First, the cause of your depression must be determined, as some types of depression have a genetic component, while others spring from trauma, fear, personal and family issues, etc. Once the root ihave the condition treated.
A professional counselodeal with these problems. A counselor can also help you set up a plan for managing your depression symptoms so you can enjoy a happier and healthier life. Though it may take quite some time to fully recover and overcome depression, it is indeed very possible.
Proper Diagnosis: A medical professional, like a psychiatrist, has been trained to make sure that all patients get a proper diagnosis depending on signs and symptoms and that all medications are safe and effective for them to take. If there are questions or concerns about any aspect of the patient’s condition, it’s his responsibility to provide educated responses and to help the patient overcome the problem.
Professional Treatment: Your doctor will suggest and help you discover the right type of treatment for your specific condition. Some of these may include cognitive behavioral therapy, rehabilitation for alcoholism, or drug abuse problem. With a psychiatrist by your side, you’re guaranteed to receive proper treatment.
Better Coping Skills: If you’re feeling overwhelmed by depression symptoms, you may need to take a break or go to a therapist. A good therapist will be able
These groups are specifically created to help those with any type of depression. They would keep you in the loop wicurrently experience. This way, you won’t feel alone in your journey to getting better. You may also get advice and comfort from these people, especially in overcoming little battles that you face each day.
These groups are made to give people with depression a place to go and talk about their thoughts and feelings. As you involve yourself in a support group, you’ll be able to unload your burdens and seek understanding from those who know how it feels to be in your position.
Quick Access To Professional Help: Depression is often difficult to treat. For those who do get help, it’s usually for short periods of time and may not last. With telemedicine, however, a patient can go from seeing a doctor occasionally to when they want to and have the option to do so without the expense of travel.
Improved Quality Of Life: It’s also possible for depression to result from other health conditions that cause emotional distress to a patient. Virtual therapy through telemedicine may also help with going towards a better quality of life while having to deal with depression.
Become Socially Active: Telemedicine can also be used to help the patient to feel less lonely. There’s this stigma of having depression and too often, this badly affects patients who are not socially active. Telemedicine is a great way to encourage you to talk not only with your psychiatrist but with your family as well. Through this type of consultation, you can be encouraged to become a socially active person as you understand how it could help you manage your symptoms.
Effective For Children: Children are not exempted from mental illness. Parenting a child with mental illness can be challenging; this is why parents try to exhaust all means and resources so that their children would be spared from social stigma and judgment. Telemedicine is also very effective in treating depression that occurssymptoms than adults, and they are often in less of a position to get proper counseling due to their young age. Telemedicine can be very helpful in teaching a young patient how to be transparent with his doctor and family for better progress in treatment and medication.
Suitable For The Elderly And Patients With Disability: Telemedicine can be a great way to provide medical assistance to the disabled and elderly patients who are struggling physically and mentally.
Depression can be extremely disabling. It can keep a person from getting jobs, taking care of himself, making friends, and just plain being productive. Sometimes, depression might couple with having to face problems at work, relationships, or finances that you need more help than usual in dealing with your symptoms. If you can find online resources to help you manage your depression, that’s a brave act right there.


YourTown Health, a non-profit network of seven Community Health Centers, is now offering free at-home COVID-19 test kits to all community members and existing YourTown Health patients. The mission of this program is to bring an additional level of access and convenience to the community at large.
YourTown Health QuickCare (507 Park St., Palmetto)
“Acquiring at-home COVD-19 tests or receiving a test in general continues to be a challenge for many,” says YourTown Health CEO Jon Wollenzien. “With our free at-home tests, we hope to help lessen this challenge, one test at a time.”
Call 770-567-0334 or contact us online for more information about YourTown Health’s free at-home COVID-19 test kit program.


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Vietnam – Buddhas, Temples and Stunning BeachesDi recently paid a visit to Vietnam, with its dramatic coastline, soaring mountains and delicious cuisine.
An hour-long flight from Ho Chi Minh City is the exclusive location of Evason Ana Mandara in Nha Trang. Surrounded by private tropical gardens, it has spectacular views of Nha Trang Bay with a backdrop of mountains to the West and North.
We visited the Ponaga Temple, originally built in honour of a local goddess during the Hindu period, with origins from the 7th century, as well as the Long Son Pagoda. From there, a flight of 100 steps take you to the enormous white Buddha, which dominates the Nha Trang landscape and offers great views. After a visit to the general market with a huge choice of dried fish/shrimps, clothes, carvings, toys – you name it, it was there – we visited the fish market, well worth a visit for the sight and smells.
The journey to Six Senses Hideaway Ninh Van Bay involves a short boat ride from the hotel’s jetty on the mainland. The resort is barely visible until you enter the bay, as it blends in so well with the scenery – large granite boulders, palm trees and jungle. It is the epitome of barefoot escapism – anyone who eschews air-conditioned bathrooms and pristine walkways needn’t come here!
Rooms are either situated in the tropical gardens or with breathtaking sea views across the bay. Each villa has a designated butlu. Access around the property is either by buggy, foot or bicycle.
Di’s Top Tips
Best time to go: Nha Trang enjoys the best climate in Vietnam, with 250 days of sunshine a year (24 – 38 c).
Ideal destination for: Couples, families
Favourite food: Noodle soup
Hotel to watch: Six Senses Hideaway Con Dao
Must do: Ponaga Temple, Long Son Pagoda, fish market, boat ride in the bay
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Colombia is a predominantly Roman Catholic country of 46 million people a poor nation that has been consistently hit by natural disasters and the spread of conflict. Colombia has been in a 40 year civil war. This, along with the drug trade, have contributed to the orphan crisis in Colombia.


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We had James deliver the 'goals and aspirations' workshop today at Callywith College. It was pitched so perfectly it's like he got into my brain or something. It was exactly what we were after. Today's theme at college was all about aiming high and believing in yourself and his talk fitted this perfectly. We've had a whole week of events and James was by far the best bit of the week. Staff and students have said it's the best talk they've been to all year with some saying it's the best talk they've ever had. Thank you, thank you, thank you!
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Though she loves her job at Portland, Maine’s child services agency, Delia Lamont is feeling burned out. In fact, it’s gotten bad enough that she’s ready to leave the job and start a seaside bakery with her sister. But then a call comes in: a five-year-old girl has been found at the side of the road.
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He began his career with internships at the AYJNIHH Mumbai and this was followed by a position at Manipal Hospitald caseload of both in and out patients (infants through geriatrics) with a large diversity of medical and audio logical conditions.
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Meanwhile, six hundred miles East-Northea Swiss think of the EU?"The crappiest idea ever invented. The biggest flop." No, say what you really think. "Switzerland is like an island within the EU." But it is "a huge economic space. The bureaucracy is ridiculous but there are business advantages."
Switzerland and the rest of Europe cooperated in all sorts of fields including trade, free movement, security, scientific projects like CERN, but without the downsides of full membership. "What we're doing is cherry picking. If paying into the budget is the price to pay, that's fine."
How do they think the British differ from the themselves?"They are a nation of seafarers. Which we are not." (Who said the Swiss had no sense of humour?) But the point is significant: "Brits are special. They're islanders, and that's not just geographic, it's symbolic. If the UK were on the continent, it would be at war with all the others."


by Katlyn Joy | June 24, 2013 9:44 AM
If you've written and finalized your birth plan with your doctor, picked out a name or at least the final list, packed your labor bag and washed up the layette, you are all set. Right? Almost. Have you gotten set for the trip to the hospital?
Know Where to Go.
First you need to start at the end; what's the exact destination. If you didn't get an info pack from your doctor or the info from birthing classes, then call your hospital and get the details. Where do you go when labor has started; to admissions, emergency, to a separate entrance? Are there times when you need to use the emergency room entrance but other times you go to admissions?
Next find out if you have to pre-register. For many hospitals this is a must, or at least a huge time saver. If you haven't done so, use this trip to the hospital to try out your route. Do an alternate one on the way home.
One last question for the hospital is to ask where you should park. Does your husband just pull up to the emergency room parking lot or is he supposed to let you out and then park in the regular lot? Some hospitals even have valet parking during normal hours. Find out if there are time limits or fees associated with the parking lots.
When you get to the hospital, get a map of the facility to look over to be sure you know where everything is that concerns you. Also, you may want to have copies to give to immediate family members who will be visiting you.
Use google or yahoo maps and get a couple routes to compare. Sometimes these online sources are dead on and extremely helpful and other times, you may end up on a newly dead ending street. Print up the map complete with highlighted routes. Time yourself and compare to the times listed on the web. Consider how different times of day commuter traffic will affect the times.
It may be best to have one route planned for off peak travel times, and another for congested times. Remember there can be events or construction that will affect travel routes and times so double check on this as the labor looms ever closer.
Get Your Ride Ready
By the time you reach the 8th month, you will want to give the car a good check. How are the tires? Is there plenty of tread left on them? Do you even have a spare? Is it running good and has the oil been changed? Always keep a full tank of gas at this critical stage of pregnancy so there is no need to stop for fueling on the way to the hospital.
Keep a few towels in the car, in case the water breaks or any other needs come up. Also, make sure you have your car charger for your cell in the car at all times.
Make Back Up Plans
Imagine your husband happens to be off site from work when your labor starts suddenly. You need to get to the hospital pronto due to rapidly accelerating contractions, but you can't reach your husband. What will you do? Have a back up driver for these circumstances. Choose someone who would be home and available at times that there is a possibility your husband could be unavailable right away. Whoever you tap for the job needs to have copies of your hospital route and also be reminded to keep gas in their tank.
What if the worst happens and you can't reach anyone and you are gripped in labor pains. Have the number for the local taxi on your frig for this unlikely emergency.
Laboring in the Car
Most women are most comfortable in the back seat where they can stretch out or lie down. Remind your husband that those bumps are more than a little jarring and to slow down. Plus you don't want to get into a fender bender on this of all days.
You'll have your essentials packed for the hospital already so all you'll need to do is grab and go. However, besides the towel you might want a pillow with you in the car to help you make yourself a bit more comfy.
Should you begin feeling like your contractions are unending, with one coming directly on the heels of the last one, let your partner know immediately. Also, if you feel an intense pressure, often accompanied by a more grunting sound, realize you may be one of those rare people who experience rapid labors. The baby may be coming sooner than you can get to the hospital. Should that be the case, tell your husband to pull over somewhere safe.
Once parked, have him call 911 right away. You don't want to deliver in a racing car. The operator will instruct him on what to do while waiting for help to arrive. Don't worry or panic; babies have been born outside the hospital for time untold and you'll be fine. Relax and let things happen. Don't rush it or try to stop it; like you could anyhow!


