This study aims to investigate the consequence of the quality of governance (QoG) in moderating the effect of healthcare spending on human development.
The authors employ a two-step Windmeijer finite sample-corrected system-generalized method of moments (sys-GMM) estimation technique on a panel dataset of 161 countries from 2005 to 2019. The authors use healthcare expenditure as the main explanatory variable and t and also consider voice and accountability (VnA), political stability and absence of terrorism (PSnAT), governance effectiveness (GoE), regulatory quality (ReQ), rules of law (RLaw) and control of corruption (CoC) dimensions of governance indicators as proxies of good governance. The authors develop a new measure of good governance from these six dimensions of governance using principal component analysis (PCA).
The authors empirically revealed that allocating more healthcare support alone is insufficient to improve human development. Individually, PSnAT has the highest net positive effect on health expenditure that helps to increase human welfare. Further, the corresponding interaction effect between expenditure and the Good Governance Index (GGI) is negative but insignificant for low-income countries (LICs); negative and statistically significant for sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies and positive but insignificant for South Asian nations.
This study is an in-depth analysis of how governance impacts the effectiveness of healthcare expenditure to ensure higher human development, particularly in a large panel of 161 countries. The authors have developed a new index of good governance and later extended the analysis by separating countries based on the income level and geographical location, which are utterly absent in existing literature.
Despite the fact that global government healthcare expenditure is increasing at a faster rates (LICs and MICs) and 4% in high-income countries (HICs), it still pushes around as they have to spend more than 35% of their income to obtain healthcare services (WHO, 2019). Moreover, the devastating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic pointed out the lack of quality and sufficient infrastructure in the healthcare systems of each country in the world. These findings repeatedly create policy tension among the policymakers, particularly regarding the effectiveness of the healthcare budget and expenditure towards human capital development and economic welfare because long, healthy and innovative lives are the fundamental principle of each development. It is often acknowledged as a simple but powerful fact that “healthy people are the actual wealth of a nation, which is frequently mistreated in the pursuit of material and financial wealth” (UNDP, 1999).
The traditional and new growth theories also substantially acknowledge that sustainable economic development is hard to achieve without developing quality human capital (Romer, 1990; Barro & Sala-i-Martin, 1997; Krueger & Lindahl, 2001). If policymakers reduce their fiscal deficit by cutting back vital infrastructure investments such as human capital, sustained growth may suffer (Stiglitz, 1997). Thus, human development goes beyond economic growth and development, and it is a crucial concern for every nation. Along with higher skills and knowledge such as education, the formation of human capabilities, such as health, is the critical dimension of human development. As quality healthcare is a human right, the government should increase spending on the health sector so that citizens are less presumably to fall into poverty while striving for healthcare services. Policymakers urge to ensure an efficient and cost-effective way of utilizing healthcare expenditure to guarantee health coverage for all and to accomplis).
Studies found that increasing healthcare expenditure cannot alone ensure universal healthcare (UHC) facilities and thus human development (Farag et al., 2013; Onofrei, Vatamanu, Vintilă, & Cigu, 2021; Ibukun, 2021). Several socioeconomic factors, such as quality healthcare infrastructure and a sound governance system, are required to consider. Nevertheless, a debate for several years between Keynesian and Neo-Classical economists exists on the  Buchanan and Musgrave (1999) argued that government intervention might make problems even worse as government decisions could become ineffective in an undeveloped private sector. Afonso, Schuknecht and Tanzi (2005) also claimed that government intervention frequently resulted in public monopolies, which pushed out private sector contributions. He claims that the government’s role is to correct industry errors or adjust for industry deficiencies rather than replace the sector. However, several studies have shown that public expenditure, particularly healthcare, contributes positively to policy objectives. Gupta et al. (1998) suggest that public spending on the health sector positively contributes to human capital and boosts economic growth by reducing inequality and poverty. Benefits sourced from healthcare finance and economic growth could confirm double benefits for the poor as they will be healthier and face low trouble doing physical and brain work efficiently (Doryan, 2001). Consequently, these benefits improve labor productivity and sustained growth (Razmi, Abbasian, & Mohammadi, 2012).
The mixed consensus on the direct effect of health expenditure on various outcomes of human development and limited empirical studies on the impact of governance to enhance the effectiveness of health spending to attain sustainable human development primarily motivate us to carry out this study. Moreover, to achieve sustainable UHC for allood governance as a critical element. The absence of good governance reduces the effectiveness of healthcare spending in achieving human development. It is found that the cost of corruption in the health sector is much higher than that of what we require to accomplish UHC. Every year, almost US$ 500bn of the public health expenditure is lost to corruption. A higher absenteeism rate of qualified doctors and medical staff demands informal payments or bribes in exchange for free hospital care, beds and medicines. These are the prime causes of the decline in the effectiveness of health spending at an alarming level (Friedman, 2018; Hussmann, 2020).
Based on the above background, this study argues that the governance quality of an economy directly or indirectly controls the effectiveness of government health expenditure. Thus, the study’s main objective is to validate the impact of a different dimension of good governance on health spending to achieve human development goals. Remarkably, the study investigates the following objectives: first, it verifies whether public health spending directly enhances human development; second, whether the different components of good governance, such as,assist in increasing the effectiveness of health spending which were missed in existing studies. Third, which component of governance contributes more to facilitating healthcare spending efficiency? Finally, we investigate whether good governance’s effectiveness in facilitating government health spending to ensure human development varies across different country groups based on income level and geographical location. The findings of the investigations mentioned above are based on the latest available panel data of 161 countries from 2005 to 2019.
We structured this study as follows: Section 2 contains brief existing literature addressing the link between health spending, governance factors and human development. Section 3 describes empirical specification and methodology and several determinants of human development, their definition and sources. The study’s empirical results, discussion and extension are described in Section 4; lastly, Section 6 concludes with research limitations and some policy suggestions.
Literally, ht represents several aspects of human life, such as an improved healthy and long life, a quality standard of living, education, knowledge and skills, social, cultural and political freedom, civil rights and self-esteem (Ranis, 2004). Health expenditure can improve human development through several channels such as economic growth, improved labor productivity, reduced mortality and encouraging people to engage more in the learning and education process. Thus, a country must enhance its health and education sector investments to achieve its overall development. Investment in these two sectors is directly linked with the development of human capital, which is extensively used in social and economic research as an input to economic development. Smith (1776) has tried to elucidate the sources of an economy’s welfare by providing two significant factors: economies of scale and quality human capital. The endogenous growth theory by Romer (1994) also emphasizes government expenditure or investment in human capital development. Quality human capital is a crucial source of economic growth. The theory holds that an economy’s growth relies on domestic and foreign investment in innovation, human capital, technology and knowledge. Most of the studies also argue that economic theories rely on human capital. Human development is a source of development, which implies that investment in humans’ intellectual and physical aspects leads to the most trustworthy conditions for heading toward optimal economic development. Therefore, we conclude that endogenous growth theory is the foundation of this empirical work Nevertheless, the empirical analysis of thes minimal. Moreover, the existing limited studies do not conclude that health expenditure improves human development. The studies on health spending and human development reflect two different views: positive, negative or no influences. Using a country-level dataset of 50 developing countries, Gupta et al. (1998) concluded that government healthcare spending helps to strengthen the health status of the country. They recommended that policymakers allocate more budgets to this sector abundantly and efficiently. A study by Rajkumar and Swaroop (2008) also found a strong positive effect of health expenditure on health and education outcomes of human development but with the presence of a higher quality of governance (QoG) and a low corruption rate factor at the cross-country level. Alin and Marieta (2011) theoretically analyzed the correlation between the healthcare system and human development. They have used t as defined by life expectancy at birth and found that spending on health will increase human development and vice versa. Craigwell, Bynoe, & Lowe (2012) considered the panel data of 19 Caribbean countries and found that public spending has a positive effect on healthcare that increases the life expectancy of people but has no noticeable impact on the increasing level of education of people. Using the Granger causality test, Razmi et al. (2012) concluded that there is no two-way relationship between health spending and HDI in Iran; moreover, the ordinary least square (OLS) approach confirmed that public health expenditure assisted in increasing the HDI as the fund used to improve the healthcare system and awareness among the people. In order to evaluate the effect of government health, education and infrastructure expenditure on the HDI, Safitri (2016) employed panel data from 23 districts over the period 2008–2014 and found only the spending on health has a significant impact on the HDI improvement. Most recent studies have been conducted by Ibukun (2021) and Onofrei et al. (2021) on the role of governance in the effectiveness of health expenditure to achieve different health outcomes such as mortality rate (MR) or life expectancy at birth, respectively. Although their findings are not directly linked to human development, they found nd a negative relationship with the MR. They also conclude that developing countries in the European Union and West Africa that have a higher level of good governance get more benefits from spending money on healthcare than countries with a lower level of good governance.
The second aspect of the existing literature is that there is a negative or no significant impact of government health spending on the HDI. Using time-series data, Asghar Scholar and Awan Scholar (2012) established that the impact of health expenditure is insignificant in Pakistan. Similar findings, such as government expenditure does not always competently increase human development, have been reported by Prasetyo and Zuhdi (2013). They investigated the impact of per capita government spending in the health and education sector on human development using 81 countries’ datasets.
Thus, based on the review of existing literature, very few studies conducted an empirical analysisgovernance settings that ultimately would facilitate sustainable human development. Healthcare is a basic need for people, and ensuring access to improved healthcare facilities is a political agenda; thus, we cannot overlook to include government factors while analyzing the effectiveness of health expenditure. Our paper is a significant diversion from the existing studies above because it investigates the impact of good governance on health expenditure in improving human development. Our extensive panel consists of 161 countries’ data on health expenditure, good governance indicators and human development. Most previous studies cover single-country analyses focused on this issue (Youkta & Paramanik, 2020). This analysis forms the groups of countries based on their income classification and geographical location recommenced by the World Bank to address the issue of country heterogeneity that might affect the effectiveness of healthcare spending. We argue that this analysis is a novel investigation that considers different angles using a unique empirical model and an endogeneity consistent estimation strategy to justify our empirical findings, which are almost missing in the existing studies.
We specifically aggregate production function framework to examine the potential human development effects of government health expenditure in which human development (HD) of a country depends on healthcare spending (HEx), level of income (Y), QoG and the vector of other control variables.
For the purpose of estimation, we derived following dynamic and multivariate regression of the determinants of human development from Equation (1) for panel data.
where, HDst is the human development in country s at year t and φ1 is the elasticity of human development. HExst is the healthcare expenditure (percentage of gross domestic product [GDP]); QoGst is the quality of governance; Yst,ICTst,AtEst, EMIst and MRst represent the level of inco to energy, rate of emission and MR for country s at year t. ns and uit is the country-specific unobserved effects and error term, respectively. Human development is a persistent process; thus, past levels of development (HDs,t−1) could explain the present and future levels of human development.
One of the prime objectives of this analysis is to examine whether HEx can enhance HD in the presence of QoG structure. We therefore incorporate the interaction of HEx and QoG indicators in the equation. Differentiating the equation with respect to expenditure yields the following where φ1 and φ3 capture the degree to which QoG of the country s improves the effectiveness of health spending on growth of human welfare.
We are expecting the sign of φ4, φ5 and φ6 would be positive as both theoretical and empirical literature advocate the increase of level of income (Y), and use of information technology (ICT) and access to energy (AtE) lead to improve human welfare. The coefficient of emission (EMI) and MR is expected to be negative. Remaining coefficients of health expenditure, governance and interaction terms are expected to be positive depending on their effectiveness of enhancing human development. To avoid omitted variable bias, the analysis considers control variables such as Y, ICT, AtE, EMI and MR based on existing literature. As poor institutional quality, government policies, democracy and transparency could affect budget and expenditure on health sector, we incorporate QoG indicators in the analysis.
