cultural intelligence and competencies - Soon Ang
CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPETENCIES
RUNNING HEAD: CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPETENCIES
Soon Ang Nanyang Technological University Phone: +65 6790-4717 Fax: + 65 6792-2313 Email: [email protected] Thomas Rockstuhl Nanyang Technological University Phone: +65 6792-3503 Fax: + 65 6792-2313 Email: [email protected] Mei Ling Tan Nanyang Technological University Phone: +65 6592-1858 Fax: + 65 6792-2313 Email: [email protected]
Manuscript prepared for Wright, J. (Ed.).).
Abstract With the continuing globalization of the workplace, understanding why some people thrive in intercultural contexts more than others has never been more crucial. Cultural intelligence is a person's . In this entry, we take stock of the growing stream of research on cultural intelligence. In particular, we review the conceptualization, measurement, and empirical evidence for the nomological network of cultural intelligence. We also discuss recent theoretical extensions related to cultural intelligence. We conclude with an eye towards the future and suggest several exciting research directionsKeywords: cross-cultural competence, cultural competencies, cultural intelligence
Cultural Intelligence and Competencies Theoretical Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence Definition Cultural Intelligence (CQ) refers toxts (Ang and Van Dyne 2008, Earley and Ang 2003). This definition of CQ as a capability emphasizes a person's potential to be effective across a wide range of intercultural contexts. Cultural intelligence differs from the capability to function effectively in a specific culture. Instead, cultural intelligence reflects a general set of capabilities that facilitate one's effectiveness across different cultural and in multicultural environments. In this sense, cultural intelligence is culture-free. Cultural intelligence also differs from cross-cultural views of intelligence that emphasize the relativity of intelligence definitions depending on particular cultural and ecological contexts (Berry, 1976; Sternberg, 2004). For example, hunter-gatherers require different intelligences than agriculturalists to survive in their respective ecological environments. Therefore, the meaning of intelligence varies in each culture depending on its unique ecological context. While cultural intelligence does not refer to these culturally bound notions of intelligence, knowledge of such culturally bound views of intelligence does reflect high cultural intelligence (specifically, cognitive cultural intelligence, as we will describe below). Cultural intelligence as a multidimensional intelligence The conceptualization of cultural intelligence draws upon the rich history of intelligence research. Cultural intelligence builds on insights from intelligence research suggesting that intelligence is multifaceted. Integrating myriad views on intelligence, Sternberg and Detterman (1986) proposed that intelligence resides in
different loci within an individual: the biology, the cognition (including metacognition), the motivation, and the behaviors. Thdraws on Sternberg & Detterman's (1986) multiple-loci view of intelligence and comprises four factors: (1) metacognitive cultural intelligence, which reflects an individual's mental capability to acquire and understand cultural knowledge; (2) knowledge about cultures and cultural differences; (3) motivationalcapability to direct and sustain effort toward functioning in intercultural situations; and (4) behaviorfor behavioral flexibility in cross-cultural interactions. While the initial conceptualization of cultural intelligence did not include biological aspects of intelligence, recent work on cultural intelligence has embraced biological foundations of cultural intelligence (see the later section on theoretical extensions). Cultural intelligence and other forms of intelligences Cultural intelligence is similar to social and emotional intelligence in that cultural intelligence is a form of interpersonal intelligence. Social intelligence is a broader form of interpersonal or real-world  manage others. Emotional intelligence refers more specifically to the ability to deal with emotions of self and others. Cultural intelligence shares similarities withncludes the abilities to understand, manage, and deal with the emotions of others. However, unlike social and emotional intelligence, cultural intelligence explicitly considers the intercultural context. Understanding culturally different others requires a distinct set of abilities because of cultural variations in how people from different parts of the world express
themselves verbally and non-verbally. Hence, a person who is high is emotional intelligence or social intelligence is not necessarily high in cultural intelligence. Empirical studies have shown cultural intelligence to be distinct from emotional and social intelligence. Across multiple studies, confirmatory factor analyses showed discriminant validity be Furthermore, correlationsimensions ranged between .03 and .62. In addition, one study found cultural intelligence to be discriminant from social intelligence, with the correlation between the two constructs at .42. Cultural intelligence is also similar to but distinct fromis a key predictor of performance across jobs and settings. Similarly, cultural intelligence should predict performance but more specifically in intercultural contexts (Ang and Van Dyne, 2008). Cultural intelligence is also distinct from general cognitive ability because the latter only includes the cognitive locus of intelligence and excludes the motivational, behavioral, and biological loci. Empirical studies show negative correlations between motivational cultural intelligence and general cognitive ability and weak correlations ranging between .00 and .11 for the other three factors of cultural intelligence (Ang et al., 2007; Ward et al., 2009). Empirical evidence also indicate that cultural intelligence has a stronger correlation with task performance in intercultural contexts than does general cognitive ability and hence has incremental validity over the latter for predicting performance in intercultural situations (Ang et al., 2007; Rockstuhl et al., 2011). Cultural intelligence and personality traits Personality traits refer to enduring personal characteristics that determine a stable pattern of cross-situational behavior (Costa and McCrae 1992). By contrast, cultural
intelligence is a set of abilities that determine what a person is capable of doing to be effective in cultural diverse settings. Hence, personality traits and cultural intelligence are conceptually distinct. However, given that personality traits affect a person's choice of behaviors and experiences, some personality traits might relate to cultural intelligence. In line with these conceptualizations, Ang et al. (2006) demonstrated discriminant validitye Big Five personality traits. Cultural intelligence and other cultural competencies Cultural competencies are an umbrella term for concepts related to intercultural effectiveness. In a recent review of cultural competence models, Ang et al. (2013) identified more than 30 cultural competence models with over 300 concepts related to cultural competence. These 300 concepts cover a broad range of personal characteristics including intercultural personality traits, intercultural attitudes and worldviews, or intercultural capabilities. Intercultural personality traits l contexts. Examples include tolerance for ambiguity or cultural empathy. Intercultural attitudes and worldviews refer to how a person perceives and evaluates experiences with other cultures. Examples include ethnocentrism or an ethnorelative worldview. Intercultural capabilities describe what a person can do to be effective in intercultural contexts. Examples of intercultural capabilities include self-awareness and global business savvy. Cultural competence models differ in scope. Some models combine personality traits, attitudes and worldviews, and capabilities. Other models focus on unique domains of characteristics. For example, the Cultural Intelligence model concerns intercultural capabilities only.
The range and scope of different content domains covered by cultural competence models raises questions about the structural relationships between these content domains. Theories of job performance suggest that distal constructs such as personality traits and attitudes exert their effects on job performance via more proximal capabilities (Campbell et al., 1993). Hence, intercultural capabilities are more proximal predictors of performance in intercultural contexts and mediate effects of intercultural personality traits and intercultural attitudes and worldviews. Therefore, we focus on capability models, and the cultural intelligence model in particular, for the remainder of this entry. We highlight the cultural intelligence model as a theoretically coherent and parsimonious framework of intercultural capabilities. Based on multiple-loci of intelligences, the concept of cultural intelligence is theoretically precise about what is and is not part of its construct space. The cultural intelligence concept is parsimonious in that it focuses on only four abstract factors (e.g., metacognition) rather than a vast number of narrower dimensions (e.g., selfawareness, cognitive complexity, cognitive flexibility, perspective taking, planning, checking, nonjudgmentalness, etc.). Such capabilities from other cultural competence models can be mapped onto the cultural intelligence model. However, other cultural competence models rarely consider all four factors simultaneously and thus lack the comprehensiveness offered by the cultural intelligence model for describing the capabilities domain. Measurement of Cultural Intelligence Individual differences in cultural intelligence are measured using diverse methods. These methods include self-reports, observer-reports, and test-based measures. Self-reports of cultural intelligence
Self-reported measures of cultural intelligence present respondents with a list of statements relevant to multiple dimensions of cultural intelligence (e.g., 'I ch'). Respondents than expressm. As a measure of perceived capability, self-reported measures of cultural intelligence reflect one's self-efficacy in cultural intelligence. To date, most empirical research uses the 20-item four-factor Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) introduced by Ang et al. (2007). Van de Vijver and Leung (2009) advise that measures for use in intercultural contexts should demonstrate both factor structure validity and cross-cultural measurement equivalence. The Cultural Intelligence Scale meets both criteria. Its four-factor structure generalizes across a) multiple student and executive samples; b) repeated measurements using time intervals of up to four months; c) multiple countries, including Korea, Switzerland, Singapore, Turkey, and the U.S.; and d) culturally diverse samples of graduate and undergraduate students in Ireland or multicultural teams across countries including Israel, Hong Kong, Spain, South Korea, and USA. Observer-reports of cultural intelligence Observer-reports of cultural intelligence are a fundamental source of information about a person's external manifestation of cultural intelligence and reflect a person's cultural intelligence reputation. In observer-reports, acquaintances (friends, peers, supervisors, subordinates, etc.) summarize their perceptions of someone's cultural intelligence reputation. Van Dyne et al. (2008) introduced an observer-reported measure of cultural intelligence based on the 20-item Cultural Intelligence Scale. In an initial validation study with 142 executive MBAs, these authors found evidence for the convergent
validity between self-reported and observer-reported cultural intelligence. Kim and Van Dyne (2012) further supported the predictive validity of observer-reports of cultural intelligence. In a sample of 181 working adults, observer-reports of cultural intelligence from one group of observers predicted international leadership potential as rated by another group of observers. Tests of cultural intelligence Tests of cultural intelligence assess someone's cultural intelligence based on their performance in laboratories or other controlled conditions. For example, Rockstuhl et al. (2013a; 2013b) introduced a situational judgment test to measure metacognitive cultural intelligence. This test presents respondents with multimedia vignettes of challenging work-related intercultural situations and asks them how they would respond in that situation. Responses are then scored in terms of how effective they resolve the situation in the vignette. The greater correspondence to real situations with richer portrayals of detailed cultural information (e.g., nonverbal gestures), also referred to as greater fidelity, is a primary appeal of using multimedia instead of textbased vignettes for a situational judgment test measuring cultural intelligence. Initial evidence suggests that performance on this situational judgment test of metacognitive cultural intelligence predicts peer-rated task performance in multicultural teams (Rockstuhl et al., 2013a) as well as supervisor-rated task performance in Filipino offshoring professionals (Rockstuhl et al., 2013b). Combining complementary measures of cultural intelligence We suggest that different measures of cultural intelligencedivergence between different measures of the same construct more likely reflects different but theoretically meaningful aspects of a construct rather than mere bias.
Iftheoretically meaningful aspects instead of bias, than different measures should predict outcomes incrementally over and above each other. Research across a variety of domains shows again and again that self-reports predict performance over and above alternative measures of the same construct. For example, in the domain of general cognitive ability, self-reported intelligence predicts academic achievement even after controlling for standardized tests of intelligence (Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2010). Similarly, meta-analyses show that self-reported emotional intelligence incrementally predicts job performance (Joseph and Newman, 2010) over and above ability-based tests of emotional intelligence. Even in the domain of attitudes, self-reported measures predict actual behavior over and above nonconscious tests of the same attitudes (Greenwald et al., 2009). Measures of cultural intelligenceRockstuhl et al. (2013a) found that self-reported metacognitive cultural intelligence incrementally predicted task performance in multicultural teams beyond aand other intelligence, personality, and experience predictors. This suggestsreflect theoretically meaningful aspects of a person's cultural intelligence instead of mere bias. In light of such findings, we proposeshould be used conjointly to provide a more complete assessment of a person. Nomological Network of Cultural Intelligence The cultural intelligence construct has received worldwide interest. Empirical studies on cultural intelligence haSamples
include expatriates, international business travelers, foreign laborers, global domestics, and international students. Altogether, cultural intelligence studies have sampled people from or working in at least 40 different countries. Across these samples, scholars have studied (1) antecedents of cultural intelligence, (2) outcomes of cultural intelligence, (3) cultural intelligence as a mediator, (4) cultural intelligence as a moderator, and (5) boundary conditions of cultural intelligence effects. To date, three major reviews have integrated empirical research on cultural intelligence - Ang et al. (2011) in the Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, Ng et al. (2012) in, and Ang et al. (2013) iBelow, we summarize empirical findings. Antecedents of cultural intelligence Research on antecedents of cultural intelligence has examined dominantly personality traits and international experiences. As noted above, personality traits could relate to cultural intelligence because traits are broad and relatively stable individual differences that affect choices of behaviors and experiences, which in turn can influence cultural intelligence. Among the Big-5 personality traits, openness to experience relates to all four cultural intelligence factors consistently across studies. Openness to experience refers to a person's tendency to be creative, imaginative, and adventurousness (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Cultural intelligence is a set of capabilities targeted at novel and unfamiliar intercultural situations. Openness to experience and cultural intelligence should be positively related because both pertain to novel situations.
In contrast to the consistent findings for openness to experience, the findings for other Big-5 personality traits are more equivocal. For example, one study found that extraversion was the second most important personality predictor of cultural intelligence, whereas another study found that conscientiousness was the second most important predictor of cultural intelligence. Beyond the broad Big-5 personality traits, studies have also examined narrower traits as predictors of cultural intelligence. For example, of the six subfacets of openness to experience (i.e., th), tolerance and curiosity predicted cultural intelligence the strongest. Other research has linked narrower traits, such as (a) need for closure, (b) traits from the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (i.e., emotional stability, social initiative, open-mindedness, cultural empathy, and flexibility), or (c) traits from the Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (i.e.,) to overall cultural intelligence. Regarding international experiences, scholars have examined both work-related and nonwork-related international experiences the four cultural intelligence factors. In one study, the number of countries someone had previously worked in related positively to metacognitive and motivational CQ. In another study, the same measure of international experience related to metacognitive, cognitive, and behavioral cultural intelligence. Another study found that the length of international work experiences related to cognitive cultural intelligence only. For nonwork-related international experiences, the number of countries visited related positively to all four cultural intelligence factors in one study, whereas the length of stay predicted only.
Another study found that the number of educational experiences abroad related positively to both cognitive and behavioral cultural intelligence, but the number of countries visited related only to motivational cultural intelligence. Other studies have examined the effects of specific programs and interventions on the development of cultural intelligence. For example, participating in a four-week virtual team project with team members from five countries increased team members' motivational, metaprogram designed international experiences based on experiential learning and social contact principles. In this program, the time spent interacting with culturally diverse others predicted increases in cultural intelligence for participants. Other studies have replicated the benefits offor the development of cultural intelligence. Outside of personality traits and international experiences, few antecedents of cultural intelligence have been studied. Exceptions include language skills and global identity – both of which relate positively to cultural intelligence. Outcomes of cultural intelligence Research accumulates that shows that cultural intelligence relates tointercultural contexts. Research shows thatpredict cognitive outcomes stronger than. An important cognitive outcome is cultural judgment and decision making, which refers to the quality of decisions regarding intercultural interactions (Ang et al., 2007). Across multiple samples,ed better cultural judgment and decision making. In a similar veinrelated positively with perceived cross-border
environment uncertainty, which influences the accuracy of risk assessments in international business ventures. By contrast, motivational cultuaffective outcomes in international contexts. To date, the most widely studied affective outcome has been cultural adjustment of sojourners and expatriates, which includes general adjustment (i.e., adjustment to general living conditions in a foreign culture), work adjustment (i.e., adjustment to work in a foreign culture), interactional adjustment (i.e., adjustment to socializing with locals in a foreign culture), psychological adjustment (i.e., feelings of well-being and satisfaction when living in a foreign culture), and socio-cultural adjustment (i.e., being able to fit in or negotiate interactive aspects in a foreign culture). Fourteen studies have examined these cultural adjustment outcomes. These studies document consistently the benefits of high cultural intelligence on all four forms of cultural adjustment. Across these studies, motivational cultural intelligence is the strongest predictor of all forms of adjustment, i.e., general adjustment, work adjustment, interactional adjustment, psychological adjustment, and socio-cultural adjustment. Beyond cultural adjustment, other studies show that people with higher cultural intelligence experience less culture shock when sojourning to other countries, experience less emotional exhaustion when travelling internationally for business on a consistent basis, report greater intention to complete their expatriate assignments, and report greater satisfaction with their expatriate assignments. Affective trust in culturally diverse others is another outcome that has received growing attentculturally diverse others if (a) they have higher metacognitive cultural intelligence and (b)
culturally diverse others have higher behavioral cultural intelligence. Notably, cultural intelligence influences affective trust only in culturally diverse, but not in culturally homogeneous dyads. These findings highlight the unique relevance of cultural intelligence in intercultural contexts. At the team level, research also shows that multicultural teams with greater average team member cultural intelligence experience greater cohesion than teams with lower average cultural intelligence. A recent study sheds some light on possiblAmerican working adults with greater metacognitive cultural intelligence had greater expectations of cooperative or relationship-oriented goals – both for themselves and others – when preparing for an interaction with Chinese counterparts. Finally, research has studies a wide range of behavioral outcomes of cultural intelligence. Many of these studies use multisource designs and control for a number of alternative predictors, such as gBig-5 personality, and experience-based predictors. Based on levels of specificity, we classify these outcomes broadly into general job performance (adaptive performance), domain-specific performance (including global leadership and negotiation), and specific demonstrated behaviors. Ten studies show that cultural intelligence predicts task performance in different work contexts, such as global work assignments and work in culturally diverse domestic settings. Across these studies, metacognitive and behavioral cultural intelligence appear to be stronger predictors of task performance than motivational and cognitive cultural intelligence. These studies use self-reported measures of cultural intelligence. Two recent studies show thatlikewise predicts task performance in multicultural
teams and for Filipino offshoring professionals. While task performance remains the most widely studied performance outcome to date, studies have also shown that cultural intelligence predicts organizational citizenship behaviors such as helping, as well as adaptive performance. At the team level, empirical evidence suggests that average team members' cultural intelligence predicts performance of multicultural teams and creative performance both in intercultural dyads and multicultural teams. A number of studies have related cultural intelligence to global leadership. Several qualitative studies highlight the crucial role that cultural intelligence plays in managing subordinates and offshoring vendors from different cultural backgrounds. Quantitative studies confirmleaders. Specifically,(1) subordinate-rated leader performance in multicultural teams, (2) peer-rated leadership emergence in multicultural teams, (3) peer-rated cross-border leadership effectiveness but not general leadership effectiveness, and (4) peer-rated international leadership potential. At the dyadic level, cultural intelligence of the lower of two negotiation partners predicts the joint profits in intercultural negotiation pairs. Recent studies have also begun to illuminate more specific or proximal behaviors that culturally intelligent people exhibit. For example, non-native English speakers with higher cultural intelligence tend to interact more frequently with native English speakers, even after controlling for the ability to speak multiple languages. Other studies show that individuals with high rather than low metacognitive cultural intelligence more frequently engage in information sharing with culturally diverse others. They also tend to engage in more cooperative behaviors with culturally diverse others in mixed motive or prisoner's dilemmas. Similarly, individuals with higher cultural intelligence engage in more information sharing and cooperative/relationship
management behaviors in intercultural negotiations. Perhaps as a result of such communication and cooperation behaviors, people with higher cultural intelligence also tend to develop larger and more culturally diverse social networks than people with lower cultural intelligence. Mirroring these individual-level results, cultural intelligence at the team-level promotes fusion teamwork behaviors – i.e., teamwork behaviors that encourage meaningful participation and co-existence of different cultures – and integration of new members into multicultural teams. Cultural intelligence as a mediator As noted above, personality and international experience are widely studied as antecedents of cultural intelligence. Consequently, research has tested cultural intelligence as a mediator of the effects of these distal predictors on outcomes such as cultural adjustment, job performance, and global leadership. Empirical studies show that cultural intelligence mediates the effects of personality traits. For example, cultural intelligence mediated the effects of Multicultural Personality traits on general adjustment in a sample of international students in New Zealand. In a sample of expatriates in Malaysia, cultural intelligence mediated the effects of openness to experience on job performance. Cultural intelligence also mediated the effects of the Big-Five dimension of openness to experience on adaptive performance in undergraduate exchange students in New Zealand. Cultural intelligence also mediates effects of international experience. In a study of Korean expatriates, cultural intelligence mediated the effects of previous international experience and predeparture cross-cultural training on cross-cultural adjustment. In a study of culturally diverse MBA students, cinternational experience on international leadership potential.
Finally, one study showed that cultural intelligence mediated the effects of a three-way interaction between home-country identity, host-country identity, and global identity on leadership emergence inoderator Two studies have examined cultural intelligence as a moderator. In a study of senior expatriate leaders in various European countries, higher cultural intelligence of the leadleaders visionaryinnovation. In other words, leaders with high cultural intelligence magnified the effects of leadership on innovation at the organizational level. Another study found that cultural intelligence moderated the effects of perceived cultural diversity on voice instrumentality (i.e., perceptions that voicing behaviors will lead to desired organizational changes), which in turn affected actual voice behaviors. In particular, although cultural diversity lowered voice instrumentality for individuals with low cultural intelligence, in increased voice instrumentality for individuals with high cultural intelligence. Boundary conditions of the effects of cultural intelligence More recent studies refine theoretical arguments about cultural intelligence effects and examine boundary conditions of cultural intelligence. Such studies have examined boundary conditions both for effects of international experience on cultural intelligence and for effects of cultural intelligence on outcomes. In light of the inconsistent, scholars have advanced a number of boundary conditions of these effects. One study found that positive effects of work-relatedwere stronger for people with a divergent rather than a
convergent learning style. Similarly, another study found that positive effects of nonwork international experiences were strongest when people had high mastery goal orientations and low performance avoidance orientations in intercultural contexts. Other studies have found that effects of intercultural contact on cultural intelligence were stronger for (a) people with greater self-efficacy, (b) majority rather than minority members, and (c) for people who had their first rather than subsequent intercultural service learning experiences. Recent research also demonstrates the crucial role of cultural capital (i.e., s of one's parents) in fostering positive relationshipsTwo related studies found that cultural capital strengthened the indirect effects of international experience on global leadership via cultural intelligence. In particular, international experience related positively to cultural intelligence only when cultural capital was high. Cultural intelligence in turn predicted (a) supervisor-rated international military officer potential, and (b. Research on bon outcomes has hypothesized and tested both suppressors and enhancers of effects of motivational cultural intelligence. For example, G. Chen et al. (2010) found that subsidiary support, i.e., the extent to which the subsidiary helps expatriates adapt to their assignments and provides them with career and financial support, reduced the effect of motivational cultural intelligence on work adjustment and subsequently performance. Likewise, cultural distance, i.e., the extent to which the culture of the host country of the subsidiary is novel or different from expatriates' home countries,
weakened the effectsperformance. By contrast, X.-P. Chen et al. (2012) focused on contextual variables that enhance the effects of individual motivational cultural intelligence. These authors found that the relationship between motivational cultural intelligence and cultural sales (number of sales transactions involving clients from cultures different from the employee's own) was stronger (a) when firm diversity climate, i.e., employees' shared perceptions to which their firm values diversity within the firm was stronger; and (b) when firm motivational cultural intelligence, i.e., the firm's capac about and functioning effectively in crosscultural situations, was higher. Together, these studies begin to illuminate crucial contextualRecent Theoretical Extensions The wealth of empirical research reviewed above demonstrates the value of cultural intelligence for individuals working in culturally diverse settings. Given these promising findings, cultural intelligence researchers have begun their foray into new conceptual grounds. These conceptual extensions include the conceptualization of cultural intelligence sub-dimensions, proposed neurological correlates of cultural intelligence, and the conceptualization of cultural intelligence as an organizationallevel capability. C Recently, Van Dyne et al. (2012) expanded the four-factor model of cultural intelligence and proposed sub-dimensions within each cultural intelligence factor. Particularly, metacognitive cultural intelligence consists of sub-dimensions of planning, awareness, and checking. Cognitive cultural intelligence consists of the sub-
dimensions of culture-general knowledge and context-specific knowledge. Motivationalself-efficacy, intrinsic interest, and extrinsic interest in cross-cultural encounters and experiences. Behaviorflexibility in verbal behaviors, non-verbal behaviors, and speech acts. Mirroring trends in personality research to move from the Big Five traits to narrower traits, the expanded cultural intelligence conceptualization aims to make three primary contributions. First, considering sub-dimensions allows for more precise matching of cultural intelligence predictors and outcomes and should improve predictive validities. We base this expectation on Ajzen's (2005) principle of compatibility. In general, Ajzen proposed that relationships between predictors and criteria are stronger when constructs match in terms of their breadth, target, context, time, or action. Indeed, broad cultural intelligence factors are good predictors of general performance in intercultural contexts (Ang et al., 2007), whereas narrower cultural intelligence sub-dimensions are better predictors of narrower outcomes. For example, Chua et al. (2012) found that metacognitive awareness in particular predicted creativity in intercultural dyads. Second, specifying sub-dimensions facilitates more nuanced theorizing, especially in terms of explicating the underlying processes of cultural intelligence (Ang et al., 2013). A more nuanced understanding of cultural intelligence is especially useful for identifying concrete ways to train cultural intelligence. Delineating sub-dimensions translates cultural intelligence from an abstract concept into a recipe of explicit and actionable cultural intelligence steps. For example, verbal behavioral cultural intelligence involves vocal flexibility, such as flexibility in tone and accent. Understanding in turn makes
cultural intelligence particularly amenable to designing training interventions. Thus, trainings of verbal behavioral cultural intelligence might target vocal training that emphasizes flexibility in tone and accent. Finally, although cultural intelligence refers to a general set of intercultural capabilities, the sub-dimension of context-specific knowledge (i.e., culture-specific knowledge and/or domain-specific knowledge) represents a foray into more contextualized forms of cultural intelligence. Whereas other sub-dimensions of cultural intelligence facilitate individual functioning across culturally diverse settings, context-specific knowledge facilitates individual functioning in specific intercultural contexts. For example, leadership-specific knowledge should predict outcomes related to cross-cultural leadership performance only. Likewise, Japanperformance in Japanese contexts only. The value of conceptualizing contextualized forms of cultural intelligence is that they are likely to be more proximal, and hence more powerful, determinants of outcomes in specific intercultural contexts. Neurological correlates of cultural intelligence Sternberg and Detterman's (1986) integrative framework on intelligence includes biological loci intelligence. Research focusing on biological loci of intelligence considers intelligence in terms of structural aspects (e.g., hemispheres of the brain), process aspects (e.g., the neuronal processes that give rise to brain activities), or the interaction between structure and process (e.g., how particular regions of the brain generate particular brain activities). Drawing on the interactionist view and findings from sociocognitive neuroscience, Rockstuhl et al. (2010) advanced theoretical foundations of the culturally intelligent brain. In particular, these authors proposed distinct cortical
regions as neurological correlates of metacognitive, motivational, and behavioral cultural intelligence. Metacognitive CQ requires cognitive processes of self-reflection and person perception or inference of mental states in culturally diverse others. Processes of selfreflection and mental state inference correlate with cortical activity in which includes the paracingulate cortex. Hence, activity in the arMFC likely mediates metacognitive cultural intelligence. Motivational cultural intelligence requires cognitive processes involved in being sensitive to incentive structures associated with behavioral choices in intercultural contexts. Processes of monitoring the value and expectancies of outcomes associated with behavioral choices correlate with cortical activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (oMFC). Thus, activity in the oMFC may mediate motivational cultural intelligence. Behaviorof inhibiting a prepotent but culturally ethnocentric response. To inhibit culturally ethnocentric responses, individuals with high behavioral cultural intelligence continuously monitor and control their behavior to ensure its situational appropriateness. The posterior rostral medial frontal cortex (prMFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC) mediate processes of monitoring and controlling behavior. Thus, activity in the prMFC and dorsal ACC potentially underlie behavioral cultural intelligence. Beyond these mappings of cortical regions to dimensions of cultural intelligence, Rockstuhl et al. (2010) also advanced the neural tuning hypothesis of cultural intelligence. In essence, this hypothesis states that (a) neurological responses can change as individuals adapt to new cultural contexts; and (b) people with higher overall cultural intelligence exhibit greater neurological flexibility in response to varying demands across cultural contexts.
Cultural intelligence as organizational-level capabilities Initial work conceptualized cultural intelligence as an individual-level capability; and later work also include team-level capabilities. Recent work has advanced notions that organizations too vary in their level of cultural intelligence. Ang and Inkpen (2008) discussed organizational-level cultural intelligence in the context of offshore outsourcing companies. They argued that offshore ventures with high rather than low organizational cultural intelligence manage their offshore vendors better; which in turn increases performance of offshoring ventures. Organizational cultural intelligence in this model comprises of managerial cultural intelligence, competitive cultural intelligence, and structural cultural intelligence. Managerial cultural intelligence refers to cultural intelligence of the top management team and project managers of the offshoring venture. Competitive cultural intelligence refers to organizational processes and routines that allow the organization to manage competitive factors associated with offshoring, such as the loss of skills and reputational risks. Structural cultural intelligence refers to the way the organization structures reporting relationships and communication with its offshore vendor. Moon (2010) conceptualized organizational cultural intelligence as a set of processes, positions, and path capabilities in the context of international expansion. Process capability refers to the capability to adapt a firm's routines and practices, structures, and resource transformation process continuously to changing cultural environments. Position capability refers to a firm's inimitable resources, including critical assets, knowledge, or capabilities in the cross-cultural context. Path capability refers to a firm's capability to minimize organizational inertia preventing it from adjusting its internal and external competences to changing business environments.
Both models of organizational-level cultural intelligence await further empirical testing. X.-P. Chen et al.'s (2012) investigated organizational level motivational cultural intelligence as a contextual moderator of individual-level cultural intelligence effects. These authors conceptualized motivational cultural intelligence at the organizationallevel based on a referent-shift model. Empirically, level strengthened the individual-levelof real estate agents. Conclusion And Future Research Cultural intelligence refers to the capability or potential to function effectively across varying cultural contexts. Cultural intelligence ra distinct capability that accounts for significant performance variance in intercultural contexts. Future research needs to validate recent theoretical extensions, in particular, the sub-dimensions of cultural intelligence,s well as organizational-level conceptualizations of cultural intelligence. We also expect to see an increasing diversity in the measurement of cultural intelligence. One such direction includes the development of direct behavioral assessments of cultural intelligence, such as assessment centers. Finally, we note that studies of team-level cultural intelligence remain rare and require more conceptual and empirical work. For example, future work could explore team composition models of cultural intelligence (i.e., how should cultural intelligence within a team be distributed?), as well as processes and norms associated with high team cultural intelligence.
Cross References Emotion, Perception and Expression of Emotional Intelligence and Competencies Five Factor Model of Personality, Biological Bases of Five Factor Model of Personality, Facets of Implicit Association Test Intelligence: Assessments ofs Openness to Experience Personality, Biological Models Personality, Trait models of Self-efficacy Situational Judgment Test Social Intelligence and Competencies
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Sternberg, R. J. 2004. Culture and intelligence. American Psychologist, 59, 325-338. Sternberg, R. J., Detterman, D. K., 1986. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. Van de Vijver, F.J.R., Leung, K., 2009. Methodological issues in researching intercultural competence, in Deardorff, D.K.nce. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 404-418. Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Koh, C., 2008. Development and validation of the CQS, in: Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence. M. E. Sharpe, New York, pp. 16-38. Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K.-Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M.L., Koh, C., 2012. Sub6, 295-313. Ward, C., Fischer, R., Lam, F., S. Z., Hall, L. 2009. T85-105.
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What I’m about to report sounds like a horror movie scenario.
And I’ve already watched a couple like this.
But this is a real-life event.
Curtis Keith Bankston, 55, and his wife, Sophia Simm-Bankston, 56, were running a “unlicensed group home” at the residence “under the cover of a church called as One Step of Faith 2nd Chance,” according to a Griffin Police Department press release.
Georgia pastor Curtis Bankston and his wife were arrested after police found 8 people with various disabilities locked in their basement with no way to escape.
The couple controlled their captives’ finances and public benefits.
“All of the imprisoned persons, whose ages vary from 25 to 65, have subsequently been housed in proper accommodations,” the Georgia police reported.