The young Girolamo Muziano was the first major artist to be commissioned to contribute to a series of altarpiec(omo), on the recommendation (in 1555) of Raffaello da Montelupo and of citizens of Orvieto resident in Rome.
Raising of Lazarus Way to Calvary
✴the raising of Lazarus (1556) (following the brilliant reception that he had received for an altarpiece on the same subject in Rome - see above); and
✴the way to Calvary (1557), in which Santa Veronica holds the cloth with which she has wiped the face of Christ.
Flagellation of Christ Capture of Christ
✴the flagellation of Christ (1575); and
The altarpieces e other work was destroyed in ca. 1890.
This altarpiece in the Oratorio della Misericordia is by Girolamo Muziano.
P. Tosini, “Il Duomo di Orvieto nella Seconda Metà del Cinquecento: un Modello per la Pittura della Controriforma”, in
R. Mack, “Girolamo Muziano and Cesare Nebbia at Orvieto”, Art Bull. 3 (1974) 410-3
Girolamo Muziano (died 1592)
Girolamo Muziano in: Orvieto


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The track is a follow up to his ‘Private Suite 3’ project.


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in Blog, Health, News
Since the legalization of cannabis flowers and cannabis-infused foods, there have been many marijuana-related products. Today, different types of edibles are available at dispensaries. You no longer have to walk miles to find the one you need.
When you talk about marijuana edibles, what mostly comes into the mind of many consumers are the weed brownies, but that is not all. You can find other most popular edibles you can find at your nearest dispensary that we will talk about today.
Types of Edibles at Dispensaries: The Rise of Marijuana Edibles
Weed edibles are increasingly becoming popular, and that is why it is now easier than ever before to lay your hands on different types of cannabis edibles. That trend has been attributed to the fact that smoking is frowned upon by many people. Those who cannot smoke the cannabis flower now have a better way of consuming marijuana.
Smoking is the fastest way of getting high from the weed strain of your choice but is related to some health problems. People with lung-related complications find it nearly impossible to smoke anything. Also, your neighbor next door may not be pleased with the smell.
Weed edibles hit differently. You will start to feel the effect after about 30 minutes and last longer compared to smoking. Depending on the dosage, it can take from 4 to 12 hours in your system. But agreeably, weed edibles are calmer and more relaxing than smoking.
Where to Buy Most Popular Edibles?
Different types of cannabis edibles are available at recreational dispensary. Whether you need cookies, candies, tincture, brownies, gummies, or any other weed edible of your choice, you will get it.
It is better to buy marijuana edibles from a dispensary than making your own at home. The reason is that you can overdose yourself, and you are most likely to exceed the recommended dose. Dispensaries are regulated by cannabis laws and are always concerned about the quality of their products.
Most Common Types of Edibles at Dispensaries
You can walk into any dispensary near you and ask for different weed edible types. The chances of getting them are high. Here, we will briefly talk about the most popular edibles you can buy at any dispensary.
Gummies are the most popular weed edibles types you will find in any Dispensary in Colorado. Due to their popularity, many people associate different types of cannabis edibles with gummies. You just understand the effect of a monopolistic product in the market.
Gummies are available as pure CBD, THC, and a combination of the two. That is most probably why they are the most popular edibles throughout the US. They are made colorful, flavorful, and with a great taste. Just a look at them will make you yearn for one.
Also read: CBD Gummies Guide
If you need sweeter types of edibles, then you can go for candies. They are made through a baking process where food coloring, butter, and corn syrup mixture are infused with cannabis. The result is a candy product that every stoner would wish to have every other minute.
Like gummies, you also have three options for candies. You can choose either CBD, THC, or one with both psychoactive compounds. The difference is that you cannot make candies at home. Maybe you can, but the process is demanding. You are better off visiting a dispensary to buy one.
Cannabis-infused chocolates are the best way to get yourself used to the effects of marijuana if you are just starting. They are the best weed edibles types for beginners because most of them have low THC content. The best thing is that you can use them and still remain discrete if you do want to go public as a stoner.
Cannabis-infused chocolates are usually similar in design and appearance to the other chocolates without THC. This calls for extra care if you have to carry them home with you as children can unknowingly eat them. Apart from the labeling, you should keep them safe and out of reach of children.
A tincture is cannabis-infused alcohol. This is not as popular as other types of cannabis edibles, but its use is continuously increasing. Since the THC is part of your drink, you just take it orally. However, we have some experienced users who have tried it through the skin.
The tincture, unlike other marijuana edibles types, hits fast and hard. You won’t have to wait the entire three hours to start feeling the effects. These effects will kick in just a few minutes after drinking your tincture.
Weed Caramels
Any person forming part of the 420 community should be familiar with brands such as Cheeba Chews, especially those from Colorado and California. This product has a high dose of THC, a sign that newbies should not try it. Just a bite-sized piece has about 70 milligrams of THC.
However, the dosage can be customized to meet personal needs. If you need a low dose for medicinal use, then you can also find it. Usually, just a piece is enough for the experience you are looking for from a marijuana edible.
Types of Edibles at Dispensaries: Delta-8 THC
Delta-8 THC is very popular among weed edible users because it is less regulated compared to Delta-9. The effects are not as powerful as those of Delta-9 but produce just enough buzz if the right dose is consumed.
This type of weed edible is preferred to weed flower or concentrate because it can be used for recreation and medication. You can get both sides with a single shot. If you haven’t tried it before, then it might be time to up your game and place your order.
Related Resources: What are Delta Effects , Delta Side Effects,
Many people would view this type of marijuana edible as a vegan diet. It does matter whether you buy the idea or not, but vegan brownies promise every stoner the same buzz as any other most popular edibles in the market.
The features and taste profile of brownies do not change just because it is cannabis-infused or made of vegan ingredients. Everything is nearly the same, with reliable THC and/or CBD effects.
This is another very famous weed edible type you will find in almost all dispensaries in Colorado. It is for stoners who like chocolate chip taste infused with cannabis. You should, however, mind your dosage as many people can only take one or a few more.
Cookiemarijuana. Different dispensaries have come forth with varying recipes for making cookies exclusive only to them. So, do not be surprised if you see changes in appearances or even effects because you now know.
5 Most Common Causes for Back Pain


We are all unique individuals with lives based upon our own history, experiences and memories, mostly good but a few bad. We are also equipped with the ability to filter which memories to cherish and ponder and which ones to erase or delete from our mind. Pleasant memories can be motivational. Before the pandemic you might have had a great job so you know you have the qualifications to have one again. Your relationship may have ended but you remember how magical the years were when they were good and you know you want that again. You remember how good you felt at 175 lbs. and you know you can get there again with discipline and a change of eating habits.
December 28, 2018 by joe hill
As we end the old year and usher in the new many of us take this time to reflect on those things we have accomplished and those that remain in need of improvment. For some it is a welcome inventory as they have the personality to be highly motivated by goals set for self-improvement. Yet for others it is just another smack in the face reminder of just how non-great they and their lives remain as from year to year nothing appears to be any better-same income, same struggles, same habits, same mediocrity, just  new year. You wanted to lose twenty pounds but gained ten.  You wanted a raise but was instead laid off. You wanted to strengthen a relationship but see it slipping away. It is not very surprising that the beginning of the New year is ushered in with so much alcohol and partying-it deadens reality for those fearfully dreading yet another average year.