The existing health spending effectiveness literature addresses several criticisms regarding the endogeneity issue, mainly due to models and methodologies used in empirical analysis. Endogeneity of healthcare expenditure results from different sources, such as reverse causality between expenditure and human development, omitted variable bias or unestimated heterogeneity (Baltagi, 2013). For a dynamic model, fixed effects (FE), FE with instrumental variables (IVs), least squares dummy variables corrected (LSDVC), difference GMM and system GMM (sys-GMM) estimation approaches can be applied. Nevertheless, FE estimators can be biased because of causality and omitted variables. FE-IVs and difference GMM suffer from small-sample bias (Nickell, 1981; Blundell & Bond, 1998) due to weak instruments; LSDVC is for “strictly exogenous independent variables” (Bruno, 2005), but we consider endogenous regressors in the model. Thus, we apply the sys-GMM estimation technique of Blundell and Bond (1998). This approach surmounts the problems of serial autocorrelation, reverse causality, endogeneity and heterogeneity (Roodman, 2009). We employ two-step robust sys-GMM as the estimators are more efficient than those obtained from one-step sys-GMM. Instead of differences, we also applied forward orthogonal deviations to reduce the loss of data (Roodman, 2009). All statistical and econometric analysis is performed using STATA (version 15.1).
This study focuses on the effect of health expenditure and governance on the human development of 161 countries from 2005 to available most recent updated data of 2019. Based on data availability, a sample of 161 countries is selected (Table 1).
Measurement of human development: Human development is the main dependent variable for this analysis. Development is a multidimensional process encompassing positive transformation in humans, social systems, public awareness, attitudes and institutional setup. The development process integrates the economy withHuman development refers to the long-term multidimensional process of improving human beings, including long and healthy life, quality education, decent standard of living, guaranteed fundamental human rights, freedom for political participation and self-esteem. According to Ranis (2004), human development has two aspects: the first aspect includes human capabilities, such as better healthcare, knowledge and expertise. The second aspect consists of the human right to enjoy ties and benefits. We use the HDI as a proxy of human development for our analysis. Several prominent studies have considered the HDI as an indicator of human development. The HDI ranges from 0 to 1,essentia lifestyle, knowledge and high quality of life. Data on the HDI are Data Center.
Measurement of healthcare expenditure: Our primary explanatory variable is health expenditure. Health expenditure refers to the final consumption of goods and services related to health, including spending on medical services, health and medical products, administering public health and training, capacity building and presentation programs by public or private sources or public–private partnerships. The total amount and growth of a country’s health expenditure can be the outcome of various social and economic forces, the healthcare system and the country’s government fiscal policy. We use currto proxy healthcare expenditure. Data on current health expenditure are available in World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank database.
Income level (Y): The level of income proxied by the annual growth of GDP has been considered a vital factor for explaining variation across different economies in the growth and level of expenditure on healthcare spending. An increased level of income would lead to an increase in ther individual households and governments, which in return will enhance human development (Ranis, 2004). Data on level of income are obtained from the WDI database.
Technology (ICT): ICT is a solid economic and human development enabler. It helps people solve their daily life problems, contributes to the increase of knowledge and productivity, and fulfills the gap of communication between people, relatives and businesses, which ultimately assists in ensuring human welfare and affects the level of living standards (Chhabra, 2013). ICT offers new opportunities for people’s empowerment through quality healthcare, education and social and political system (Shade et al., 2012). In order to measure ICT, we use the natural logarithm as a proxy variable and obtain the data from the WDI database.
Access to energy: Access to energy is fundamental to satisfying the social needs that drive and fuel economic growth and human development (Gaye, 2007). More access to energy substantially impacts health, industrial and agricultural productivity, education and communication, and better access to information services. We use access to electricity (% of the population) to proxy access to energy. The data on this variable are obtainable from WDI.
Emission: Enconcern as they bring constant threats to humanity and well-being (Bedir and Yilmax, 2016). As carbon dioxide (CO2) plays an influential role in environmental pollution, we use CO2 emissions (kg per 2015 US$ of GDP) as a proxy variable of emission that might have an adverse impact on nature and human existence (Dimitriou & Kassomenos, 2017; Ballantyne, Wibeck, & Neset, 2016). CO2 emission (kg per 2015 US$ of GDP) data are available in the WDI database.
Mortality rate (MR): We consider the infant MR (per 1,000 live births) to proxy the MR. Several studies argue that MR is connected with socioeconomic factors, and the promotion of these factors is very effective for the improvement of health status, welfare of society and overall human development. The infant MR is one of the critical parameters used to evaluate the prevalence of health conditions and assess socioeconomic welfare. Data on the infant MR (per 1,000 live births) are collected from the WDI database.
Here, β1 to β6 is the weight against each indicator of QoG, which we will derive from PCA. Before applying PCA, each indicator is normalized (n) to ensure that all indicators contribute evenly to a scale (0 to 1) when they are added collectively. Table 2 represents the minimum number of principal components that constitute most of the variation and their respective and highest eigenvalue (EV). Following Kaiser (1960), the component that contains an EV greater than one is considered for further analysis.
The analysis shows that the first principal component (Comp1) consists of the highest eigenvalue, and theoretically, Comp1 explains the maximum variation. The first principal component explains 85.1% of the total variations of the explanatory variables. Thus, we consider only Comp1 for analysis and estimate the GGI using the parameters allocated to Comp1. Later on, using orthogonal varimax rotation, we obtain weights against each Comp1 and the associated eigenvalues (Table 3). The table represents that all indicators of QoG are positively equated with the first principal component (Comp1). The highest weight corresponds to the RLaw followed by GoE, CoC, ReQ, VnA and PSnAT. We use the normalized value of the good governance index (nGGI) in order to analyze the impact of nGGI on the effectiveness of HEx in improving the HDI.
Table 4 illustrates the summary statistics, including total observation averageof the selected normalized and logged variables. Except for Y, AtE and MR, the descriptive statistics represent minimum variation within data across the selected 161 countries. Except for very few control variables, all other variables contain complete data of 2415 observations from 2005 to 2019.
The Pearson’s (1896) correlation coefficient matrix for all variables, excluding interaction terms, is shown in Table 5. Public healthcare expenditure and all proxies of QoGhuman development indicator.income and emissions is found to be opposite to our expectation, which may be due to the income disparities among the nations, and HICs prods. Moreover, this relationship could vary with the presence of control variables and a group of countries. We justify these initial findings in the empirical part. The matrix also indicates that, except for emission and ICT variables, all other variables are highly correlated with the HDI, signifying the possibility of multicollinearest in the multiple regressions (using the governance indicator). We found that the mean VIF lies between 2.22 and 2.44, implying that multicollinearity is not a significant issue in this analysis.
Before discussing sys-GMM estimators, we applied FE estimation techniques in the dynamic panel data model. We found that (Table 6) the FE results align with economic theory and have expected signs. Nevertheless, all coefficients are insignificant except for the coefficients of income level and technology. Comprehensive income and up-to-date medical technologies will increase the sort of choices and capabilities of households and governments, which will ultimately improve human development. We initially find that healthcare expenditure is only significant when the country’s government is highly effective and has high control over corruption. However, these FE estimators are considered biased and incompetent and have potential problems with causality and endogeneity.
Additionally, the inclusion of the lag of HDI as a regressor produces a problem of autocorrelation. The FE estimates of the lagged HDI are positive and enormously significant, confirming that development is persistent. Thus, the dynamic panel data model is the appropriate specification for our analysis. Besides, our large sample consisting of 161 countries (N) over 15 (T) years also validates the use of the system GMM as it is designed for “large N, small T” (Roodman, 2009). Thus, we will discuss the empirical results derived from the two-step system GMM method in the remaining part of the study.
Table 7 presents the main empirical findings of two-step sys-GMM estimators with Windmeijer’s (2005) finite sample-corrected and heteroskedasticity consistent estimators.
We aim first to analyze the impact of health expenditure (HEx) on human development. In Table 7, the system GMM results show that the estimate for HEx is positive and significant at a 5% level when we consider PSnAT (Columns 3 and 4). In all other cases, the coefficients of HEx are insignificant but positive. It means that a 1% increase in healthcare expenditure in a stable political economy leads to an average 0.233 point increase in the HDI.
Our second objective is to examine the impact of QoG on the effectiveness of HEx in enhancing the HDI in all sample countries. As illustrated in Table 7, the sys-GMM estimates for indicators of QoG are generally positive and significant except for the estimate of VnA, which is negative and significant, and the estimates of political stability, which are positive but insignificant. These outcomes indicate a direct relationship between the governance factor and the level of human development. Table 7 also shows the findings of the estimation of whether healthcare spending can impact HDI improvement through good governance in the countries.healthcare spending and each indicator of the QoG are positive and statistically significant. Healthcare spending is more effective in enhancing HDI if the countries can ensure a stable political environment (net effect is 0.14Kelsall, Khieng, Chantha, & Muy (2016) and Ranabhat, Kim, Park, & Jakovljevic (2019) that PSnAT help formulate healthy public policy, attract adequate domestic and foreign funding, improve the level of governance and assist in achieving universal and quality healthcare more quickly. The net positive and significant effect of HEx on the HDI is the second greatest (0.03132) when considering the rule of law in the regression. The effective rule of law provides opportunities for all citizens, communities and institutions to have comfortable access to justice and the legal system and ensures accountability for all stakeholders (medical suppliers, communities, governments and hospital authorities). It improves easier access to healthcare services for women, girls and poor and vulnerable groups of society. Another essential quality of a governance indicator is the control of corruption, which can directly promote human welfare. Though wef HEx on the HDI, the interaction of HEx with CoC is positive and highly significant, implying that control of corruption improves the efficiency of healthcare spending and treatment services, such as procurement of quality medical supplies and easier access to medical treatment.
Similarly, we find that governance quality, measured by CoC, GoE, ReQ and VnA, plays a crucial role in the efficacy of public healthcare spending in improving HDI. We find that the interaction of each governance indicator with HEx is positive and significant, and the net conditional effect of HEx on HDI is 0.027, 0.020, 0.019 and 0.0005, respectively (Table 8). The findings are acceptable and valid based on economic theory. Because a least corrupted government and the regulatory system allow people and relevant stakeholders right to voice over irregularities that contribute to bringing out the maximumr (Yaqub, Ojapinwa, & Yussuff, 2012; Tiongson, Davoodi, & Gupta, 2000) and lead several social benefits such as reducing child and infant MRs thereby has a positive effect on human development. Datta, Yadav, Singh, Datta, & Bansal (2020) also argued that higher accountability at regular intervals to the citizens motivates political parties to allocate more budgets and public resources to healthcare. Failure to implement such actions and eople may result in the ruling party being taken out of parliament in the upcoming election (Dianda, 2020). This study, therefore, established that the QoG could enhance the effectiveness of healthcare expenditure in promoting human development.
Altogether, the coefficients of the income level have the expected sign with the required level of significance in most cases. The findings are in connection with the existing theory because growth in the income level of a country is the main contributor that directly improves the capabilities of people and, accordingly, human development since it puts, in a nutshell, the economy’s control over wealth and resources (Sen, 2000). The negative and significant effect of the MR supports our existing studies that show a lower level of infant mortality indicates more remarkable human development. In all cases, the impact of ICT on human development is positive, which is an expected finding. However, the insignificant coefficient of ICT might result from the heterogeneous level of development of different countries. We find the expected sign for the coefficient of access to energy when we consider a stable political situation and a low level of terrorism or violence. The coefficient is negative, significant and sometimes insignificant in other cases. The negative result is also validated by the findings of Brahmachari (2018), who concluded that access to energy does not necessarily lead to a higher HDI score because access to electricity by households alone may not guarantee or contribute to human development. Acheampong, Dzator, & Shahbaz (2021) conclude that access to electricity in human development varies across the regions. It enhances human development in the Caribbean-Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa but worsens human development in South Asia. We find mixed effects of emission on human development. The findings are also acceptable because the effect might vary across the country’s heterogeneity. For example, in cnds, Pîrlogea (2012) found that emissions have relatively little impact on human development, whereas, for countries like Romania, Bulgaria and Poland, the reduction of CO2 emissions has a robust positive effect on human development.