By Eve Ripley, via Medical Marijuana Inc. News.
s. Celebrate 4/20 this year by learning what we know about cannabis in 2019 that we didn’t know at the beginning of 2018.
1. Cannabis Users Have a Better Chance of Surviving a Heart Attack
Read more about the study on marijuana use and heart attack outcomes.
3. Myth that Marijuana is a Gateway Drug Again Debunked
4. Medical Marijuana Can Help Combat the Opioid Epidemic
Brief Overview: Marijuana’s appetite-stimulating properties are well-documented, but last year identify how its compounds alter eating behavior. With their animal study, they discovered that marijuana triggers a surge in ghrelin, a hormone responsible for signaling to the brain when it’s time to seek out more food.
6. Medical Marijuana is Gradually Replacing Anti-Anxiety Medications
Read more about the study on cannabis being used in place of traditional meds for anxiety.
8. Frequent Marijuana Use Does NOT Adversely Impact Brain Structure
Read more about the research into the effects of legalizing medical marijuana on older adults.
(Separately, researchers last year also found that cannabis is “safe and efficacious” for senior adults.)
10. Legal Marijuana Users Consume Less Alcohol
- Jim Belushi, Weed Farmer: 'I Believe In The Spirit And Medicine Cannabis Offers'
- RegTalk: Washington State To Revise Marijuana Product Label Rules, Favor Education Over Enforcement