Leaving aside the fact that Bucharest still does not have a budget for 2017 (the mayor, Gabriela Firea, clearly has other priorities), this website has put together a number of graphics showing how the city spent its money last year (using data now freely available from Budget Transparency, a legacy of the Dacian Ciolos government’s all too brief 12 months at the controls of Romania).
First and foremost, we should point out that the numbers are those for Bucharest General City Council, and not the six individual sectors. As such, you will notice immediately that revenue does not come from local taxation but directly from central government: almost €850 million. Remarkably, the city only managed to spend €608 million in 2016. This means that the city is sitting on a healthy pile of cash, right?
Wrong: any unspent money goes back to central government. Firea (and her predecessor, Razvan Sava) therefore managed to throw away €242 million of free money. Why? Mainly because Sava was an interim mayor unwilling to take any real decisions, while Firea was wholly unprepared for the job ahead. Almost eight months after taking office she still appears to be doing on-the-job training. The money lost could have bought RATB as many buses and trams as they needed (to run on those dedicated public transport lanes we keep reading about but never see).
So, of the money the council did manage to spend, where did it go?
Well, more than half went on subsidies for heating and hot water and for RATB (which operates surface-level public transport in the capital). Worryingly, the fourth biggest haemorrhage (taking up more than five per cent of the total budget, or almost €36 million) was ‘concerte si spectacole’ (bread and circuses). It will be worth on keeping an eye on this when this year’s budget is finally published: given the mayor’s penchant for veselie si voie buna expect to see even more cash spunked on popular music concerts and festivals.
By comparison, we could find no separate figure for expenditure on the homeless. We would assume that the budget of the DGASMB is included with ‘Alte servicii in domeniile locuintelor, serviciilor si dezvoltarii comunale’ which comprehends a whole host of social services, not merely homelessness. The total allocated? Just €11 million.
You read it here first: Bucharest spends on concerts more than three times what it spends on the homeless.
Previous: Previous post: Let’s do maths with the PSD
Next: Next post: Another win for Bucharest
Yeah but at least the homeless received a bowl of soup from Firea herself.What else could they want? 🙂
I forgot to add to the list of countries (see my previous comment):
Norway ( clue: Breivik), Sweden (it seems that Trump was (somewhat) right, there was something happening in Sweden but it was last month and it was carried by the Swedish Nordic Resistance Movement on refugees…), France (about to elect staunch philo-Semite Le Pen as Le président…), Holland (about to elect staunch philo-Semite Wilders as M-P, giving new meaning to going Dutch…) and last but not least Britain… Yes, Britain! The “cradle of parliamentarian democracy”, “Magna Carta”, “habeas corpus”, “blah blah yawn yawn” (clue: surge in “hate crime”, the murder of Jo Cox)!
Yes, it’s true that many Romanians look towards “Europe”… Unfortunately to few of them by my taste… Parmalat, do you hear?…
Any idea if “Fonduri externe nerambursabile” also includes European funds? If so, why so few? (0.072% of the total budget)
Also, what does “Autoritati executive” mean?
Fonduri externe nerambursabile would include European funds, yes. Why so little? Almost certainly because the city had no real mayor for first half the year, then a poorly performing one for the second half.
Assume ‘Autoritati executive’ is admin. Salaries, rent etc. It’s an awfully large sum if it is.


As a member of the Scholar at Risk Network, The University of Winnipeg is proud to be working toward hosting a visiting Afghan Scholar for two years through the “Placement, Preservation and Perseverance: Afghan At-Risk Scholars, Activists, and Students” project.
Donor support has already played a critical role in leveraging this opportunity: our goal is to raise a total of $50,000 in donor support to go towards scholars’ direct needs and expenses, research costs, books, conferences and settlement expenses.
The visiting scholar will be hosted by UWinnipeg’s Global College and provided support as they transition to our campus. T (housing, immigration paperwork, arranging faculty mentors etc.) for the scholar and their dependents.
The University of Winnipeg believes vocate for academic freedom. By hosting threatened scholars at our institution, we are providing safety and a voice to
Your support makes all the difference; please consider making a gift today!
In pa(IDRC), this project supports scholars, civil society actors, activists, and journalists from Afghanistan who have been forced to flee, especially women and ethnic minorities. Bringing together 12 core participant-leaders over two years, the project seeks to empower their integration into new homes and, into scholarly and civil society communities and to re-ignite research onroject provides wrap-around support for their resettlement to preserve and facilitate knowledge production in ways that contribute substantially to the future of the Afghan people and society.
This program complements the Government of Canada’s refugee resettlement efforts by welcoming threatened scholars to higher education institutions as temporary professors, researchers, lecturers, visiting scholars, post-docs, graduate fellows or students. These individuals are looking for a safe haven to continue their work for a period of time in the hopes to return to their home countries when it is safe to do so.
All over the world, we are seeing countries pushed into economic and social crises by political turmoil. In 2021, the world watched as Afghanistan erupted in civil unrest and uncertainty. In the time since,, often by taking desperate measures. Many others who want to flee are still seeking safe passage out of the country. Countless Afghans remain at risk of being targeted for their past work or association with coalition forces, Afghanistan’s former government, international development programs, media, civil society, and other organizations promoting human rights. The SAR Network is responding to urgent requests from individual Afghan scholars, activists, and civil society leaders—with particular concernis triggered the University of Winnipeg’s decision to join the SAR Network although we remain open to supporting an eligible at-risk scholar from other parts of the world as well.
Our need: to raise $50,000 to support cost and to also provide support in other critical ways—from mental health and health care services to relocation costs and support for family members.


Invitation to “Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (PEPS)” by Japan Geoscience Union
Hodaka Kawahata4, 5Email author
Progress in Earth and Planetary Science20141:3
https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-4284-1-3
© Kawahata; licensee Springer. 2014
Welcome tonew full open access peer-review e-journal covering all the branches of Earth and Planetary Sciences including PEPS has been launched by the Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU–the organization which represents earth and planetary science societies in Japan), and aims to serve ashigh-quality articles covering a wider field than the usual specialist journals. The choice of the name “Progress in Earth and Planetary Science” expresses our hope for progress in our various research areas, whilst the word “Science” is left in the singular to representing our desire for greater unity between the various subfields.
The JpGU will be responsible for the development of PEPS, and PEPS will be run by the Journal Steering and Planning Committee and the Journal Editorial Committee in cooperation with the JpGU Board of Directors and the JpGU member societies. It is our intention to publish high quality articles either discussing specific research results or explaining general unifying concepts. We will accept manuscripts from authors based anywhere in the world, regardless of affiliation or JpGU membership. Chiba, 277-8564, Japan