In this part of the analysis, we first employ FE and sys-GMM GGI (developed through PCA) on the effectiveness of healthcare expenses in improving the human development of 161 countries. Second, we split 161 countries into four groups based on their income classification. Finally, we divided them into six groups based on their geographical location to analyze whether the conditional effect of health expenditure varies across income levels and geographical locations.
Table 9 shows the empirical findings of the conditional impact of HEx on the HDI considering all 161 countries. In the FE estimation, we do not find any significant impact of healthcare expenditure and GGI on human welfare. In Column 2, the sys-GMM estimator of GGI shows a direcdevelopment outcomes, implying that with a one-unit increase in the GGI, the HDI will improve by 4.13 points. However, the impact of HEx remains positive but insignificant. In the next step, we incorporate the interaction variable of HEx and GGI and find the interaction estimate is significant at a 5% level with a positive sign. This finding ensures that a quality governance setting is an integral tool for the effectiveness of healthcare spending to enhance human development. The net positive effect of healthcare spending on HDI under the presence of GGI is 0.0134 (−0.0943 + 0.498×0.216), where 0.498 is the mean value of nGGI. The results imply that more healthcare budget and expenditure channeled to countries with good QoG is most expected to lead to an enhanced impact on human development improvement. Apart from the government, multinational corporations and national and foreign donors should allocate healthcare support to countries with improved governance settings.
In the previous part, we have investigated the conditional effect of governance on healthcare spending in improving HDI considering all 161 countries. However, it is necessary for the researchers and policymakers to understand whether the effect varies if we group these countries according to their income level by referring to the World Bank’s classification and geographical location to support homogeneity in each panel.
Thus, the next part of the study includes panels: HIC, LIC, LMIC and UMIC group. Table 10 represents the empirical findings from two-step sys-GMM estimation of the four country groups. In the four panels, we find expected results for our control variables as we have found and discussed against the results for Table 7.
We cannot identify any significant impact of HEx on the HDI but only for a panel of 42 UMI countries whichlevel without interaction term and 5% level with the presence of interaction term between HEx and GGI. One of the possible reasons for this negative and significant effect is the increase in the aging group (65 and above) and the declining fertility rate in the upper-middle-income group more than that of any other income group. As per WDI data, compared to 2000, the aging group of people increased to almost 83.58% in 2020 for UMI countries, which requires additional and effective use of the healthcare budget. Out-of-pocket transactions for securing health services and governance issues are also questionable in this region. Thus, this direct impact of HEx on the HDI is significantly reduced. The inclusion of interaction of HEx with GGI generates a positive and significant impact of HEx on improving human development. The findings demand policy implication that governments of these countries should appropriately address the problems such as bribery for obtaining health services, corruption, bureaucracy and inefficiency in healthcare budget and resource utilization. The above policy recommendation is highly required for all country groups considered for the analysis.
In the case of an LIC group, we find that quality governance significantly affects human development, but HEx does not. Evidence found that from 2000 to 2015, domestic government investment as a percentage of current health expenditure fell from 30 to 22%, and prioritization of the health sector in public spending declined from 7.7 to 5.95% in LICs (WHO, 2018).
From 2015 to 2019, current health expenditure (% of GDP) declined to 4.87 from 5.62% in the LICs, which is one of the possible leading causes of the insignificant impact of health expenditure as well as the impact of the interaction term on the HDI. In addition, inefficiency in utilizing health expenditure is another problem of the LIC group. For example, a large share of health expenditure involves the operational cost of hospitals, and the procurement of drugs, equipment and supplies is hospital-based. As much as 40–60% of hospital expenditure is used for the procurement of drugs in LICs, whereas in the HIC group, it accounts for only 5–10%. A wide range of scams and bribery in hospitals related to drug procurement and contractors often provide substandard or expired products. In the case of adaptation of new technology for medical services, there are high chances of corruption in procurement due to the asymmetry of information (Hussmann, 2020).
The theoretical and empirical investigation on the issue of the effect of healthcare expenditure on human development has been analyzed broadly in prior studies. However, less concentration has been given to exploring the impact of QoG on the effectiveness of and particularly employing a large panel of 161 countries for the years from 2005 to 2019. This study uses a two-step system-GMM estimation technique, endogeneity, heterogeneity and autocorrelation consistent approach, under a dynamic panel data regression setting. First, this study uses all six dimensions of governance of the WGIs to compare the impact of each dimension on the effectiveness of healthcare expenditure. Next, following the PCA procedure, this study exploits all six indicators to develop a new comprehensive index, the GGI, to check the combined impact of good governance dimensions on the efficiency of health spending. Later on, this study grouped all 161 countries based on their income level and geographical location (Table 11) to examine whether the impact of GGI on the performance of health expenditure in promoting human development varies across different levels of income and different geographical groups of countries. All the contributions mentioned above are new contributions to the development economics literature.
The study has several significant findings that are reviewed as follows: first, while the current study suggests that higher healthcare spending could help directly in improving the human development and help in achieving SDG 3, from our empirical analysis, we found that healthcare spending has no direct effect in promoting human welfare but only with the presence of stable political situation. It has appeared that there could be other causal factors that help in promoting welfare. Thus, an extensive attempt has been carried out to realize whether other elements of good governance, such as VnA, GoE, ReQ, RoL and CoC, could influence such effectiveness in human welfare across the 161 countries. We found that the positive effect of healthcare expenditure is conditional to the QoG, where PSnAT ensure the highest positive and significant impact in determining the effect of HEx on the HDI.
We further extend our study by preparing a single index of good governance using all six governance components through PCA and found similar findings. However, it suggests that if we can ensure all six governance features in the country, the net positive and significant effect of good governance would increase radically. We later divided 161 countries into five groups according to income and six groups based on their geographical location. We do not find any significant, both direct and conditional, effects of health expenditure on human development in low-income group countries. The direct effect of health spending on countries, when we interact expenditure with the GGI, the effect becomes positive and significant (except for South Asia), which entails that good governance matters for the effectiveness of health expenditure. The negative and significant effects of expenditure and insignificant effects of the interaction with governance in South Asia is that most South Asian countries face challenges in controlling corruption and failing to ensure basic medical facilities for ordinary people and other (CPI), all Asian countries have scored below the global average of 43, except Bhutapoor healthcare and governance structures. They mostly require bribes to get quality medical services, admission to the government hospitals, obtain a bed and get subsidized medicine and treatment (Thampi, 2002). Moreover, overpopulation, poor lifestyle and outdated equipment, and poorly maintained public hospitals would be the leading causes of the effectiveness of health expenditure to enhance HDI (Hassan, Zaman, Zaman, & Shabir, 2014). Proper government strategies, quality infrastructure, reform and quality governance are highly required to make health spending effective in the short and long run. The interaction effect of health expenditure and governance is also positive and significant for Latin America and found a positive and insignificant effect on the HDI for the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region. However, the interaction effect is negative and statistically significant mainly because, in this region, most of the countries lack the infrastructure to deliver quality healthcare and face a severe scarcity. Since the index of good governance is prepared using its six dimensions of governance, it is required to analyze which individual dimension of governance is most significant in improving human development. Such a study could assist policymakers in prioritizing and emphasizing the dimension, especially for country or regional or income group-level analysis, instead of the single index. We left this issue for future analysis.
Acheampong, A. O., Dzator, J., & Shahbaz, M. (2021). Em Energy Economics, 99, 105288. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105288(3–4), 321–347. doi:10.1007/s11127-005-7165-2.
Alin, O., & Marieta, M. D. (2011). Correlation analysis between the health system and human development level within the European un 99–102. doi: 10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.85.
Asghar Scholar, N., & Awan Scholar, A. (2012). Government spending, economic growth and rural poverty in Pakistan hafeez ur rehman69–483.
Ballantyne, A. G., Wibeck, V., & Neset, T.-S. (2016). . Climatic Change, 134(1-2), 73–85. doi: 10.1007/s10584-015-1533-9.
Baedition). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Barro, R. J., 1–26. doi: 10.1023/A:1009746629269.
Bedir, S., & Yilmaz, V. M. (2016). Gch. Eurasian Economic Review, 6(1), 97–110. doi: 10.1007/s40822-015-0037-2 doi: 10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8.
Bruno, G. S. F. (2005).tata Journal, 5(4).
Chhabra, S. (ed.) (2, IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-1957-9.
Craigwell, R., Bynoe, D., & Lowe, S. (2012). The effectiveness in the Caribbe4–18. doi: 10.1108/14468951211213831.
Datta, R., Yadav, A. K., Singh, A., Datta, K., & Bansal, A. (2020). ndia, 76(3), 276–283. doi: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.05.009.
Dianda, I. (2020). Do political factors affect government health spending? Empirical evidence from sub-sahara african countries. Advances in Politics and Economics, 3(2), p57. doi: 10.22158/ape.v3n2p57.
Dimitriou, K., & Kassomenos, P. (2017). Aerosol contributions at an urban background site in Eastern Mediterranean – potential source regions of PAHs in PM10 mass. Science of The Total Environment, 598, 563–571. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.164.
Doryan, E. (2001). Poverty, human development and public expenditure: Developing actions for government and civil society. n: Pan American Health Organization.
Farag, M., Nandakumar, A. K., Wallack, S.–52. doi: 10.1007/s10754-012-9120-3.
Friedman, W. (2018). Corruption and averting AIDS deaths. World Development, 110, 13–25. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.015.
Gupta, S., Davoodi, H., Alonso-Terme, R., Tanzi, V., Bogetic, Z., Clements, B., … & Ruggiero, E. (1998). IMF working paper international monetary fund fiscal affairs department d.
Hsaarc region: Health is a luxury? Quality and Quantity, 48(3), 1421–1437. doi: 10.1007/s11135-013-9844-2.
Hussman, K. (2020). Health sector corruption: Practical recommendations for donors [internet]. U4 anti-corruption resource center (2020), Available from: https://www.u4.no/publications/health-sector-corruption (accessed 2 January 2022).
Ibukun, C. O. (2021). The role of governance in the health expenditure–health outcomes nexus: Insights from West 48(4), 557–570. doi: 10.1108/IJSE-06-2020-0404 doi: 10.1177/001316446002000116.
Kelsall, T., Khieng, S., Chantha, C., & Muy, T. (2016). The political economy of primary education reform in Cambodia. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2894172.
1–1136. doi: 10.1257/jel.39.4.1101(6), 1417. doi: 10.2307/1911408.
Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F., Vintilă, G., & Cigu, E. (2021eu25. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010725.
Pearson, K. (1896). —187, 253–318. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1896.0007.
Pîrlogea, C. (2012). The human development relies on energy. Panel data evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, 496–501. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00186-4.
Prasetyo, A. D., & Zuhdi, U. (2013). The government expenditure efficiency towards the human d doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00072-5.
Rajkumar, A. S., & Swaroop, V. (2008)–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.08.003.
Ranabhat, C. L., Kim, C. -B., Park, M. B., & Jakovljevic, M. M. (2019). Situation, impacts, and future challenges of tobacco control policies for youth: An explorative systematic policy review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00981.
Razmi, M. J., Abbasian, E., & Mohammadi, S. (2012). Investigating the effect of government health expenditure on HDI in Iran2, 1–8.
Romer, P. M–286). doi: 10.1016/0167-2231(90)90028-J.1), 3–22. doi: 10.1257/jep.8.1.3. doi:10.1177/1536867X0900900106.
Safitri, I. (2016). Pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah sektor kesehatan, pendidikan, dan infrastruktur terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia di provinsi aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 1(1), 66–76.
Sen, A. (2000). A1(1), 17–23. doi: 10.1080/14649880050008746.
Shade, O. K., Awodele, O., & Samuel, O. O. (2012). ICT: An effective tool in human development.
Stiglitz, J. (1997). Reflections on the natural rate hypothesis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 3–10. doi: 10.1257/jep.11.1.3.
Thamrin, J. M. H. (2002). Corruption in South Asia, insights &s. Monograph.
Tiongson, E., Davoodi, H. R., & Gupta, S. (2000)s, (116), 1. doi: 10.5089/9781451853926.001.
U development report 1999. UN. doi: 10.18356/b0af4460-endoi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005.
Yaqub, J. O., Ojapinwa, T. V., & Yussuff, R. O. (2012). Public health expenditure and health outcome in Nigeria: The impact of governance. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 8(13). doi:10.19044/esj.2012.v8n13p%p.
Youkta, K., & Paramanik, R. N. (2020). Convergence analysis of health expenditure in Indian states: Do political factors matter? GeoJournal. doi: 10.1007/s10708-020-10313-1.