The Good News..............Terry Trussell was released from illegal incarceration today............more later.
Please attend this important court event.........
Go to http://patriotsforamerica.ning.com/forum/topics/short-update-on-ter... for background on Terry’s arrest.
May God's Holy Spirit of righteousness be a sounding gong in the ear of Judge Hankinson ear.
We need every one that can go, to show up at the court house!
PLEASE COME - PLEASE CANCEL APPOINTMENTS IF YOU NEED TO - WE MUST PACK THE COURTHOUSE!!!
HOPEFULLY, IF WE DO THIS RIGHT - THIS WILL BE ONE OF OUR FINAL EFFORTS IN FREEING TERRY!  THEY KNOW WE ARE COMING! PLEASE COME! PLEASE HELP!!!
Joe in Colorado, Sorry can't be there but Col. H. Riley you and those that attend you have my prayers.
violating her rights. I couldn't make heads or tails out of what she even did by Col. Riley's post Thanks.
Until the masses know the truth about our gov. being turned into a corporation in the act 1871 designed to take care of our bankrupt gov.-- til the masses get educated about this issue COVERTLY controlling our live to date NOTHING WILL CHANGE!
Even our courts are a registered business on Dunn & Bradstreet.so there's no Law going on in court--they're managing the public trust & getting as much revenue 4 the state & the fed. gov. as they can. Our city's towns police dept. are all corporations REGISTERED BUSINESSES on DUNN & BRADSTREET so they don't work 4 we the people.
11/1yah! just read here of actual release confirming same- again PTL! Standing our ground in Truth, Justice & Peace, with Love & Joy in our Hearts is always a victorious stance. Love the lion pride photo!
. Nere is Jason Hoyts update on what happened at Terry's arraignment Thursday, Oct 30, 2014. Our Constitution is void inside the courtroom in Dixie County.
Praise to God, Terry is out of jail.