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BABA SOUSOU! | 6/10 - FOR OUR FATHERS!
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wrapper functions to read/write to those registers using any 8-bit AVR as master.
This library supports both TWI and SPI interfaces. Table 1-1 shows the interfaces
supported by this library for each AVR.
Table 1-1. Interfaces supported by the Atmel LED driver library.
SPI, USI
Rev. 8464A-AVR-11/11
The LED Driver Library used in this document requires basic familiarity with following:
• Compiling C projects with Atmel AVR Studio® 5, as the library is written using this
• General familiarity with SPI and TWI interfaces and electrical connection
• Basics of MSLxxxx register set and their use
• A method to debug and test the compiled application, or download the application
hex files into the targeted device, such as the Atmel AVR JTAGICE mk-II or Atmel
AVR JTAGICE 3
• The LED Driver Library was compiled and tested with the Atmel AVR Studio 5 with
GCC C compiler. This library was not compiled with IAR™ or any other compiler
• The LED Driver Library supports only TWI with Atmel megaAVR and XMEGA
devices and only SPI and USI (SPI) with Atmel tinyAVR devices
• ‘ATXMEGA’, ‘MEGAAVR’, ‘TINYAVR’, ‘SPI’, ‘TWI’ and ‘SPI_USI’ are important
keywords; do not use them elsewhere in the code as they are used as defines in
Atmel AVR944
8464A-AVR-11/11
Table 4-1 shows the list of files contained in this library along with a short description.
To include this library in a new project, “atmel_led_device_config.h” must be
configured (as explained in Section 5) and added along with the required driver files
and the compiler file (avr_compiler.h). For example, to create a project for ATxmega
TWI interface, the following files should be included:
• atxmega_twi_driver.c
• atxmega_twi_driver.h
• avr_compiler.h*
• atmel_led_device_config.h*
The configuration and compiler files (marked with *) must be included irrespective of
the AVR and interface as the project will not compile without these.
In the user application source file, include “atmel_led_device_config.h” by adding the
following statement on the top.
#include "atmel_led_device_config.h"
This file will automatically include all the required files. The file
“atmel_led_drvr_demo.c” provides a very good example of how to include and use
Table 4-1. List of files in the Atmel LED driver library.
atmega_twi_driver.c
Driver for megaAVR with TWI interface
atmega_twi_driver.h
Header file for atmega_twi_driver.c
atxmega_twi_driver.c
Driver for XMEGA AVR with TWI interface
atxmega_twi_driver.h
Header file for atxmega_twi_driver.h
tiny_avr_spi_via_usi_driver.c
Driver for tinyAVR with USI interface
tiny_avr_spi_via_usi_driver.h
Header file for tiny_avr_spi_via_usi_driver.c
tiny_avr_spi_driver.c
Driver for tinyAVR with SPI interface
tiny_avr_spi_driver.h
Header for tiny_avr_spi_driver.c
atmel_led_device_config.h
Atmel LED driver library configuration file
atmel_led_drvr_demo.c
Atmel LED driver library demo application
AVR compiler file
Used only by Doxygen
5 Configuring the library
Configure the library with only one file “atmel_led_device_config.h”. This file contains
pre-compilation directives to compile the source required only for the selected AVR
and interface. The default configuration file provided with the library is setup for the
Atmel ATtiny40 AVR with SPI interface. The configuration file settings for different
AVR microcontrollers are explained next.
5.1 Selecting the device and interface
There are four definitions related to device and interface. Select the target AVR and
interface with the first two #defines.
//User can define the device here: ATXMEGA, MEGAAVR or TINYAVR
#define ATXMEGA
//Define the interface here SPI, TWI or SPI_USI
#define TWI
This example shows the target as ATxmega with TWI interface.
‘ATXMEGA’, ‘MEGAAVR’, ‘TINYAVR’, ‘SPI’, ‘TWI’ and ‘SPI_USI’ are essential
keywords; do not be use them anywhere else in the code. They selectively compile
only the required source files.
The next two defines are shown below.
//CPU Clock on which AVR is running at. It is used to calculate
//baud rate settings and delays.
//Define slave addresses here.
#define SLAVE_ADDRESS 0xA0
• F_CPU is the frequency in hertz (Hz) at which the AVR is running. It calculates
delays and baud rate settings
• SLAVE_ADDRESS is the address of the slave MSLxxxx. It can be TWI slave or
SPI slave. This is a seven bit address and the bit 0 is ignored. Bit 0 is used to
indicate a read or a write operation
5.2 Interface settings
There are four sections in the “atmel_led_device_config.h” file, each used for different
kind of interface. One of the four sections is compiled depending on the type of AVR
and interface used.
5.2.1 Atmel XMEGA with TWI interface
The following code section contains definitions related to this target.
#if defined(ATXMEGA) && defined
#include "atxmega_twi_driver.h"
/*! \brief Largest message size that will be sent/received
excluding address byte and register address. When using array
write/read functions, the count parameter can not exceed
NUM_BYTES*/
/*! TWI port used, */
#define TWI_PORT TWIC
/*! TWI master Interrupt */
#define TWI_INT_VECTOR TWIC_TWIM_vect
/*BAUDRATE 100Khz*/
• NUM_BYTES defines the maximum number of data bytes that can be sent in one
transfer. It is used when using the array read/write commands. The count
parameter can not exceed NUM_BYTES
• TWI_PORT defines which TWI module is used
• TWI_INIT_VECTOR defines the interrupt associated with that TWI module
• BAUDRATE defines the target SCL clock frequency in hertz. For most TWI
applications, it is 100kHz
5.2.2 Atmel megaAVR with TWI interface
#elif defined(MEGAAVR) && defined
#include "atmega_twi_driver.h"
// Bit rate Register setting for 8MHz CPU clock, 100 KHz SCL
#define TWI_TWBR
#define TWI_TWPS
• TWI_BUFFER_SIZE defines the size of Tx/Rx buffer. In simple read/write
transactions with MSLxxxx, three bytes are transferred one way
• TWI_TWBR and TWI_TWPS define the baud rate register settings according to
Equation 5-1. Carefully enter these to set the SCL clock frequency
Equation 5-1. megaAVR SCL frequency calculation.
SCL = (CPU_CLOCK FREQ)/(16 + 2 × TWBR × (4^TWPS))
5.2.3 Atmel tinyAVR with USI interface
Most of the tinyAVR microcontrollers do not have SPI module. Instead they have a
universal serial interface which can be implemented as either SPI or TWI. This library
contains drivers for the SPI implementation of the tinyAVR USI. Drive the SPI
interface of the MSLxxxx with the AVR USI ports to control the LED driver using this
library. Since USI is a three pin interface, use an additional I/O pin as SS by the
The following code section contains the definitions related to this target.
#elif defined(TINYAVR) && defined
#include "tiny_avr_spi_via_usi_driver.h"
/* USI port and pin definitions for ATTINY25*/
#define USI_OUT_REG
PORTB //!< USI port output register.
#define USI_IN_REG
PINB //!< USI port input register.
#define USI_DIR_REG
DDRB //!< USI port direction register.
#define USI_CLOCK_PIN PB2 //!< USI clock I/O pin.
#define USI_DATAIN_PIN
//!< USI data input pin.
#define USI_DATAOUT_PIN
//!< USI data output pin.
#define CSB_PIN
//!< Atmel LED driver CSB
#define TC0_PRESCALER_VALUE 1 //!< Must be 1, 8, 64, 256, 1024
#define TC0_COMPARE_VALUE
31 //!< Must be 0 to 255. Minimum 31
//with prescaler CLK/1.
USI_OUT_REG defines the USI port used
USI_IN_REG defines the USI port input register
USI_DIR_REG defines the USI port direction register
USI_CLOCK_PIN defines the USCK pin
USI_DATAIN_PIN defines the USI data in (MISO) pin
USI_DATA_OUT defines the USI data out (MOSI) pin
CSB_PIN is the software controlled I/O pin (SS). Since USI is a three pin interface,
use this pin, which is software controlled, to drive the MSLxxxxCSB input
• TCO_PRESCALAR_VALUE and TCO_COMPARE_VALUE set the SCK bits-persecond of the interface according to the Equation 5-2
Use prescaler value of {1, 8, 64, 256 or 1024} and compare value 0 to 255. Use at
least 31 when using prescaler value of 1. Hence maximum SCK bits-per-second is
F_CPU/64.
Equation 5-2. USI SCK calculation.
Bits per second = F_CPU / (PRESCALER × (COMPAREVALUE+1) × 2)
5.2.4 Atmel tinyAVR with SPI interface
For the tinyAVR microcontrollers with built in SPI module, the LED Driver Library
contains tinyAVR SPI drivers to interface with Atmel LED driver chips like the Atmel
MSL2160. The following code section contains the built-in SPI definitions.
#elif defined(TINYAVR) && defined
#include "tiny_avr_spi_driver.h"
//This is the SCK divider setting as defined by SPR[1:0]
#define SPI_CLK_DIVIDER 4 //Must be 4,16,64,128
//This is the SPI2X bit setting which, if set, doubles the SCK.
#define SPI_CLK_DOUBLE 1 //Must be 1 or 0
#define SPI_DIR_REG DDRC
//!< SPI port direction register.
PORTC //!< SPI port output register.
//!< SPI clock I/O pin.
#define SPI_MISO
//!< SPI data input pin.
#define SPI_MOSI
//!< SPI data output pin.
#define SPI_SS
//!< Atmel LED driver CSB pin
• SPI_CLOCK_DIVIDER and SPI_CLK_DOUBLE determine the SCK frequency
according to Equation 5-3
• Use clock divider value of {4, 16, 64 or 128} and clock double value 0 or 1
• SPI_DIR_REG defines the SPI port direction register
• SPI_PORT defines the SPI port output register
• SPI_SCK defines the SCK pin
• SPI_MISO defines the MISO pin
• SPI_MOSI defines the MOSI pin
• SPI_SS defines the Slave select pin which is connected to MSLxxxx CSB pin
Equation 5-3. SPI SCK calculation.
Bits per second = (F_CPU/SPI_CLK_DIVIDER) ×
6 Electrical connections
6.1 TWI
To connect a MSLxxxx as a TWI slave to AVR master (megaAVR or XMEGA), pull up
SDA and SCL lines with a 10kΩ resistor as shown in Figure 6-1. In this figure, R1 and
R2 are 10kΩ resistors. Devices 1 to n are multiple MSLxxxx TWI slaves.
Figure 6-1. TWI connections.
To connect a MSLxxxx as a SPI slave to tinyAVR SPI (or USI) master, do not pull-up
MISO, MOSI, SCK, or CSB, but add a 33Ω series resistor on MISO between the AVR
and MSLxxxx as shown in Figure 6-2.
Figure 6-2. SPI connections.
Atmel LED driver
This section explains the functions available to the user by this library. The prototypes
remain the same irrespective of the Atmel AVR and interface used. For this purpose,
this section assumes that the file “atmel_led_device_config.h” is correctly configured.
The library provides the following application programmer interfaces (APIs). More
information on these can be found in the accompanying Doxygen documentation.
7.1.1 atmel_led_drvr_init
This function configures the AVR to act as a master. Call this function before further
communication with the slave. This function returns void.
7.1.2 atmel_led_drvr_writeregister
This function accesses the MSLxxxx slave at slave_address and writes REG_DATA
to its internal register at REG_ADDR. The function returns 1 if successful, else it
7.1.3 atmel_led_drvr_readregister
This function accesses the slave at slave_address and reads its internal register at
REG_ADDR and stores the data in receivedData pointer. The function returns 1 if
successful, else it returns 0.
7.1.4 atmel_led_drvr_writearray
This function writes a byte array of length ‘count’ pointed by ‘Data’ pointer to a slave
at slave_address, starting at register address REG_ADDR. For XMEGA and
megaAVR devices, this count can not exceed the NUM_BYTES defined in the
7.1.5 atmel_led_drvr_readarray
This function reads a byte array of length ‘count’ from a slave at slave_address,
starting at register address REG_ADDR into a buffer pointed by ‘Data’ pointer. For
XMEGA and megaAVR devices, this count can not exceed the NUM_BYTES defined
7.2 Writing user defined functions
Using the three primitive functions allows writing more user friendly functions which
read to and write from to specific registers of LED drivers. For example, the global
intensity register of Atmel MSL2160 has an internal address of 0x1F. This register
sets global LED intensity. The values 0 to 0xFF correspond to 0 to 100% brightness
respectively. The example code below shows a simple wrapper function to set global
intensity of a particular slave:
char SetBrighntessLevel
return atmel_led_drvr_writeregister(slave_addr, 0x1F,
8 Demo program
The file “atmel_led_drvr_demo.c” contains the source for a demo program for Atmel
ATtiny40 AVR with SPI interface to connect to Atmel MSL2160 Evaluation board. The
program accesses a MSL2160 slave and writes ‘0xAA’ to its register at ‘0x00’ address
and reads the register back. This operation is done in an infinite loop.
The demo setup needs the following components:
1. ATtiny40 AVR with any development kit (like the Atmel STK®600) which exposes
the MCU pins.
2. MSL2160 Evaluation board with LED load board and power supply.
3. 33Ω resistor.