What’s an artist without her tools? I like to keep mine simple; a few tubes of paint, various types of medium, and my palette knife.
This is a “real” palette knife. I left this one at the store.
Here’s mine, found in my utensil drawer, probably meant for spreading cheese.
The colors I use the most. Oceans, skies, more oceans… I can’t help it.


A fisherman and the father of Jesus’s disciples James and John (Matt 4:21-22; Mark 1:19-20; Luke 5:10). His wife, who may have been named Salome (Mark 15:40), was one of the women ministering to Jesus (Matt 27:56). The reference to “hired men” (Mark 1:20) suggests that he was a man of some affluence.
56.


HVAC Quality Installation Specification </s> The Discovery Playground in Spokane, Washington is one more element fulfilling the dream of those who envisioned Mirabeau Point as a multi-use community campus for publics.
Loc, Mirabeau Point is the site of Mirabeau Meadows, Mirabeau Springs, and the Mirabeau Trails Natural Area. It is home to CenterPlace, Spokane Valley’s premier regional event facility, which also houses the Spokane Valley Senior Citizens Center. Located nearby are the Spokane Valley YMCA and the Centennial Trail. Served by STA Bus Route 32.
Steelhead Trout River Bed “Splash Pad”: Basalt water sprays, trout sculptures, seating and jumping water jets
Fossil Maze: Herb garden, fossils, benches and a raised planting bed
Bear Den Sand Play with Mammoth Fossil Find: Bear den, mammoth and fossils, water spigot and raised sand table
Big Horn Sheep Challenge Steps, Double Slide and Sensory Garden: Shallow and steep steps with wrap-around garden, and sculpture/seating/talk tubes
Eagle’s Nest Observation Deck: Watershed and salmon wall, Glacier Rock slide, climbing wall, giant eagle’s nest sitting circle, swings, spinners, fish climbing sculpture and boulder seating
Elk Valley Picnic Plaza: Shelter, tables, seating, boulders, sundial, fossils and Split Rock
Musical Elements: Musical elements in seating nooks with a larger musical area
Discovery Pavers and Hidden Walk: Educational pavers leading along a pathway with benches
Here is a video of the ground breaking, with a further description of the park, which is now opened.
For more information, call 509-720-5401. </s> P gt 2170 shoes ss12 alu It shall be your duty to inspect the goods on delivery and no claim for non delivery, shortages, damages or incorrect delivery will be entertained unless: i. Shs.
Belvoir Bagatelle Belvoir Bagatelle Win a sumptuous chocolate selection Click here if you want us to resend the email.asics women's gel fuji sensor 2 trail shoes nz</s> Win online uaehtmls. </s> .. </s>s