ance specific dash Squigly holds her arms out and does the signature "Jiang Shi" hop.
Squigly and Leviathan throw an explosive one inch punch. The attack has invulnerability to hits, but is difficult to use as a reversal; the minimum start up animation for the stance is always vulnerable. The attack is too slow to combo without a charge, but the Seria version has a shortened the start up that allows Squigly to combo out of her heavier normals.
The startup of the stance occurs before the startup of the move. The startup is omitted in the data, but can be seen in the graph.
Squigly plants her feet firmly apart and starts spinning Leviathan's tail in a circle as she charges the stance. She uses the tail like a jump rope to skip forward or back during the stance specific dash.
Squigly drops down, allowing Leviathan to submerge his tail below the ground and attack from underneath the opponent. The multiple hits push the opponent back before the knockdown from the last hit, reaching half screen after 3 hits with no charge and ending at nearly full screen after 6 hits for the Seria version.
Standard issue dive kick. It has a minimum height and additional start up for the move itself, making an instant dive kick comparable to a slower instant air dash attack. The LK version starts significantly faster than the other versions but does not cause enough hit stun to start a combo. The MP version is slower, can start a combo, and will always force an opponent to land standing when it hits air to air. The HK version is the slowest, actually hits high, and ends with a second hit that will launch the opponent for a knockdown once per combo.
The second frame data graph for the HK version shows the move on hit.
The frame data graph for the 2nd use of the HK version shows the move on hit.
Creates a multi hit, floating note projectile. Commands with LK+MK, MK+HK, and LK+HK all place the fireball at different fixed positions. The fireball pins itself to the screen position, allowing Squigly to push it around relative to the stage as the camera moves.
"And now... The grand finale!"
Leviathan projects a massive fireball at an up forward angle. After it leaves the screen, the fireball returns to chase the opponent around from behind. The fireball will not disappear until it makes contact with all 8 hits.
Hitstop increases to 12 when used simultaneously with charged Center Stage.
If Squigly is hit by a snap while the fireball is on screen, then the fireball will disappear.
Due to a bug, Solo Squigly vs non-solo opponents will not have the fireball disappear after being snapped. Beowulf's snapback from his grab stance can sometimes eliminate this fireball but it is not consistent.
Performing her taunt is one of the two requirements for Squigly to have access to her level 5. The other requirement is having either charge available.
A basic ground chain combo ending in sweep. Unsafe on block.
A basic combo that utilizes a special cancel.
A basic combo ending in a super.
A basic air chain combo that sets up a restand. After the restand, you can choose to go for a reset with f.HP or throw.
Based on Yoshika Miyako from Touhou5.
This page has been accessed 225,289 times. </s> We are excited to announce that in our 33rd season Theater Breaking Through Barriers will be presenting the New York City premiere of According to Goldman, a play by Bruce Graham, opening Off-Broadway on April 6th and continuing through May 5th.
According to Goldman tells the story of Gavin Miller, a former Hollywood screenwriter, who has left the industry to teach a college-level screenwriting course in the northeast. Jeremiah, a student in the class from Africa with an affinity for old films and Fred Astaire, proves to be a promising writer. Gavin and Jeremiah begin working on a Hollywood screenplay about Jeremiah’s life with the hopes of making it big. Gavin’s wife Melinda is less than thrilled to hear that her husband wants another shot in Tinseltown. </s> Love, legends and fairy tales have long served as an inspiration to composers, in this concert Lionel Bringuier conducts three of the most beautiful examples of this.
The concert opens with Nicolai’s Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor. Inspired by Shakespeare’s comedy, the Overture’s immediate success gained it a concert life of its own. Acclaimed cellist Daniel Müller-Schott joins the Orchestra for Dvorák’s magical Cello Concerto. Filled with wonderful tunes and memorable motifs, this concerto opened a world of new possibilities for the solo cello. </s> Oregon’s point guard was the best player on the floor for the Ducks in both of their games as the Pac-12 tournament champions became the only team seeded lower than fifth to get to the second weekend of the tournament. In wins over Wisconsin and UC Ir