 "Extraordinary, Ordinary People," a...
ion?


Attorneys Max Burbach and Kia Moore atitled "Real Estate Leasing: Nebraska." Written in a question-and-answer format, the publication is a  Nebraska. The ﬁ
Read their article at the link below.


ote: The manual fix of System Error 5023 Has Occurred 0x0000139Click Yes. From our logs, this looks to be a bug in the snapshotting process for the DPM backup, but we aren't sure where the bug is at this point5023 Has Occurred 0x0000139f is solely my opinion. Type "command" in the search boxponse Try the operation again. hysical Disk Failed To Get Partition Size Status 3 The Windows Update dialog box will appearror 5023 Termus We were then able to bring up the other nodes and saw the resources just fine, brought all VM's up and things seem to be back to norma23 "Error 50could be because the queue manager is incorrectly configured to allow a connection from this system, or the connection has been broken.
Edited by Kris Lindgren Friday, July 24, 2009 1:57 PM Thursday, July 23, 2009 2:15 AM Reply | Quote 0 Sign in to vote Hi Kris,we had somewhat of a similarfp Error 5023 You can generate a cluster log by going to the command prompt and issuing a 'cluster log /g' command. Sql Server Error 5023have System Error 5023 Has Occurr5023 Has Occurred) Repair Tool. define channel(channel1) chltype(svrconn) trptype(tcp) mcauser('mq') 2 :AMQ8014: WebSphere MQ channel created. In this case you should use the following commands to take the resource offline and then bring it back online. this page DO NOT hit ENTER yet!
How To Fix Windows Error 50223 problems. Assuming this, it does not matter what your XP ID is as when you set the MCAUSER. Tuesday, September 27, 2011 8:52too. Get More Info This discussion is locked Amaterasu68 Level 1 (0 points) Q: AFP authentication issue: Errors 5023 and 5014 Hi Forum.Where I work we have an Open Directory domain and some of us
2Otherwise, you would have had to create an ID of 'mq' and grant permission to it to do what you want to do.
Please Note: If 502gards --marcos [email protected] Monday, April 16, 2012 6:38 PM Reply | Quote 0 Sign in to vote Yes I am having this issue intermittently, so I wonder what could have Keeping track of when and where your 50can generate the cluster logs as per We got some interesting data and errors in the logs just like: In Win2008 the Physical Disk resource type private property that


Midday update: one.
9.30am: Yesterday a little-known parliamentary aide resigned. Today there are rumours doing the rounds at Westminster that Lady Vadera, a business minister and a key member of the Gordon Brown inner circle, is about to leave the government.
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Millwall's 2015/16 schedule announced in June
Two places to be confirmed as League One takes shape
Millwall will learn what schedule awaits them next season when fixtures for the 2015/16 League One campaign are announced on Wednesday 17th June.
The Lions know of 21 opponents they will definitely face from August to next May, with the remaining two League One places for the new season to be confirmed following this weekend's Play-Off Finals. Swindon Town and Preston North End will battle it out for promotion to the Championship while Southend United and Wycombe Wanderers - who could include young Lions loanee Fred Onyedinma in their team at Wembley - will face each other for a place in League One next season.
The club's full fixture list for 2015/16 will be announced first here on millwallfc.co.ukteams The Lions will come up against throughout the new campaign.
Season tickets for 2015/16 are on sale now. For full information click here.


Discharge the battery using a fog light and start charging it afterwards at about 3 4 amps. Your aim is to revive that dead cell gradually. It will show signs of bubbling after, say, two hours in a cold clime; time will vary.


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Ranked list of diseases related to "echinococcus granulosus"Videos


M — in short, making history.  A growing list of exhibitions, conferences, panels, seminars, and publications give play to archival practices. The most interesting initiatives, I think, depart from the premise that archives constitute that which they purport to document (that archives are, in a word, performative). This avenue of approach opens onto questions about how archives shape or reshape belief systems and power structures. What do unauthorized, shadow, or dissident archives look like and how do they operate? How do we engage with archives critically, as representational forms? Can we imagine archival practices that exercise poetic license to make the invisible visible, render the unthinkable intelligible, and articulate the unspeakable?
These questions animate the work of E. G. Crichton, artist-in-residence at the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transexual Historical Society of San Francisco. Crichton confesses that she has always been “a sucker” for archival mysteries and has found “the visual evidence of a person’s life uniquely compelling.” This artist’s work suggests that archives (and the mysterious objects they preserve)es — queer communities, in this case. Quite ordinary things that people usually throw away or overlook may A matchbook, a softball mitt, a bow tie, or feather boa may shed light on the queer past’s obscure terrain.
Crichton describes herself as a “matchmaker.” She introduces living artists to queer precursors whose effects are housed in the archives. These “matches” engender the creation of all manner of artifacts, videos, poetry, scholarship, and music. Through these creative engagements, transhistorical bonds of affection and affinity form. Crichton sees these connections as “a kind of lineage, onts and often outside identity boundaries.” The artist has made twenty-six matches to date — some across geographical as well as well as temporal frontiers. For each matched pair, she creates a formal portrait.
 Queer archives,” Cvetkovich affirms, “are often ‘archives of feeling.’”also aim to preserve the residue of historically suppressed sentiments.
Sentimental suppression, for many of Crichton’s archival subjects, is the overdetermined consequence of several discriminatory forces. Take Tina Takemoto‘s match, Jiro Onuma, who lived the life of a gay bachelor and dandy in San Francisco until he was incarcerated in the Japanese American Internment Camp at Topaz, Utah, in 1942. Takemoto, after studying the contents of Onuma’s archival box and conducting collateral research, created a “Gay Bachelor’s Japanese American Internment Survival Kit.” She threw her match a lifeline from a queerer, if no less xenophobic, future.
“I grew up hearing family stories about the Japanese American Internment Camps,” Takemoto, a fourth-generation Japanese American, explains, “but no one ever mentioned the gay and lesbian experience of imprisonment … I try to imagine how Jiro survived the isolation, boredom, humiliation, and heteronormativity of internment as a dandyish gay bachelor obsessed with erotic male physical culture magazines. From Onuma’s archive, I discovered that he enrolled in Earle Liederman’s 12-week correspondence Physical Culture School program. Was Onuma receiving letters from Liederman and following this program in camp as a way to keep his queer imaginary alive?” Takemoto would be the first to admit that Onuma’s bachelor memorabilia has enlivened her own queer imagination.
Takemoto’s archival muse inspired the creation of a performance piece, in which the artist incarnates Onuma, and then a film, Looking For Jiro. The film premiered at MIX 24: New York Queer Experimental Film Festival last fall. By “looking for Jiro,” and interpreting clues of his queer Japanese American history, Takemoto sets Onuma free from archival internment.
This is exactly what E. G. Crichton has in mind.  In galleries, cultural centers, lunchrooms, and libraries on four continents, Crichton has staged exhibitions and presentations featuring her archival collaborations with the living and the dead. She was recently awarded an Alternative Exposure grant by Southern Exposure gallery to finance “roving archives”: the installation of archival displays in storefront windows all over San Francisco. Meanwhile, Crichton’s expanding population of “matches” follow their own artistic itineraries. This constellation of enterprises, with Crichton at its generative center, trains creative focus on people who are underrepresented in official archives and histories — queers, women, people of color — while bringing their stories back to life.


by Joshua J. Mark published on 24 March 2016h. Egyptologist Geralidine Pinch explains:From the New Kingdom through the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323 - 30 BCE) The Book of the Dead was produced this way. It continued to vary in form and size until c. 650 BCE when it was fixed at 190 uniform spells but, still, people could add or subtract what they wanted to from the text.ll 125.
.

[person's name] of
.
A:
".
"Why not? I am pure."
"You know us; enter by us."

F.
Foods.
ds. About the Author
Faulkner, R. O, Th 1972).
Trungpa, C, The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Shambhala, 2000).n 06 March 2016... [continue reading]
Egyptian Book of the Dead Books
Anonymous Chronicle Books (20 January 2015) Price: $24.29
E. A. Wallis Budge Dover Publications (01 June 1967) Price: $10.72
The Egyptian Book of the Dead Anonymous Penguin Classics (25 November 2008) Price: $16.19
Muata Ashby Sema Institute (01 July 2000) Price: $28.95
Egtanding...
Muata Ashby Sema Institute (26 March 2016) Price: $35.00
c. 2670 BCE - c. 2613 BCE
The Egyptian Book of the Dead written on papyrus and included in tombs of the 12th Dynasty of Egypt.
Spells of The Egyptian Book of the Dead divided into chapters.
Text of The Egyptian Book of the Dead fixed at 190 Spells.