Shop Alibaba in Hong Kong and ship worldwide with Borderlinx
Alibaba Hong Kong has been an online portal for global exchange since 1999. Valuing customer perspectives, embracing change, integrity, passion and commitment, Alibaba Hong Kong nurtures its online community of consumers, merchants and businesses and creates ever evolving dialogues. Leveraging small businesses, the site offers a chance to create a seller's profile and an opportunity to showcase your products and sell for retail value. Larger businesses, of course work on the wholesale front, and all in all this company has been a success. The site provides updates on Global expos and offers discussion forums for its growing community.
Alibaba Hong Kong witnesses the exchange of a range of Alibaba goods including apparel, lighting, electronics, metallurgy, hardware and much more. You can even encounter Alibaba technology such as drone cameras and large scale goods such as automobiles and motorcycles! With a clear and easy to navigate website and so much helpful information regarding sellers and products, there isn't neater way to do business. Whether you're looking to spruce up your garden, indulge in a hobby, or search for a gift, the online portal is efficient and trustworthy. Every transaction is transparent and secure - leaving Alibaba products only a click away and optimally affordable!
Alibaba Hong Kong ships worldwide with Borderlinx. Discover more about Borderlinx international shipping and the benefits. You're able to calculate tax & duties before-hand with shipping cost calculator. A number of services are available through Borderlinx to make international ordering from Alibaba Hong Kong hassle-free, including shipment value protection, free repacking and consolidation services.
4 All Memory | 525 America | 6PM | Abercrombie | Ace Hardware | Acer | Adidas Germany | Adidas | Aldo | Alessi | Alibaba Hong Kong | Aliexpress Hong Kong | Allurez | Alpine | Altrec | Amazon | Amazon Germany | Amazon Hong Kong | Amazon UK | American Apparel | American Girl | Apple Hong Kong | Apple | Asics | Asos | Aspinal of London | Aston Martin | Asus | ATU Germany | Audi | Audiocubes Japan | Avon | Babies'R'us | Baby-Walz | BagKing.com | Baleno Hong Kong | Winsport Hong Kong | Wunderkind Germany | Xbox | Y-3 Hong Kong | Yamaha | YHD | Yi Xun | Yoox | Yves Saint Laurent | Zac Posen | Zalando Germany | Zalora | Zappos | Zara | Zooplus |