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I saw it from a distance as I drove north and thought how good it looked. However, with time ticking, I figured I would not have time to turn around and go back to find a good point off the road. Then, ahead of me appeared a pull off that was perfect. I parked the car, got a couple of shots that were okay, then decided a quick run down towards the cliff would not take more than a couple of minutes. The location was definitely better. The lighthouse looked a lot nicer than last time I had seen it when the weather had been a lot duller.
Our expectations of seeing the whales was limited. We have not always had good luck seeing whales. However, low expectations seem to help as we saw several making their way around the headland. We also got to enjoy the rest of the scenery. Getting a photo of the whales is tricky. I didn’t have a very long lens but the first sign is when they spout upon surfacing before they dive back under. The spouting is the shot that you really need to make it clear what is happening and you can’t usually get the camera on them until they have already blown. However, this wasn’t the reason for the visit so I took the whale sightings as a happy bonus.
One part of Yosemite that I have not previously explored is the Tioga Pass Road. It has either been out of my way or closed for the winter during previous visits but this time I decided to take the drive across to end up at Mono Lake. The route takes you to Olmsted Point. This is only a couple of miles from my starting point in Yosemite Valley but the direct route is not available to cars so an hour’s drive is the alternative.
Shooting sunset type shots is a funny thing. The view looks great and you take a few shots. Then, as the sun dips lower, the light gets better and you shoot some more. This continues until suddenly it stops getting better and it is all over. You have to shoot a bunch of stuff since you never know whether it is at its peak or not. Consequently, you end up with a lot of shots that you will never use again.
The other odd aspect about this shoot was the discrepancy between the view and the atmosphere. Sunset at Glacier Point is a popular thing as you might expect. Plenty of people are there. Lots of them are families and families often include small kids. Small kids are not so enthusiastic about sitting around for an hour waiting for the sun to set. Consequently, the scenery looks great but all you can here is crying kids and desperate parents trying to buy off a tired and grouchy kid. Not quite what you had in mind. I just hope the parents still enjoyed the beautiful view since the rest of it looked painful for them.
Joel and I chatted for ages and didn’t get around to taking pictures for a while. As the sun was setting, the sky was getting very interesting and I finally had to apologize and grab the camera. I got a few shots and then set it up by the window next to me to shoot a time lapse.


Please send Alani some positive vibes. As most of you know he had PU surgery about 1 month ago. Last Tues. he started spraying a little bit after Ziggy hissed at him. My vet told me to keep an eye on him because the surgery shouldn't cause this. He tried spraying again Wed. night and two times last night. He would do the quiver tail and then just pee a small amount on the floor. I had already made an appt. for him and Blaze on Sat. at 2pm. I also noticed that there were very small pee biscuits in the litter boxes most likely coming from Alani. Blaze had been having diarrhea issues and also needed a regular annual exam.
My vet tried to put a small tube into Alani to get a urine sample but she couldn't. She saw that some of his sutures were still there causing an obstruction. She tried cutting them out and then using an even smaller tube. There was still some kind of an obstruction. She told me to leave him there and she might need to perform more surgery on him. Luckily when I got home she called me and said that she was able to get a urine sample. She had to position him just right.
She used a technical term which I've forgotten, but he's now been catherterized and will most likely be in the hospital until Monday night. He has something up in his urethra that's causing an obstruction and it needs a few days to heal. She'll call me again to. She also said that she'd work with me on the price.
Blaze was fine and only has some gingivitis so I need to try to brush his teeth a few times a week. I was giving him too much chicken broth and I think this is what caused his diarrhea. He now has much shorter fur around his bottom which I trimmed on Wed. night. I sure hope that things will return to normal soon. These two cats have really been stressing me out lately.