1 years until the reversion itself fell in. St. John soon became friendly with his neighbours: in November 1408, for example, he acted as a feoffee for Thomas Wydeville* (who already held some of his estates in trust); and at various times other Northamptonshire men stepped forward to stand surety for him as the lessee of crown lands. In February 1410, St. John received a royal licence to enclose two parks at Paulerspury, which also suggests that he was by then spending a good deal of time in the area. The Commons of 1410 (of which he was a Member) certainly felt that he possessed enough local knowledge to serve as a justice of special assize in a dispute over the nearby manor of Hinton by Brackley which had been pending for many years. St. John’s territorial interests were growing steadily throughout this period, for in April 1403 he consolidated his position in the south-west by taking on the joint lease of some of the Rodney estates in Somerset at a rent of 50 marks p.a. The death of his kinsman, John de la Bere, in May 1409, brought him temporary custody of all the latter’s possessions in Glamorgan; and when the next heir, Thomas, a royal ward, died without issue five years later the entire inheritance was duly partitioned, one half going to St. John’s cousin, John Basset, and the other to the MP himself. He and Basset were subsequently involved as plaintiffs in a lawsuit over the manor of Littleham in Devonshire, so it may be that they also shared a title to property there. A striking instance of St. John’s personal standing at this time is to be found in the marriage contract of April 1410 whereby no less a person than Thomas, Lord Berkeley, sought two of his daughters as wives for his young nephews and heirs-male, Maurice and James. Both parties bound themselves in securities of £600 to accept the terms thus devised, although the early death of James’s betrothed nullified half, if not all, of the arrangements, and must have proved a bitter blow. The surviving girl (or perhaps another sister) eventually married Sir Walter Rodney’s* son and heir, John, and thus came into a sizeable estate in Somerset, part of which had previously been farmed by her father.15
St. John sat again in the House of Commons in November 1411, by which date he had assumed office as both deputy chamberlain and deputy justiciar of South Wales. The accession of Henry V brought him further marks of preferment, for as well as confirming him and his wife in receipt of their various annuities, the newly crowned King promptly made his loyal retainer mayor of Bordeaux. The town waEnglish, and Henry naturally sought to place its government in the hands of people whom he could trust. Although appointed in April 1413, St. John does not appear to have left England for at least six months, and he soon returned to ask the King for a consignment of artillery. The townspeople of Bordeaux were well disposed towards Henry V, from whom they also hoped to obtain a confirmation of their privileges, although they feared that Thomas, earl of Dorset, might have the members of any deputation sent by them to England thrown into prison for debt. The earl’s claim to be owed 29,000 crowns of a tax which had been voted by the Bordelais for the support of his troops but never paid was one of the main items on St. John’s agenda when he again visited England in December 1415 as an envoy on behalf of the inhabitants of Bordeaux. Having wisely equipped himself with gifts of wine for the leading members of the English nobility, St. John spent some days at Court, where he was graciously received by the King and assured that siege engines and a master gunner would at last be sent out for the defence of the town. It proved far more difficult to win over the earl of Dorset, whose insistence upon an immediate payment of 6,000 crowns could not be met. The problem of reaching a workable settlement with the earl probably accounts for St. John’s long stay in England, where he remained until mid October of the following year. He was not, however, completely preoccupied with his mayoral duties, and seized the chance to sit for a third time as MP for Northamptonshire. During this period he also received three commissions to treat for an extension of the truce between England and Castile, and was thus kept busy in a variety of ways. As an experienced soldier with considerable knowledge of siege warfare, St. John was, moreover, keen to take part in Henry V’s second invasion of Normandy.In June 1417 he indented to serve the King with a retinue of 60 men-at-arms, and in the following August he receivedwith the army. Although he continued in office as mayor of Bordeaux until 1423, and also saw active service in Aquitaine, it is clear that he made other visits to England: most notably in the summer of 1420, when he appears to have been instrumental in having a small force dispatched to garrison the town; and in May of the next year, at which time he took his seat in the House of Commons for the last of his four Parliaments. Shortly before his election he made a brief visit to Wales, where he again witnessed the confirmation of the borough charters of Neath, Kenfig and Cardiff, on this occasion by Richard Beauchamp, earl of Worcester, who had succeeded to the Despenser estates in Glamorgan. Yet he did not stay away from the theatre of war for long: over the next few months Gascony was the scene of intensified military operations against the Dauphinist forces—operations in which the mayor and townspeople of Bordeaux played an important part. Their contribution was duly noted by Henry V, who twice wrote to thank them for their loyalty and exhort them to remain staunch in their resistance.16
St. John evidently returned to England for the last time at the beginning of 1423, and once again obtained letters patent confirming him in receipt of the three main royal annuities which had been awarded to him and his wife long before. During his years in Bordeaux he seems to have begun dealing in the wine trade (in 1420, for example, he undertook to help stock Chief Justice Hankford’s cellars), and it may well be that some of the indentures which he entered with his neighbours in Northamptonshire during this period concerned similar transactions. The rest of his life was, however, spent in virtual retirement, and although he yet again witnessed the confirmation of borough charters at Neath (in April 1423) and Llantrissant (in October 1424) he had by then ceased to hold any form of public office. He died on 26 Dec. 1424, having but recently acquired an interest in certain estates in the Northamptonshire villages of Shutlanger and Stoke Bruern, and was succeeded by his son, Sir Oliver, who was then at least 26 years old. The John St. John of Paulerspury who accompanied Henry V to France in April 1422 may also have been his son, since both he and Sir Oliver later appeared together as witnesses to a conveyance of the manor of Llanfair in Glamorgan.17
- - 2. C139/14/12; CP25(1)178/89/34; Limbus Patrum Morganiae et Glam. ed. Clark, 429; CIPM, xv. no. 269; CCR, 1377-81, p. 433; 1413-19, pp. 138-9; CPR, 1391-6, p. 477; CFR, x. 207; xiii. 231, 244; xiv. 99-101. R.A. Griffiths, Principality of Wales, i. 130 wrongly describes St. John’s wife as Isabel, widow of Sir Luke Poynings and de jure suo jure baroness St. John of Basing. The latter died in 1393 and does not appear to have had any connexion with our Member.
- 3. RP, iii. 634; Rot