Black dating website is not new, it has existed for quite some time. But what makes it special is that it is also one of the best online dating services.  It also offers exclusive black dating service, where black guys from all over the world are able to connect. It has become a top black dating site by a long way. There are no limits to the number of sites, and the number sexy old black ladies of people looking for black men.
There is a lot of black dating sites online, and it is a great idea to find a dating site that suits you, because it can be a good life partner. You can get in touch with a variety of dating sites, and black dating is one of the best sites to find love guide of this guide and start to find the right dating site. Once you have found the right site, you have to know what you want from them. You may want to do a lot of research on the different dating sites, to learn more about their unique features. For example, you want to know how to find out whether this dating site will be easy for you to navigate and to find what type of people the site is looking for. You also want to know the prices, so you can get the information about what to expect. There are a wide range of dating sites to choose from, but the fact that most of them are free, offers you more possibilities to find the right partner. The best part is that they all offer black dating, which can help you meet
Bumble is a free, black dating service where you can get a lot of help in finding a new partner. This is especially true for Asian, Asian-American and black dating websites, as the Bumble team can be highly helpful. It is also a very easy-to-use site, so you can always ask any question you want and get a simple answer. It is also free, so if you want to find ebony and ivory dating a nice Asian, Asian-American or black dating partner, it's worth checking out. The site is run by four Asian girls, and as you can see, they have an eye for beauty, which is a rare trait dominican republic single man's paradise in the dating world. There isle of man dating sites are some pretty amazing features to be found here, such as live video chats, the ability to share photos on Facebook, and it has a huge amount of options to pick from. There are also tons of videos to be seen.
So what can you expect from the free dating site? The first thing you need to know is the location. The website is available worldwide. It's a free site with no ads. The only drawback is that there are no ads on the site, and the only way to get your money back is to pay monthly. However, want to have access to all the videos and the site, you'll have to afrointroductions login pay a monthly fee.  So how can you get access to the site? By signing up for a free trial period, you'll be given an account. After that, you can login and browse the site. You can use a credit card to pay the monthly fees, or you can use a PayPal account. The most common option is the PayPal option, but some other options such as Amazon are also available. There are quite a few different things to check out, such as the number of members that have viewed your profile, the number of likes you've got, your rating and the photos you've uploaded. There's also a lot of personal information about you. If gay black men websites you don't like that, it's possible you can simply delete your account. If you do want to keep your profile up, you will have to pay top sexy black men $10 to maintain your membership, even if you've not posted in a while. It's not much more than that, but it is something to consider.
You can finds that accept bitcoin, e-currency, and cash. Some, however, will also accept credit cards and PayPal. There's also a website called Fiverr that offers people to make money by putting online advertisements in magazines and newspapers. There's also a site called CraigsList that will charge you a monthly subscription if you pay $1 to have a listing. So, you've discovered all the dating websites out there and are now wondering how to find a girl in real life. Well, it's pretty simple really. You just need to do some internet research and see if it sounds like the type of girls you like. Then, find her. You'll be lucky if she likes you and not just doesn't like you. That's why it's so important to be proactive.


NEW YORK (WCBS 880) — The MTA on Tuesday slammed a viral video showing a man with a flamethrower on top of a New York City bus, torching the air as a group of onlookers cheer him on.
The bizarre scene unfolded around 5:30 p.m. back on Sunday, Nov. 8 on Franklin Avenue in Bed-Stuy, according to the MTA.
Videos posted to social media show a man climb on top of an ice cream truck before moving to the roof of a B26 bus – which had 25 passengers on board – that had stopped at the intersection.
While atop the bus, the man ignites the flamethrower as the crowd below can be heard cheering loudly on video. As the bus started to move again, the man walked to the back of the bus and jumped down.
According to Brooklyn rapper Dupree God, the stunt was part of some sort of music video tribute shoot to the Staten Island-based hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan.
He posted footage of the scene to his Instagram page, saying the shoot was “insane.” His account has since gone private.
g,” the rapper wrote.
His social media pages showed he invited people to join him on Franklin Avenue for free ice-cream, T-shirts and champagne, as part of the video shoot.
It did not appear that the rapper had permits to film at the location and the NYPD said it is investigating the incident.
MTA spokesman Tim Minton says the transit agency is working with the NYPD and slammed the stunt as recklessbus was discharged at the following stop.
WCBS 880 has reached out to the NYPD for comment.


31 December 2015: 2015 has been another deadly year for journalists, with at least 109 s.


On 08/30/2013 at around 1603hrs, OFC. Sullivan responded to a call for a violation of a Peace Order in the area of N. Bentz St. and W. 7th St. OFC. Sullivan was able to determine that a Larry James Green had violated a Peace Order that was served on him by the Frederick County Sheriff’s Office. Upon determining this officers were then able to locate Mr. Green in the area of Baker Park. Mr. Green was then placed under arrest for the violation of the Peace Order and was the.


t and the political rights which were granted to the Palestinians. The ethnic representation of the various ethnicities meant enhancing and solidifying the constructed ethnic identities at the expense of the more inclusive Palestinian affinity. The role of the Military Government and other state apparatuses in ensuring Palestinians' vote for Mapai was clear to those in charge of the surveillance apparatuses. Although elevated to their position by those in charge of the surveillance apparatuses, Palestinian Knesset members (MKs) were referred as the representatives of the Arab minority. The Israeli Communist Party (ICP) occupied a unique position in Israeli politics. It was a Jewish-Arab party, though unlike other Jewish-Arab settings such as municipalities of mixed cities, student unions or the Histadrut, it was not dominated by Mapai, and within it, the Palestinians were not secluded.


I follow Michaelangelo's on FB.
Natural Meat Laagna
Follow @Michael_Angelos on Twitter
follow you twitter susan1215 </s>
Started by Bennie The Ball , Feb 20 2019 02:17 AM
No replies to this topic </s> O. </s> Lengthy tale brief — .
After i very first obtained information regarding the upcoming proceed, every thing during my company obtained “out associated with setback. inch Some thing had been tugging me personally back again.
 a part of me personally really wants to keep some thing We “know”, some thing I will perform “with my personal eye closed” within the areas associated with my entire life with regard to security. (In this particular situation, during my company. )
We had been seeking to discover comfort and ease within the “what was previously. inch We resorted in order to busywork which offered me personally the actual false impression to be effective during my company and so i might keep a few continuous as well as peace of mind amongst the actual alter.
All of us possess which small item within all of us which resists alter; which desire the actual comfort and ease associated with guarantee, from the foreseeable.
Let’s say We quit in order to drive the boulder upward the hill as well as perform “what’s before me personally, inch as well as allow it to end up being “easy” fail? ?
Let’s say… I simply permit the outdoor patio to become removed?
We fallen all of the “big projects” created in order to “keep in the look. inch
We required time in order to obvious the actual outdoor patio. Redouble. Help to make room. Inhale. Value. 1 feet while watching additional. Forget about the requirement to over-compensate.
This may be the actual toughest point for any Type-A individual having a aspect associated with FOMO (me! )
We began operating however overdid this… as well as were left with Patellar tendonitis. My personal two. 5-yo boy in no way wants Freezing (he will go elsewhere whenever their sibling wrist watches the actual film. Usually individuals 2 tend to be inseparable. )
Trippy, correct? W“Any power you are throwing away looking to get “unblocked” or even to eliminate some thing is actually power you aren’t utilizing to reside. inch ~ Denise Dee
 INDEED! My personal goof thoughts is completely Kind The as well as loves


- 4 't torment me!" 8 For H" "Go to 2 Samuel 13, 4 6 7" 12 "Donng! 13 15   20 H225 ! ed!  Go to Daniel 7
"