Ivy League opts out, but college basketball still on elsewhere
Kentucky's Maci Morris (4) guards Princeton's Gabrielle Rush during the second half of an NCAA women's tournament game in 2019he decision Thursday, ca AP File Photo
Updated 11/13/2020 6:42 PM
The Ivy League was the first domino to fall in March.
Let's hope it isn't the first one now.
The Ivy League announced on Thursday that due to increasing numbers of cases of COVID-19 across the country, it was canceling its winter sports seasons, including men's and women's basketball.
Back in March within days, the entire NCAA men's and women's basketball season was shut down. For good.
At Cal State Northridge, it's a safe bet no one ever thought they'd be in the place they are now.
The women's basketball team at the school won't be playing this season even though the Big West is starting nonconference games on Nov. 25.
The Matadors have had six players opt out ofAnd an international player had trouble entering the country due to travel restrictions.
That leaves only six active players on the Cal State Northridge roster.
Meanwhile, elsewhere, the rules and landscape are vastly different, which has been a theme with the COVID-19 pandemic throughout all facets of life, from in-person dining to in-person learning at schools. Different strokes for different states and regions. The same seems to be happening with college basketball.
Conferences such as the MAC, which includes NIU, are still a go, as of now. The MAC has basketball games scheduled in November. And the Big East, which includes DePaul, just released a portion of its basketball schedule with conference games beginning in December.
The Big Ten is intending to play but still hasn't released its schedule.
"It's been crazy but we're like everybody else, just trying to stay healthy and stay safe and figure this out," Northwestern coach Joe McKeown said. "I'm hoping we can have the schedule out within the next few days, but you've seen what we did with football. The Big Ten always keeps everyone on their toes.
Gamecocks No. 1: It seems only fitting that South Carolina sits atop the preseason Top 25 Associated Press women's basketball poll.
The Gamecocks were No. 1 in the country when last seaso just before the start of the NCAA Tournament.
It'a national preseason poll. The Gamecocks have been second twice, in 2014 and 2015.
"It's pretty cool to be the first to do things at a place where you can feel the love for our team in this town," South Carolina coach Dawn Staley said. "They've been along this journey with us and allowed us to do things like this."
Northwestern is ranked No. 17 in the preseason poll while DePaul is No. 19 and Notre Dame is No. 22.
Staying in it: It didn't take Muffet McGraw long to move on to her next gig.
No, the former Notre Dame women's coach, who retired last spring after 33 years in South Bend, isn't coaching basketball again. She will be talking basketball instead.
McGraw has agreed to be a studio analyst this season for the ACC Network.


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In an recognized pressrelease (15 July 2017), Richemont “regrets to broadcast your resignation using immediate result of Mister Georges Kern. </s> ELSPRUIT – A cash-in-transit robbery was caught on camera by an eyewitness on the N4 near Crocodile Gorge in Nelspruit on Tuesday.
* Video courtesy of the Lowvelder.
SA President Ramaphosa says ANC’s poor election performance is a lesson
President Cyril Ramaphosa says as much.. </s> Quick links:
Image: sandbox.cowin.gov.in
A fully vaccinated person can now obtain the WHO-compliant International Travel vaccine certificate. CoWin has finally enabled the feature for downloading the foreign travel certificate. Ram Sewak Sharma, CEO of the National Healthy Authority, announced in a statement that the certificate complies with WHO's digital recording of COVID-19 certifications for the discovery of vaccination status data.
International visitors are required to obtain vaccination certificates in accordance with the protocol of the country they are going. The CoWin software, which is also used for Vaccine Registration, makes it simple to download a travel cum vaccination certificate. Refer to the details in the post below to download the Cowin International Travel Certificate:
Additionally, click the Login Button and provide your mobile number and OTP to log in.
It will tell you that your request for an international certificate has been successfully submitted when you've successfully provided your details.
The Cowin Travel Certificate contains a few particular details that are checked by Immigration Authorities:
While the certificate may appear to be the same as the previous one, there have been some alterations. To begin with, the certificate now includes the name of certificate's manufacturer. Another difference is that instead of the Aadhar number, the passport number now appears on ID proof. The WHO-DDCC VS data dictionary is also referenced at the bottom of the certificate.
Image: sandbox.cowin.gov.in </s> The Patio Menu
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0213-5309871
 </s> For Immediate Release: June 26, 2017
Delta Tunnels Opponents:
Fed Biological Opinion Ignores Best Available Science
Who you kidding, ‘Trust us to build it, we will figure out how to fix the harms we cause later.’ That just isn’t acceptable,” explained Stroshane.
it is a sad day when


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"Wow! Look at me! This is incredible!" you'll proclaim, as you leap from rooftop to rooftop like a cat on steroids. "I'm not going to make it! I'm not going to ma- Oh my God! I made it!" you'll squeal with child like excitement. Then, you'll proudly convince yourself you're having more fun than a Labrador puppy on Andrex mountain, until you look down at your hands that is. That's when it hits you. You never realised, but you've actually just been holding two buttons down and pressing forward on the analogue stick for the last ten minutes, and that's pretty much it.
Y'see, Assassin's Creed is like watching the bits on The Bourne Ultimatum where he jumps across the roof tops, but you have to press a button the whole time, and if you you let go of the button, the film stops. While it may look fantastic, there is little to no skill involved in Assassin's Creed at all. All the jumping, clinging, climbing and diving is done automatically. You just hold down two buttons to get our "Hero", Altair, into the "Free Running mode" and aim him in the general direction you want to go. Your 360 will do the rest.
Yes, the story is imaginative (although the "OMG BIG TWIST" was pretty obvious if you watch any of the trailers) and yes, the cities feel alive and exciting, but there really is just not alot to do. The combat is painfully simple, and as soon as you unlock the Counter-Attack function, it just becomes a case of waiting around for the A.I to decide to attack you before pressing the X button to counter, resulting in a 1-hit-kill-combo.
The same tasks must be repeated over and over again, and some of them make no sense what so ever.
"Altair, you are a famous assassin known throughout the lands! You can kill any man and escape any situation.... BUT! Can you collect all the flags I laid out for you?!" If I wanted to collect items under a strict time limit, I'd play the challenges on Mario (which is a great game by the way), but I don't. I'm an assassin and Goddamit I want to stab people!


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The aviation industry is on a recovery path from Covid-19 and projections are that growth over the next 20 years will be phenomenal. As an industry that, long-term aspirational goals (LTAG) have been in the works and are now being concretized. The LTAG comes on the back of much earlier short to medium term environmental change mitigation measures that the industry initiated years back. The industry has developed and is implementing aircraft noise and ?emissions, measures.
CORSIA will stabilize international emission levels in the short-to-medium term. The current focus among African airlines is to reduce as much CO2 as possible through investment in new and modern aircraft, operating more efficiently and investing in smarter airport infrastructure and facilities.
The transition needed to achieve global net zero emissions and backed by the coordinated efforts of the entire industry.
min flights) become available.
The post Accelerating the pace to aviation net zero carbon emission.


Please let others?
and that doesn't include his ribbons that don't rate medals...
Does anyone know if CHesty medals are on display anywhere, or maybe a uniform of his?Where is all of this great soldier thing located?
You call that man "Soldier" again, sir, and I'll come find you and give you a whoopin!
CHESTY PULLER was a friggin' MARINE!
Are one of these pictured the Haitian Distinguished Service Medal that was issued to several Marines who served in Haiti?
Thank you for the photo. It will be most helpful. Are the edges actually yellowish gold in color or were they white that has yellowed over time?


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"Cristobal, we tried for him," said Bruno Figueroa, looking over the dining table at his 13-year-old son, "but it lasted maybe…"
"How about the guitar?
"The first thing I did arriving in Seoul last year was buying a piano," said Bruno Figueroa. "Our two girls studied it."
"I wanted to give this opportunity for my children to have access to expressing themselves through the arts," Gonzalez said. "I have been involved with ballet and theater growing up, and I knew that expression is very important for human beings."
Gonzalez is an anthropologist and author of three historical novels, "El hijo de la sombra," "La Mariscala" and "El tigre de Tacubaya."
"In my case, both my parents were very fond of any cultural expression but more specifically music," he said. "I studied music since I was six years old — played the Baroque flute and then the piano. I was taken to concerts as early in my life as I could remember. When the University Cultural Center was inaugurated, I was 11 years old."
"Last year, a friend of mine, who also loves classical music, asked me if I have opportunities in Seoul to enjoy them," he said. "I answered him immediately — the Berliner philharmonic will be here in November, [Evgeny] Kissin will also be here, so you cannot imagine, you cannot believe the quality of the offer that you find here."


