, M.D., M.Ph.Seattle, WA.
Pr Laurie GLIMCHER, M.D., CEO and President, Dana l.
Pr Joseph GOLDSTEIRobert S. LANGER, M.D. , David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT.
Pr Cato T. LAURENCINCT.
Pr Paul A. MARKS, M.D., Laboratory Head President Emeritus, MSKCC.
Dr. Michael ROSENBLATT, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, Flagship Ventures, Cambridge, MA.
Pr Bengt SAMUELSSON, M.D., Ph.D., Nobel Laureate, former President of the Karolinska Institute, and former Chairman of the Nobel Foundation.
Pr Marc TESSIER-LAVIGNE, Ph.D., President, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Pr P. Roy VAGELOS, M.D., Retired Chairman and CEO, Merck & Co., Inc., and Chairman of the Board, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., former Chair, Prix Galien USA Committee.
To learn more about the Galien Foundation and its work, visit our web site at www.galienesmond-hellmann-new-chair-of-prix-galien-usa-committee-the-movement-to-foster-and-recognize-outstanding-achievement-in-improving-human-health-through-innovation-in-medicines-discovery-300604462.html