7: Cross-shore transport and profile development
7.5.3: Analytical solutions for the middle and lower shoreface
Intermezzo 7.3 Taylor series expansion of velocity moments
Bowen (1980) derives expressions for the equilibrium shape of the middle and lower shoreface based on balancing onshore and offshore transport terms. He discusses the contribution of the main process of oscillatory orbital motion in combination with a mean flow, a higher harmonic orbital motion (asymmetry4) and a long (say bound) wave motion. Because of the non-linear coupling of these contributions in sediment
transport, their interactions are important. His analytical approach gives a good insight into these process interactions, and we note that the model efforts of Bailard (1981), Bailard and Inman (1981), Roelvink and Stive (1989) and Stive and De Vriend (1995) are very much inspired by this.
In this section, we present an abstracted form of certain parts of Bowen’s landmark paper.
Bowen starts by stating that:
“Any understanding of the relationship between the incident waves and the topography of a beach is greatly complicated by the beach being rarely, if ever, in equilibrium with the existing wave field. The morphology depends on some complex integral of past wave conditions, an integral heavily weighted towards periods of high waves. (...) The real situation is perhaps too complex for parameters to be developed without some guidance as to the relative importance of various possible processes. Simple theoretical models are particularly useful in defining these possibilities. (...) The purpose of the present paper is to develop a consistent model for onshore- offshore sediment transport under the influence of waves, currents and gravity. (...) The model is, however, neither unique nor necessarily correct (...), but a doubtful model is clearly preferable to no model. (...) The most important aspect of the present approach is the rigorous development of a theory, starting from any given model of sediment transport.”
Note that he speaks of a beach, but in what follows he concentrates rather on the middle and lower shoreface, not on the surf zone. The probable reason is that we lack straightforward analytical descriptions of the interactions between undertow, asymmetric oscillatory flow motion, breaking-induced turbulence and the bound and free long wave characteristics on the upper shoreface.
He explains the existence of a beach as follows:
“If a beach was exposed to waves having an exactly symmetrical, orbital velocity, all the sediment would slide down the slope and out to sea. The existence of the beach depends on small departures from symmetry in the velocity field balancing this tendency for gravity to move material offshore. (...) The development of the theory assumes as a basic hypothesis that the orbital motion of the incoming waves is the dominant motion.”
Hence, the basic idea is that the velocity \(u\) consists of two interacting components, the symmetrical orbital velocity \(U_0 = u_0 \cos (\omega t)\) and a perturbation \(U_1\) where:
\[u = U_0 + U_1,\ \ \text{ with generally} \ \ U_0 \gg U_1\]
The perturbation of the primary symmetrical harmonic can take many forms, where cases of particular interest are:
A constant, steady current: \(U_1 = u_1\);
The velocity field associated with a higher harmonic of the incoming wave: \(U_1 = u_m \cos (m \omega t + \theta_m)\), with \(m = 2, 3, 4, ...\);
A perturbation due to a wave with a frequency \(\omega_t\) unrelated to \(\omega\): \(U_1 = u_t \cos (\omega_t t)\).
Note that in principle the steady current can be any current. Especially relevant for the shoreface is undertow in the surf zone and boundary layer streaming further offshore. The higher harmonics are relevant in the surf zone, with forward pitching or even sawtooth waves and \(\theta_m\) is non-zero, while further offshore we have just skewed or peaked waves (symmetrical around the vertical) where \(\theta_m\) is zero. We leave the case of the third bullet (a wave with a frequency unrelated to the primary harmonic) outside our discussion in these lecture notes.
Bowen adopts Bagnold’s transport description for uniform flow and transforms it for non-linear oscillatory motion, resulting in Eqs. 6.7.2.4 and 6.7.2.5. According to Bowen, Bagnold’s energetics model is the simplest available model that includes the basic properties that are necessary to describe cross-shore sediment transport. He especially stresses the explicit inclusion of the gravitational effect of a sloping bed.
Bowen also discusses the limitations of the energetics model:
“First, and perhaps most serious, the transport in this model depends only on the immediate flow conditions, adjusting instantaneously to changes without any time lag. Second, the theory applies to fully developed flow and does not describe initiation of movement; it does not apply to large particles that may move only intermittently at peak flows.”
First Bowen looked at suspended sediment transport and then at bed load transport both on the middle and lower shoreface. We will only repeat his suspended sediment transport derivations, because Stive and De Vriend (1995) showed by evaluating the transport terms for a typical shoreface situation that this transport mechanism is dominant on the middle and lower shoreface.
From Eq. 6.7.2.5, the suspended load transport can be expressed as:
\[I_s = \dfrac{\varepsilon_s c_f \rho}{w_s} \dfrac{u^3|u|}{(1 - \gamma u)} \ \text{ with } \ \gamma = \dfrac{\tan \alpha}{w_s}\label{eq7.5.3.2}\]
For normal transport conditions \(\gamma u < 1\). If \(\gamma u\) goes to 1, \(I_s\) goes to infinity and auto-suspension effects (avalanching, i.e. the slope is so steep that all particles go into suspension) totally dominate the transport.
Bowen now expands Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.2}\), using the Taylor series as in Intermezzo 7.3, and takes a time-average (denoted by the overbar), arriving at a net transport \(\langle I_s \rangle\) over a number of wave periods. If we consider normal transport conditions, the expansion involves the small quantities \(U_1/U_0\) and \(\gamma U_0\). To second order, Bowen’s transport formulation reads:
\[\begin{array} {rcl} {rcl} {\langle I_s \rangle} & = & {\dfrac{\varepsilon_s c_f \rho}{w_s} [\overline{U_0^3 |U_0|} + \overline{4U_1 U_0^2 |U_0|} + \overline{6U_1^2 U_0 |U_0|} +} \\ {} & \ & {\gamma \left (\overline{U_0^4 |U_0|} + \overline{5U_1 U_0^3 |U_0|} \right ) + \gamma^2 \overline{U_0^5 |U_0|} + ...]} \end{array}\]
Terms of the form \(U_0^n |U_0|\) vanish if \(n\) is odd since \(U_0\) is assumed to be a symmetric oscillation.
Now, to first order, the equation reduces to:
\[\langle I_s \rangle = \dfrac{\varepsilon_s c_f \rho}{w_s} \left [\overline{4U_1 U_0^2 |U_0|} + \gamma \overline{U_0^4 |U_0|} + ... \right ]\label{eq7.5.3.4}\]
The first term describes the transport, onshore or offshore, due to a perturbation of the flow field \(U_1\). The second term involves the slope \(\tan \alpha\) and is generally positive, representing the tendency for downslope transport.
Bowen continues by evaluating the transport relations for the first form of the perturbation \(U_1\), viz. \(U_1 = u_1\) is a constant in time. Using Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.4}\), this yields to first order:
\[\langle I_s \rangle = \dfrac{\varepsilon_s c_f \rho}{w_s} \left [\dfrac{16}{3\pi} u_1 u_0^3 + \dfrac{16}{15 \pi} \gamma u_0^5 \right ] \label{eq7.5.3.5}\]
Equation \(\ref{eq7.5.3.5}\) is a general result for any distribution of a steady flow \(U_1 (x)\). One could consider undertow, upwelling or downwelling but Bowen chooses to continue with boundary layer streaming as the relevant effect, which we support for the middle and lower shoreface.
An equilibrium profile, purely in suspended load, exists if the gravitational effects balance the influence of the steady current everywhere and \(\langle I_s \rangle\) vanishes. From Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.5}\), when \(\langle I_s \rangle = 0\):
\[\gamma = \dfrac{\tan \alpha}{w_s} = - \dfrac{5u_1}{u_0^2}\]
This relationship essentially contains no free parameters, which is an attractive feature of Bagnold’s model.
The second-order, Eulerian mean velocity due to boundary layer streaming is of order \(-u_0^2/c\) (Eq. 5.4.3.3), where \(c\) is the wave phase speed (Eq. 3.5.2.2), so that:
\[\tan \alpha \simeq \dfrac{5w_s}{c} = \dfrac{5w_s \omega}{g \tanh kh}\label{eq7.5.3.7}\]
where \(k\) is the local wavenumber, \(h\) the water depth. This yields an expression for the equilibrium slope in terms of \(w_s \omega /g\), a dimensionless parameter also used by Dean (1973).
If sediment of a given grain size is in equilibrium with the local slope so that \(\langle I_s \rangle\) vanishes for this grain size, any coarser material with a larger fall velocity has a smaller value of \(\gamma\). The term involving gravity is reduced, the onshore term remains constant,
coarser material therefore moves onshore; similarly, finer material moves offshore as observed. As can be observed from Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.7}\), profiles of coarser material are steeper, any material that finds itself on a beach that is ‘too steep’ moves seawards. This leads to a new null-point hypothesis that is in far better agreement with observations than classical models.
In shallow water \(c\) tends to \(\sqrt{gh}\) and Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.7}\) is readily integrated:
\[\tan \alpha = \dfrac{dh}{dx} = 5w_s / \sqrt{gh} \Rightarrow h^3 \simeq (7.5 w_s x)^2/g\]
And thus the equilibrium profile is described by:
\[h \simeq (7.5 w_s)^{2/3} /g^{1/3} x^{2/3}\label{eq7.5.3.9}\]
Intriguingly, this result accurately resembles the earlier presented results for the equilibrium shoreface profiles of Bruun and Dean (Eq. 7.2.2.1). The profile shape factor \(A\) according to Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.9}\) is for \(w_s = 0.0256\ m/s\):
\[A = (7.5 w_s)^{2/3} / g^{1/3} = 0.16\]
This result is reasonably close to \(A = 0.10\) for the same fall velocity according to Eq. 7.2.2.7.
Next, Bowen considered the role of the higher harmonics associated with the incoming wave field (thus, wave asymmetry). The perturbation \(U_1\) now is a higher harmonic of \(U_0 = u_0 \cos (\omega t)\), viz. \(U_1 = u_m \cos (m \omega t + \theta_m)\).
The effect of wave asymmetry on the transport is derived from the first order expression Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.4}\). The first order term \(4U_1 U_0^2 |U_0|\) vanishes if \(m\) is odd. We therefore only have to take even harmonics into account, the second harmonic (\(m = 2\)) being the most important. For the second harmonic we have:
\[4 \overline{U_1 |U_0^2| U_0} = -\dfrac{16}{5\pi} u_0^3 u_2 \cos \theta_2\label{eq7.5.3.11}\]
The term arising from Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.11}\) is not an alternative to the contribution due to the Longuet-Higgins boundary layer streaming, but an additional factor. We therefore add the term from Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.11}\) to Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.5}\) and find:
\[\langle I_s \rangle = \dfrac{\varepsilon_s c_f \rho}{w_s} \dfrac{16}{15 \pi} u_0^3 [5u_1 - 3u_2 \cos \theta_2 + \gamma u_0^2]\]
Again, an equilibrium profile for suspended load is found for \(\langle I_s \rangle = 0\):
\[\gamma = \dfrac{\tan \alpha}{w_s} = -\dfrac{5u_1}{u_0^2} + \dfrac{3u_2 \cos \theta_2}{u_0^2}\]
To evaluate this expression, Bowen assumed \(\theta_2 = 0\) and used the second order Stokes solution (see Intermezzo 5.1) to estimate \(u_2\). Herewith he derived that:
\[\tan \alpha \simeq \dfrac{9}{4} \dfrac{w_s}{c} [2 + (\sinh kh)^{-2}] \label{eq7.5.3.14}\]
Figure 7.22: The term \(f(kh) = 2 + (\sinh kh)^{-2}\) (see Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.14}\)), plotted as a function of the nondimensional depth \(k_0 h\), where \(k_0 = \omega^2 /g\) is the deep water wavenumber.
The term in brackets is shown in Fig. 7.22. In deep water, the effect of wave asymmetry is negligible compared to that of the wave boundary layer streaming. As the waves shoal, the wave harmonics become increasingly important. Since in very shallow water the Stokes solution is not necessarily a good approximation, the trend is indicated by a dashed line. At some point, the waves break and the form of \(u_2\) is only known from very limited empirical data.
According to Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.14}\), wave asymmetry becomes as important as drift when:
\[\sinh kh \sim 2^{-1/2}\label{eq7.5.3.15}\]
\[h \sim 0.01 gT^2\label{eq7.5.3.16}\]
where \(T\) is the wave period. Equation \(\ref{eq7.5.3.15}\) and \(\ref{eq7.5.3.16}\) suggests that the extent of the nearshore area in which wave asymmetry is the dominant effect is strongly dependent on the period of the incoming waves. On the west coast of North America, which is generally exposed to waves of much longer periods, wave asymmetry should have a much more significant effect than on the east coast.
As \(kh\) becomes small, then from Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.14}\) an expression for the equilibrium profile due to asymmetry can be derived, comparable to Eq. \(\ref{eq7.5.3.9}\):
\[h^5 \sim \left (\dfrac{5.7 w_s x}{\omega^2} \right )^2 g\]
Bowen’s landmark paper contains many more interesting analytical derivations and again we note that these analytical ideas have been at the basis of many numerical process-based model efforts. It is a paper worth studying if one is interested in solving the cross-shore morphology problem.
Bowen (1980) outlined a Taylor series expansion of the velocity moment \(u^n |u|\). He assumed the velocity \(u\) to consist of two interacting components, viz. \(U_0\) and a perturbation \(U_1\), hence \(u = U_0 + U_1\). Under the assumption that \(U_0\) is much larger than \(U_1\), the Taylor series expansion reads:
\[u^n |u| = U_0^n |U_0| + (n + 1) U_1 U_0^{n - 1} |U_0| + \dfrac{n(n + 1)}{2} U_1^2 U_0^{n - 2} |U_0| + ...\]
In practice, \(U_0\) is the wave orbital velocity \(U_0 = u_0 \cos (\omega t)\) which vanishes during the orbital cycle, and the assumption that \(U_1\) is small compared to \(U_0\) is not justified during the stages of the orbital velocity when \(U_0\) is small. The approximation is really that \(U_1 \ll u_0\), the maximum orbital velocity, and that the significant periods for transport are when \(U_0\) is large. This is probably a reasonable assumption as the transport goes as the third or fourth power of the total velocity.
4. In this section – as opposed to elsewhere in the book – we follow the wording of Bowen and use the word asymmetry for a skewed wave that is asymmetric about the vertical axis.
This page titled 7.5.3: Analytical solutions for the middle and lower shoreface is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Judith Bosboom & Marcel J.F. Stive (TU Delft Open) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.
7.5.2: Decomposition of the transport rate