Grantham Canal: History & Timeline
Grantham Canal – main page and links
The Construction Years
New life as a remainder waterway and wildlife haven
In Maps:
Canal Plan 1792 (linking to the Grantham Canal Act of 1793) – copyright Notts Archives
Enclosure Map 1774 – pre-canal
OS Map 1884
Canal Survey Map 1900 (copyright Notts Archives)
The Grantham Canal was commissioned by subscription in the 1790s being formalised by Acts of Parliament in 1793 and 1797; this was the time of a huge national canal-building programme – 19 were given consent in 1793 alone. A full history is someone else's (huge) task but the construction of this 33-mile waterway through the countryside between Nottingham and Grantham fundamentally changed the rural communities that it passed through – the historic combination of Enclosure Acts and the Industrial Revolution changing the rural economy and rural communities.
The canal 'flows' from east (Grantham) to west (Nottingham); the level only drops by a few inches as it passes through Hickling, though.
The water levels are controlled by two reservoirs; Denton and Knipton with rainfall being the third contributing factor.
Sadly, the Grantham Canal always struggled to be viable; its most profitable years came in the early 1800s but water levels have been problematic throughout its existence (strong weed growth, the build-up of silt, the gypsum section around Cropwell Bishop & Cropwell Butler and (latterly) lack of use) making the route unreliable.
The coming of the railways in the mid-1800s precipitated a slow decline in the commercial use of the canal and meant that its active years were relatively short; by the end of the 1800s, the canal was in severe decline and by the early-1920s its working life was over.
In 1936 a further Act of Parliament formally closed the canal to boats (there had been no traffic on it for the previous 7 years). This had two major effects:
Financial responsibilities were massively reduced because ongoing maintenance requirements were minimised;
But also, the waterway was to be deliberately allowed to evolve as a wildlife corridor and for the quiet enjoyment of visitors. Some stretches have been designated as SSSIs and the Hickling stretch is designated as a local wildlife site.
(the Act also stated that water should be kept to a depth of 2 feet and could be used for agricultural purposes (irrigation and drinking water for animals))
The Transport Act of 1968 categorised the Grantham Canal as a 'remainder waterway' with no economic future. In 1969 proposals were made to close and infill most of the canal:
"The proposal to close and infill most of the canal was strongly contested by the "Grantham Civic Trust" and the Grantham Angling Association. Ultimately, with the support of the Inland Waterways Association and the MP for Carlton, Mr Phillip Holland, the canal was saved. The Grantham Canal Society was then formed, later to be called the Grantham Canal Restoration Society." (The Grantham Canal: Meander p.28)
*This process was known as 'puddling' – there's a lovely photograph on page 21 of 'The Grantham Canal: Meander' which shows a herd of cows being driven up and down the bottom of the canal bed to 'puddle' in the clay layer.
The building of the canal was a significant business enterprise; it had to be privately funded and subscribers and shareholders had to be found. Some of these shareholders would have been significant but they also included small investors who had a local interest.
Georgian & Victorian literature is peppered with references to investments having been lost through schemes which failed and previously rich families finding themselves in impoverished circumstances (The Miss Bateses in Jane Austen's 'Emma', for example) – this was one of these schemes but, fortunately, it did prove viable and there are no signs that anyone lost significant sums of money as a result!
The plans went through many changes and the route was determined by the landscape and geology of the area and also by the business interests of the investors and prospective customers. A diversion was made to accommodate the Belvoir Estate and an off-shoot to Bingham was proposed but never happened.
1792: (original map/plan held by Notts Archives)
A beautifully drawn plan of the proposed Grantham Canal is held in Notts Archives. It shows the route the canal was expected to take including important landscape features and buildings along its route. This plan may show the Plough Inn in Hickling but it isn't entirely clear.
Canal Plan 1792 – copyright Notts Archives
1793: (originals held by Notts Archives; work is ongoing)
Act of Parliament 1793; it is a substantial book and copies are held in a number of local archive offices. Most of the detail is functional but some sections give a fascinating insight into the processes and the values of the time:
It details the route, the water sources and arrangements for acquiring the necessary land. It also deals with access to the canal once it opens for business, towpaths, bridges, repairs and impacts on other watercourses.
Pages 6-7; details of 'exceptions' in Hickling giving details of ownership & businesses.
"Provided always, and be it further enacted or be construed to extend, to authorise or impower the said Company of Proprietors, or any Person or Persons employed by them, to take or use, or to injure or damage any House or other Building, except a Messuage or Tenement now or late the Property of Thomas Burrows and in his own occupation, a Barn and Weaver's Shop, now or late the Property of John Nelson, in the occupation of John Swift, a Messuage or Tenement and Outbuildings, now or late the Property of George Faulks, in the Occupation of Martha Morris, and anotherJohn Mann, in the Occupation of John Lock, all in the Parish of Hickling aforesaid, or to exercise any of the Powers hereby given, upon, through, or over any Land or Ground whatsoever, which, on the First Day of January, One thousand Seven hundred and Ninety-three, was a Garden, Yard, Park, Paddock, planted Walk, or Avenue to a House, or Lawn inclosed and adjoining to a Manor House, or through or over any Garden or Yard, without the consent of the Owners of the same respectively, other than the Gardens and Yards belonging to any Cottages or Tenements under the respective Yearly Value of Six Pounds."
This paragraph names those property owners who would lose land to the canal construction.
Of note: those owning property below a yearly value of £6 have no rights over the taking of their land/property for the use of the canal company …
Also, arrangements for Wharf buildings and weighing of cargo; provision of mooring and passing places.
Penalties for various offences (including dropping rubbish).
Some allowance is given to deviate up to 100 yards from the plans (plan detailed above but reference book not available in this collection – search ongoing)
"And whereas it hath been agreed upon by and between the said Company of Proprietors, and the Reverend Robert Barker, Rector of Hickling aforesaid, and John Collishaw of the same Place, that the Line or Course of the said intended Canal, near the Town of Hickling aforesaid, shall be altered in the Manner hereinafter mentioned. Be it therefore further enacted, That instead of the Line or Course of the said Canal near the said Town of Hickling, specified and set forth in the said Map or Plan, and Book of Reference, the said Company of Proprietors shall cut and make the said Canal from the Dwelling House of Thomas Burrows, at Hickling aforesaid, in a direct Line through a Piece of Land called the Home Close, belonging to the said John Collishaw, and then to proceed along the North Side of certain Closes of the said Robert Barker, called Norbrook and Moory Wong, close to the Hedge or Fence which divides the said Close of the said Robert Barker called Moory Wong, from a Close of the said John Collishaw, called Kettle Wong, which the Line or Course of the said Canal, as now specified in the said Map or Plan, passes through."
Arrangements and rights for fishing and game.
Waymarker 220921
Page 78 requires that markers should be placed every quarter mile; those surviving on the Hickling section are listed (English Heritage).
The original purpose of these waymarkers was to determine the distance travelled by canal users and how much they owed in 'Rates and Duties' – the canal was in private ownership with shareholders to satisfy and, like the railways, every journey had a price.
Grantham Canal Act 1793 - copyright Notts Archives
1797: Act of Parliament confirming the completion of the Grantham CanalGrantham Canal Act 1797 – sample pages copyright Notts Arch
1797: (original document held by Notts Archives)
Transcript: land valuation – 1797 Grantham canal Company/Rector of Hickling
1797: The first commercial journey on the Grantham Canal was from Hickling:
Histories of the canal (see bibliography) record that the Grantham Canal was built 'cheaply' and many of those involved came to it with little or no experience – this inevitably led to problems. Specifically, problems with the gypsum sections around Cropwell Bishop and Butler led to delays in the opening of the canal from the Nottingham end. However, in April 1797 the canal committee announced that; "Thomas Lockwood of Hickling be allowed the amount of tonnage which he paid for a boat of coals being the first navigated upon the canal to Grantham." The whole canal was opened to traffic a few weeks later (by early summer).
The Working Years:
By 1806 debts had been repaid and shareholders began to see a return on their investments. Chris Cove-Smith writes that, "… the canal grew slowly to success in about 1820, reaching a peak in 1839 which it maintained until 1851 when the Nottingham to Grantham railway line was opened." Having passed into the ownership of the railways, the future of the Grantham Canal became more and more uncertain:
"Few railways encouraged trade upon canals, unless they acted as viable extensions to their lines. Obviously, the Grantham Canal, was in open competition, providing a cheaper, but slower, form of heavy transport."
"Trade steadily declined although reasonable tonnages were recordcanal was also used for military purposes in the First World War when stores and men were transported from Nottingham to Grantham at the time of the occupation of Alma Park Camp by the Machine Gun Corps. By 1929, however, trade had almost ceased, the canal was in urgent need of maintenance and dredging and the successors of the GNR, the London & North Eastern Railway into which it had been absorbed in 1924, closed the waterway to traffic. It was legally 'abandoned' in 1936 under the London & North Eastern Railway (General Powers) Act of 1936, Section 38, but curiously fortunate for us today, the whole canal was maintained in water since agreements had been entered into for water extraction at various points for agricultural purposes." (Chris Cove-Smith pp11-12)
1900: In 1900 a full survey of the Grantham Canal was carried out including a beautiful set of A1-sized plans. The plans include boundaries, ownership and valuations. (original documents held by Notts Archives; transcription & research ongoing). It notes the dimensions of the Hickling canal bridge; height 9'3" and span 21'4".
1910: Finance Act Map & Schedule (ledger); in 1910 assessments were made across the country of land ownership and values – the entries for the canal, Basin and Wharf in Hickling show:
1910 Finance Act Map & schedule/ledger (copyright Notts Archives)
The Grantham Canal – main page
The Hickling Basin and Wharf Building
The Weighing Office
The Lengthsman's Hut
Waymarkers – quarter mile posts
Trent Barges
Who were the Wharf Collishaws?
WWI: The Grantham Canal, The Belton Estate and the Machine Gun Corps
W0832a Percy Collishaw, Elm Farm herd – milking by canal 1930:
(October 2020 – canal towpath close to the Lengthsman's Hut)
"Since the Grantham Canal closed to boating in 1929, nature has reclaimed it. It is still mostly full of water, and is a valuable wetland habitat, running through the arable landscape of the Vale of Belvoir." (Canal & River Trust @July 2022)
Sitting Ducks by Pam Tobias (Hickling Calendar 2022)