Suvarnabhumi Airport- Bangkok, Thailand
Building: Suvarnabhumi Airport
Structural engineer: Werner Sobek Ingenieure
Completion: Design-in-progress
AE Interests: Steel and concrete city center, each floor has its own unique design, the building itself is structurally complex and visually seems unstable
Completed: Currently under construction
Architect: MAD incThe Absolute Towers – Mississauga, Canada
Building: The Absolute Towers
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Architect: Lundgaard & Tranberg
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Home wasn't a great place to be for two of the area's best teams.
Both North Augusta and Screven County are undefeated no more, with Strom Thurmond (5-0) knocking off the Yellow Jackets 35-13 in North Augusta's first game on the new turf. The Gamecocks lost 44-20 to Jefferson County.
Jefferson County's won three in a row, including Friday's Region 3-AA opening win. Jefferson County had lost the last two meetings in the series with Screven County, 12-7 in 2014 and 31-19 in 2011.
BIG-PLAY DEFENSE: North Augusta entered Friday night averaging 29 points per game over a 4-0 start, but Strom Thurmond did what the Yellow Jackets' first four opponents couldn't.
The Rebel defense held the Yellow Jackets offense scoreless by playing more physical, creating a push up front and sticking to receivers. They forced two fumbles and picked off two passes.
Neko Williams and running back Tavion Davis, but nothing changed as the Rebels produced their best defensive effort so far to move to 5-0.
Antwaun Hillary said. "At crucial times, we got it done up front."
LOOKING AHEAD TO REGION: Silver Bluff coach Al Lown isn't worried about his Bulldogs as they head into Region 5-AA play.
Lown's squad dropped a 40-35 decision at home against Swansea, a former region foe that is now in Class AAA.
"I think we're going to be a good team," Lown said. "We're going to be playing teams that are more our size now."
By size Lown means depth. The Bulldogs have long had to use a handful of players on both offense and defense, and it caught up with them in the loss to Swansea as a tired unit surrounded the go-ahead score late in the game.
Silver Bluff didn't win its region last year, so that should give the Bulldogs some extra motivation.
"I think we're going to be OK," Lown said.


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The South Waterfrontwith gleaming towers rising above parklike settings, OHSU's new Dental School and the opening of the Tillikum Crossing Bridge. Now the redelopment of 30 acres owned by the Zidell family could bring more than 20 more towers, changing the skyline of Portland.


I've heard a lot of contradictory claims about whether those .45 ACP conversions are safe, with some claiming that .45 ACP is too much pressure for them to handle. Is there any validity to that claim?


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7-Methylocta-1,3(Z),5(Z)-triene isomerizes to 2-methylocta-2,4(Z),6(Z)-triene over the temperature range 60-115 °C through a first-order process characterized kinetically by the activation parameters log AH = 9.8 and EaH = 21.5 kcal/mol. Parallel kinetic work with the 7-deuterio-7-methyloctatriene establishes the Arrhenius parameters log AD = 10.3 and EaD = 23.5 kcal/mol. Thus AD/AH = 3.2 and (EaD - EaH) = 2.0 kcal/mol, and a substantial tunneling component for the [1,7] sigmatropic hydrogen migration is evident.
J. E. Baldwin and P. Reddy, "Primary Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects for the Thermal [1,7] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 7-methylocta-1,3(Z),5(Z)-t 24, pp. 8223-8228, American Chemical Society (ACS), Nov 1988.


I will write this story as a timeline so you can relive the day with me! I wanted to post my story because I loved reading other mama’s birth story as the end of my pregnancy neared. I am hoping you enjoy reading my story.
Our midwife told us that if my water breaks, and it is clear fluid, then we need to go take a nap or go back to bed. So Dylan went back to bed, but I could not. I got the shakes because my adrenaline and excitement were an all time high… ‘was this really it? was I going to meet my daughter today?’
I should also mention that we had an appointment this day at noon to have my membranes swept because I was two days over due. Our baby girl had a plan of her own that’s for sure!
My first contraction hit at 5:50am….
I wasn’t entirely sure if this was a contraction or not because I had never felt one before… but I also knew that if I was having lower back aches in regular increments, then it was most likely the start of back labour Her little head was pushing on my tailbone instead.
She wanted us to come into the clinic to get assessed. So we met her at 9:00am. She assessed me and said I was 1 cm dilated. We also did a stress test on the baby to make sure she was tolerating the contractions.
I played my hypnobirthing meditation playlist, turned on my salt lamp and infused the room with lavender scents. I used an app on my phone to time the contractions while I rested.
By this time my contractions were so bad that I couldn’t stay in bed any longer, I needed to be up moving around. My mom had come to our house at this point as well. She got me moving, bouncing on my labour ball and walking up and down my stairs.
I knew it was time to get to the hospital. I w
I was heartbroken and knew I couldn’t handle that drive two more times. My midwife wanted to check my hydration levels because my contractions were so frequent. She said dehydration can make contractions more painful. She dipped my urine to find that I was extremely dehydrated. Due to this, she wanted to give me some fluid through an IV which I agreed to.
Checked into our delivery room: 5:40pm
Extreme Urge To Push: 7:45pm
Contractions were the most intense at this point. They were happening every 1 to 2 minutes apart, lasting 1 minute. My midwife tried to offer me laughing gas but I couldn’t keep the mask on my face. I needed to breathe through my contractions.. I had a rhythm going and it was what I needed to continue at this point.
She was shocked to find that, two hours later, I went from 5cm to 8cm! She told me to not fight my body anymore and do light pushes when my body was telling me to. She called her back up midwife for delivery, and got her delivery gear ready to go.
Time to Push: 8pm
I was officially fully dilated and ready to get my baby out. My husband and mom held my legs as I pushed with each contraction. I loved being able to feel when I needed to push. I listened to my body and told my midwife when it was time to push. The cord was around her neck but my midwife was able to flip it back over her head easily.
She Was Born: 8:22pm
Dylan cut her umbilical cord, and the midwife and team took her to be weighed and cleaned up.
In the end, all the paingot my baby girl at the end, and my heart has never been so full.
- PRETTY IN PINK BABY SHOWER


Y.
 update their notes on various YouTube clips easily. Therefore, that in turn means users will now be saved from literally re-uploading their entire videos, just to add a tiny alteration.
It wouldn’t be wrong to say that it’s labeled as ‘corrections’ coincidentally because that’s just what it does. Now, the new editing process will be shown as a display across the info card’s teasers that can be found during the video’s playback time.
Therefore, it is just going to highlight when an edit was made and will come aligned with the exact correction note that is provided with the clip.
As the company explained recently, errors would be very difficult to correct in the past, unless you had the patience to reupload content.
Now the problem was not only time-consuming but reuploading meant you would be losing out on all of your metrics as well as your comments too and that’s just something no one would appreciate.
If you wanted to make a change, you would have made it by adding a note in the description or could take out some time and respond to fans’ comments or queries that addressed that error. But again, not many people would be willing to do that.
With this new update in place, users are being given a chance to make the edit and call plenty of attention to the change by highlighting it in the description section. And that’s even if the video was already published. How’s that for a win-win situation?
In the example provided, we’re all witnesses to a new correction card that shows at the top right-hand side of your playback window. You can spot it easily during the timestamp that correlates to this particular correction.
Once you click on it, you’ll find it expanding and it will automatically lead you to the description section. Here is where the creator gets the chance to make any edits or add a clarification that is linked to the new change.
Yes, you still cannot entirely change the videos from this new feature but we do feel the addition of extra notes can really make a difference as it’s easier now to elaborate on minor errors or any mistakes in the clips.
YouTube reiterates that it's giving its creators the chance to prevent the huge hassle of re-uploading clips. Moreover, it’s also being hailed as a golden chance for those videos whose content is news based and very time-oriented.
If you think logically, creators may also go about using this option to align other viewers to more advanced or recently published videos on a similar topic.
For example, if you add a video on restaurant dining experiences, you can even add a correction in the description about another similarly themed video that directs those interested to the new content.
We feel that although the change is small, it’s extremely useful and one that could really facilitate the entire content-creating process.


Most children I know play sport for fun, and whilst warm-ups might not be the focus, they’re better than watching-on from the sidelines with an injury. If children see their elders and role-models warming-up and understand the point in preparing for sport effectively, then maybe one day they’ll think it’s strange if they don’t do one?Tbut if any of the above resonates, then why not take a look at the links above or pass this article on?…….and if you’re one of those who warms-up by reaching for your shoe-laces, maybe have a go yourself?
← What is Shockwave Therapy?


Not only will you learn the ultimate self-defense techniques for any street scenario, but each class we'll help you to get more fit and make sure you have fun doing it.
What is more, in our Toronto and Thornhill Krav Maga gym, you'll work your mental strength and street survival instincts through special drills. A street fight might not last 25 minutes like the Championship of an Ultimate Fighting Event, but it's not always over in 5 seconds either. The good news is that we help get you in to great shape here too! Training Krav Maga at Revolution MMA in Toronto can get you in shape in no time at all.


Ah yes, you are correct. That is one of the first major issues I was wrestling with, once I elevate myself above 70kM, the horizontal velocity is negligible. My first attempts at the game were to burn straight vertical with a payload orbital burn stage capable of > 2400 m/s dV, however this is significantly much less efficient and almost double what may be required at an acute tilt around 8000m (at least that's what I've heard is efficient). Assuming I launch my rocket (a much larger- multi-stage one), at a slight angle to distribute velocity in both horizontal and vertical directions, I imagine actually calculating the resultant horizontal and vertical velocity after the stage(s) fire would be quite difficult. Or maybe it just involves a basic trig manipulation? *Also, the formula a = Ve * ( BTOTAL / MFULL ) - g, 'g' would likely have to be used with a trig function with the angle of incline as the center of gravity is no longer exerting a force directly through the center of thrust. P.S. I still do full vertical payloads then massive burns at AP like an idiot sometimes hahaha! I like the general 1500-2000 dV rule of thumb, but would like more exact calculations if it is feasible to do so. Thanks.


Hello, all! I’m sure by now you’vI’e “geek”“geek” and “feminine” are not mutually exclusive, and I couldn’t agree more!
With the Kickstarter campaign, Heroine Cosmetics is offering eyeshadow collections, with the intention to expand into a full cosmetic line (plus cosplay kits) once the business is launched. Some of the shadow collections are previewed on the campaign page, and are suitably geek-themed.
The line, Heroine Cosmetics, embodies the idea that women can be geeky and feminine without having to sacrifice one for the other; instead of waiting around for a hero to come along, women should be one themselves. With this idea, Heroine Cosmetics seeks to challenge the traditional paradigm of the ‘damsel in distress’, and allow women in the geeky community to look the way they feel- empowered, emboldened, and ready to save the day.
You can check out the full details, including perks, at the Heroine Cosmetics’ Kickstarter Campaign. The campaign is open until Saturday, July 25, 2015 at 4:20 PM CDT .


The following is a book excerpt from "I Will Not Die an Unlived Life" by Dawna Markova.
(The excerpt is copied with permission, I hope, and my gratitude from http://www.livinglifefully.com/flo/flobemeetingourselves.htm)
Traveling from the known to the unknown requires crossing an abyss of emptiness. We first experience disorientation and confusion. Then, if we are willing to cross the abyss in curious and playful wonder, we enter an expansive and untamed country that has its own rhythm. Time melts and thoughts become stories, music, poems, images, ideas. This is the intelligence of the heart, but by that I don't mean just the seat of our emotions. I mean a vast range of receptive and connective abilities, intuition, innovation, wisdom, creativity, sensitivity, the aesthetic, qualitative and meaning making. It is here that we uncover our purpose and passion.
The future exists only in our imaginations. I. Thas, listening in the silence until we can understand how to create a future we can befriend.
"The Beginner's Mind"
"The Buddhist Path to Simplicity" by Christine Feldman
Th
The beginner's mind has a simple vocabulary founded upon questioning and the willingness to learn. There are Zen meditative traditions that rest upon bringing one simple question into each moment: "What is this?" Whatever arises in our hearts, minds, and bodies is greeted with a probing investigation. What is this thought, this body, this experience, this feeling, this interaction, this moment? It is a question intended to dissolve all assumptions, images, opinions, and familiarity. It is a question that brings a welcoming presence into each moment; a question that perceives neither obstacles nor enemies; a question that appreciates the rich seam of learning offered in every encounter and moment. It is an "every moment" practice, in which our capacity to listen and attend unconditionally is treasured as the means of transformation.
This is the poem I read in class last night...
"I am" conciousness
by Jessica Cerine (?)
I am open to all of life's experiences.
As the moments of my life come and go, I am at peace.
I observe them with a calm, open mind, for I know that they will resolve in time…

Every day, in every way, my life becomes more and more harmonious.


11 call is available on youtube.
It turns out Dorothy Craig also called 911 when she was just one year old. Don’t believe you heard that right? You did!
The story on KHOU Channel 11
said just that.
What if Miranda never taught Dorothy
how to call 911
? There might have been a little girl being raised without a mom. No mom to attend school functions. No mom to ask advise of. No mom to look after her. Then the thought occurs to me, how would Dorothy feel about herself if, due to no fault of her own, she was there as a young child and she was never taught how to call 911. Imagine the undeserved guilt she may have grown up with wondering if her mom died because she didn’t know what to do.
You may not save a life, or help provide thousands of meals to those who need them, but whether you realize it or not, you are making a difference. It may be a kind word, a thoughtful act, a moment of encouragement to another. It may be something you did that you think no one will ever know about.
To Murel , Dorothy and her mom Miranda, and to you, I say “Thank you for making a difference”. </s> Who created the claw hammer? The Romans were the first to hit upon this felicitous combination, and a couple of millennia later it remains an indispensable tool. As you might expect with something this old, there are many variations on the claw hammer, but they all fall into one of two groups: finish or framing.
Who made the first claw hammer?.
Is Gengar good in Pokemon Go 2021? Gengar is a top-tier Pokemon in Go, with its greatest strength being its versatility: It can be used across all three major leagues in the Go Battle League, puts in a great performance in PvE, and has a Mega Evolution.
How a VAUGHAN Claw Hammer is made – BRANDMADE.TV
Who created the claw hammer? – Similar Questions
What does the razor claw evolvele or Sneasler, and also increases the holder’s critical hit ratio.
Can you tame dolphin in mineraft?.
How does a dolphin survive? raspberry pi 4 run dolphin?
Dolphin (Nintendo Gamecube & Wii emulator): The Pi 4 just doesn’t have enough power to play most games smoothly, though this may improve as the Raspberry Pi’s Vulkan graphics driver matures. Still, it’s possible to run some Gamecube games on the Raspberry Pi 4.
What kind of system is recommended for dolphin emulator?.
Are dolphins, whales or shark?
Sharks are part of the elasmobranch family, which includes sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish, while dolphins are part of the cetacean family, which includes toothed and baleen whales, as well as porpoises.
Disabling memory cards is required on newest builds of Dolphin because they do not sync like they did in 4.0-652. This is the only option you need to change when switching from 652 to the newest build. You can disable them by going to configure->gamecube->and setting memory cards to none in slots A and B.
Dolphins use a plethora of defense mechanisms to defend themselves from danger. These include using their intelligence, incredible speed, communication, echolocation, and traveling in pods. In fact, dolphins are able to scare off sharks just by swimming in large groups.
What do you feed baby crayfish?.
How does the robot claw toy work?
How does it work? By squeezing the handle, a thin metal rod that spans the length of the robot arm is forced away from the claw at the end. This in-turn activates a ratchet system within the claw forcing the claw closed.
This can be done by rebooting the Dolphin (either a COLD BOOT or WARM BOOT) and pressing the “L” key on a 36-key alpha keyboard or the “5” key on a 25-key numeric keyboard.
How much is a dolphin sold for?
Important disclaimer: If your dog’s nail does not stop bleeding in 10 minutes OR if your dog has completely or partially torn off a toenail (resulting from an injury), please seek veterinary care.
How do I fix my Wii controller on Dolphin?
If this is the case open Dolphin, click on “Controller”, select “Real WiiMote” fro “refresh” under “Real Wiimote”.. </s> are pet water bottle mould safe
Reusing Disposable PET Bottles - CFS| Ultra-Fresh
BTW, if you have a bottle with a very small mouth opening, he advises to use your fingers to get underneath the lip—otherwise, ya can get mold there, too. Then it’s key to disinfect the bottle .B


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To say that Lee Daniels and Taraji P. Henson didn't see eye to eye when they first met about seven years ago would be putting it mildly.
April 8, 2015 12:46 AM
Hensen is the glue that holds Empire. It's a wonderful show! I definitely agree with the academia who indicate that the show has "ham-fisted racial and sexual stereotypes," and that "the world loves to observe black people at our most wretched, because ignorant Negroes are...
I am so happy for her. She deserves the recognition that she is getting. The show is absolutely wonderful, I love it, so fresh and so new, like nothing we've ever seen on television. Empire Forever!!!


This is an on - the - campus service, just a shout away, that we give to our customers to not worry about anything.
Choose your company, pay the shipping and get your goods going while you are just there all this happens right in front of you.
The two companies are reputed in their ability to ship goods all over the world, right to your doorstep.