In the past 100 years the canal has become a valuable wildlife corridor with areas of SSSIs and Local Wildlife Sites; swans were amongst the early colonists, in the 1930s they were rare visitors but for many decades they have been resident. Otters and water voles are recolonising and kingfishers are here but elusive! It is a wonderful experience to watch the swallows dipping and diving over the open waters of the canal and Basin in an early evening and equally wonderful to stay and watch the bats as they emerge at dusk, swooping to hunt for insects over the surface of the water. Even in the Hickling stretch there are several distinct habitat areas and in 2018 a community conservation group (working with the Canal & River Trust, Rushcliffe BC & the Notts Wildlife Trust) began work on surveying the mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, insects and plantlife of the canal and its surroundings.
Sun rising over the Basin & the Vale of Belvoir – October 2020 (JF)
W0345a Wharf Yard 1924 – children from the Squires & Wiles families
By 1912 William (Wharf) Collishaw had retired and it seems that the Wharf business had closed by this date. In 1921 the area was bought by Mr JW Harriman and in 1941 the Wharf House and Wharf Building was sold to Mr Douglas Booth – in the 1950s the east wall fell down and was rebuilt in block work. In 1995, following the English Heritage listing of the building, the owners were required to undergo restoration work to make the building water tight – English Heritage gave a grant of £3,232 to cover 25% of the cost. In 2014 the building was re-pointed with lime mortar.
The traditional curtilage was split up in 1963 when the Wharf House and the rest of the site was sold to Mr & Mrs AE Faulks with the wharf building itself remaining in the ownership of the Booth family; however, the Faulks family looked after the site on behalf of the owners, managing it day-to-day and for village events for over 50 years.
From these early years of the 1900s, records show that the Wharf Yard was regularly used as a community space; for Fairs, Festivals and Karnivals as well as celebrations for the Coronation, outdoor services and Bonfire Night – Grantham Canal – from the Wadkin Archives (link).
In approx. 2014, in agreement with the Parish Council and local councillors, the grassed area around the building was planted with wildflowers.
1922: The 1910 Finance Act illustrates the traditional canal land ownership pattern whereby the canal owners (then the Great Northern Railway and now the Canal & River Trust) own the canal itself, the towpath and up to & including the towpath boundary plus a metre from the water's edge on the non-towpath side. Full details are unknown but it appears that a conveyance in 1922 involving William (Wharf?) Collishaw and James Wright Collishaw (& possibly also involving Percy Collishaw) changed this when ownership up to the water's edge on the towpath side was conveyed to the farming landowner of much of the Hickling stretch.
The foresight that lay behind these transactions may be the reason that the Grantham canal is still 'in water'. It is likely that this agreement involved rights of access to the canal for agricultural purposes at a time when the canal was in serious decline and was in danger of being allowed to dry up when maintenance stopped.
Closure to Boats & Beyond:
In 1936 anAnd so the Grantham Canal Restoration Society (now the Grantham Canal Society) came into existence – continuing to carry out its invaluable volunteer work 50 years later.
Margaret Wadkin: press clippings – history & closure of the canal
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (40 history of canal letter)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (42 Grantham granary)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (53 closure & keeping water)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (64 closure - fishing)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (64 closure - objections)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (65 - closure)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (65 closure farmers)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (65 meeting Colston Bassett)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (65 closure letter)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (65 closure plans)
Wnews7 1968to1972 (37 residents want it to stay this way)
Wnews8 1973to04051979 (230 Belvoir railway)
Wnews8 1973to04051979 (237 Long Clawson land sale)
Wnews8 1973to04051979 (296 GCS restoration)
1943: Dredging just west of Canal Farm, Hickling
(with thanks to the GCS & John Keays)
"LNER (London & North Eastern Railway) on the cabin side indicates the canal's ownership at this time. Maintenance work was still going on, despite the canal having been closed by Act of Parliament seven years earlier. The 1936 closure Act stipulated that two feet of water be maintained in the canal 'for agricultural purposes'. This stipulation was fortuitous. It prevented the canal from being obliterated from the landscape; until the 1968 Transport Act took away this important stipulation. The canal was now under serious threat of extinction, with one local authority already having eyes on it for landfill. The Grantham Canal Society was formed in the following year. These photographs first appeared in Waterfront News 2002. They were sent in by John Keays, taken in March 1943 by his father on a folding Kodak 120 camera. The location just west of Canal Farm, Hickling." (posted by GCS November 2022)
Dredging west of Canal Farm 1943
1971, 1977 & 1997 – canal rallies held at the Wharf:
Grantham Journal 8th Oct 1971 Canal Rally (DF)
Wnews7 1968to1972 (94 GCS rally 1971)
Wnews7 1968to1972 (95 rebuilding bridges 1971)
Wnews7 1968to1972 (96 GCS rally 1971 2)
GCS FB post boat hoisted onto Wharf 1977
GCS FB 1997
1994 (onwards): In 1994 grant funding was sourced to dredge the Hickling stretch of the canal, to renovate Clarke's Bridge and the swing bridges and to landscape and secure the banks of the Basin and Wharf areas. It was at this time and over the following 5 or 6 years that the paving was renovated, bollards and the slipway were installed and the towpath was gravelled heading east (the western section was done later and was still grassed in 2000); locally, the area even became known as 'the Queen Mary Wharf' for a while. The new towpath surface saw the end of old by-laws prohibiting cycling and the canal has developed into a popular new cycle route. In time, the bollards along the road were removed, the towpath bedded in and the slipway area grassed over again. These were big changes which took a little getting used to but time has brought familiarity and affection.
The road bridge before it was taken down in 1957
W0351a 1965: Canal Basin Alfred Herrick Revd LTP Harwood – showing the Wharf area after the road bridge came down.
Hickling Basin before the old road bridge was taken down in 1957 (undated)
GNA Article 1994 – excavation work (GCS FB)
1999; following the restoration work in 1994 (JF)
1994 Restoration – Grantham Navigation memories (GCS FBk post)
GNA Article 1994 - excavation work (GCS FB)
GNA Article 1994 - plans (GCS FB)
GNA Article 1994 (GCS FB)
1994 Restoration – A Neighbour's Collection (documents, leaflets, brochures & news articles):
canal improvements - news articles 1994
canal improvemts 1994 - GCS magazine & opening
GC improvemts misc 1994
Grantham Canal information leaflet - no date
Grantham Canal Restoration brochure & agenda 22nd Sept 1995
Grantham Journal September 1993
towpath & improvements misc 1994-2000
Wharf buildings at risk 1993
1994: Notes from a meeting in March 1994 outlined discussions about the future of the Wharf Building (KCRdocs):
Proposal for the building to be used as a Field Study Centre and an HQ for the Canal Trust & GCRS. Funding totalling c.£12,000 is available and the owner is reported to be willing to turn down a larger offer if the building could be used for this purpose. Even so, it seems that the funding couldn't be raised and no agreement followed.
Proposal to purchase follows a failed planning application and a failed planning appeal to convert the building to residential use and English Heritage Listing. The owner is recorded, in consequence, to be unable/unwilling to maintain the building.
It is noted that the site is an 'open space' in the Local Plan.
1995: Grantham Canal Restoration Society proposals – 22nd September 1995.
Gallery of the changes from 1996-2000:
1996 (JF)
In the end, the draft strategy didn't proceed beyond the consultation stages; it did cause consternation, though; it identified Hickling as a 'primary access node' with excited discussions and images of a visitor centre and car parking at a public meeting held in Kinoulton Village Hall (pdf of draft consultation plan).
Grantham Canal Strategy 2000 - draft for consultation
The work of volunteers and the support of the Canal & River Trust and the Notts Wildlife Trust is ensuring that the Grantham Canal (& the Hickling stretch) have a future – even though 'times-are-a-changin'. The Grantham Canal Society works incredibly hard on maintaining the canal and their focus on wildlife and everyday enjoyment of this wonderful waterway represents the continuation of over 50 years of work – we are all very grateful.
These ups and downs are too recent to be included here (& no one wants to get involved in the 'nimby' debate!) but in 2008 the Parish Council in Hickling was behind the formation of a group which invited representatives from the parishes along the Grantham Canal and representatives of the various canal organisations to get to know each other and to discuss plans and concerns – the Grantham Canal Community Liaison Group (GCCLG).
Sadly, this initiative didn't last very long but the principle behind such open discussions and the protection of the Hickling Conservation Area remains important to people in Hickling and continues in the newly adopted Hickling & Hickling Pastures Neighbourhood Plan (March 2022).
Wharf Tearooms when they first opened in 2017 (Image; Hickling NPlan)
In 2015 the lease of the Old Wharf was sold and permission given to open The Old Wharf Tearooms:
"Change of use to cafe/tea rooms and bike hire/repairs, and construction of new toilet block. The Old Wharf Building Main Street Hickling Nottinghamshire."
Community Table Tennis Table:
Launch of the community table tennis table in 2017
The community table tennis table in 2017
I in the hope that a Local Nature Reserve (LNR) designation can be applied to the Hickling section of the canal.
(October 2020 – JF)
A community space enjoyed by visitors:
Wildlife & fishermen
Skating on the Basin
Margaret Wadkin collected news clippings over several decades and for much of this time she was the contributor for Hickling news, too; sadly, several of her albums are now missing but this gallery details some of the people, escapades (including a young farmers' hovercraft …), bank holiday visitors and brawling travellers in need of rescue as well as Karnivals and Bonfire Nights in the Wharf Yard – not to mention frogs & hailstones in July!
Wnews1 02021895to10081901 (42 - Wharf advert servant)
Wnews2 17081901to06071907 (17 - Coronation singing on bridge)
Wnews2 17081901to06071907 (27 - bank hol visitors)
Wnews2 17081901to06071907 (29 - capture of a runaway)
Wnews2 17081901to06071907 (39 gallant rescue)
Wnews2 17081901to06071907 (50 busy bank hol)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (4 frogs & hailstones)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (12 hedgelaying wharf)
Wnews5 04071931to05021935 (22 fishing & Basin for hols)
Wnews7 1968to1972 (136 - Tommy Watchorn)
Wnews8 1973to04051979 (284 karnival at the wharf)
Wnews9 07051979to15121979 (27 Mrs Mary Warrington)
Wnews10 22121979to26091980 (30 carnival at the wharf 1)
Wnews10 22121979to26091980 (31 Carnival at the Wharf)
Wnews11 101980to051981 (37 sponsored walk)
Wnews12 22051981to16101981 (20 hovercraft)
Wnews13 16101981to24041982 (8 annual bonfire wharf)
Wnews14 30041982to06101982 (20 festival)
Wnews14 30041982to06101982 (21 song & drama)
The Grantham Canal: early days (a detailed history of the first 25 years) by R Philpotts (1976 & 1978) – pdf
The Grantham Canal: meander through the beautiful Vale of Belvoir (published by the Grantham Canal Society 2014)
The Grantham Canal Today: a brief history and guide by Chris Cove-Smith (1974) – pdf
The Romantic Canal: alongside the Grantham by Hugh Marrows and published by the Grantham Canal Partnership (2003)