WILTON — Award-winning author Sujata Massey will visit Wilton Library on Wednesday to discuss her new book, “The Widows of Malabar Hill.” The talk will take place in the Brubeck Room from 7 to 8:30 p.m at 137 Old Ridgefield Road.“The Widows of Malabar Hill” i,ks of New Canaan. No charge. Registration highly recommended. To
nn., and lives in Baltimore.  For information, visit www.sujatamassey.com.


Dr. Cecilie Schou Andreassen of the University of Bergen has a theory about why some people develop chronic Facebook dependency.
Well, Andreassen has developed a Facebook addiction scale based on 6 basic criteria, where all items are scored based on the following categories: .


The Hip Hop Library Inc.
The Hip Hop Library is a nonprofit, on-line virtual library read, to serve as a prip. The Library will shine light upon.
All visitoOnly Library members will have access to borrow books and utilize the Library’s resources for free. The Library will include a Book Club that will meet once a month with potential author guest appearances. The Library will include a program entitled “Hip Hop Reads” showcasing artists reading books for storytime sessions.
The Hip Hop Library will providery.


February of 1993 was to see the re-release of one of the bands' hit singles to promote the release of a 'Greatest Hits' package.
Valentine Re-Release
Wikipedia of Valentine re-release
This entered the charts on 20/02/1993 and its highest position was 53. Carol was on GMTV promoting the single. It included the following, which were recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon in March of 1988, the same concert which was on the video 'Live At Hammersmith'.
I and From....'.
It was featured on the chart show the Saturday before its release but they included it in their 'Video Vault' feature, and never said it was to be re-released.
The Greatest Hits Package was to be released on the following Monday, and Carol was on Radio 1 on the Sunday promoting it.! ! Then I thought "What am I going to say?!!" I asked her about another project she was involved with on Michael Winner's new movie, Dirty Weekend, to be released later that year. Carol at Radio 1 studios
Carol with Bruno Brookes at Radio 1 studios
Heart And Soul - The Very Best Of T'Pau
I loved the cover, incorporating the 'heart' as well.
Wikipedia for Heart And Soul - The Very Best Of T'Pau
The only criticism, from a fans point of view, was :
Sex Talk should have been the 'live' version
Only The Lonely should have been the 'Guitar Remix'
China In Your Hand should have been the 'single' version
The above criticism, however, could be seen as a positive; "Sex Talk" on the album is such a rocky version, the band might just as well be singing it live. That goes with "Monkey House" too.
Although "Only The Lonely" isn't the "Guitar Remix" we are used to as the single release, it is the 'full' version. When "Rage" was released, it was this song Carol liked the most on the album, and myself too.
"China" may be the album version, but it is extended and you can understand the 'meaning' of it more regarding Mary Shelly and Frankenstein. Album Preview Video I have made
I know Carol and Ronny didn't sanction the release. A greatest hits was to be released again in the future, and this had a 'much better' track listing, as it was to include other 'great' T'Pau classic songs.
Now this is something I bet not many of you have seen. It's a promotional item that I saw in a record shop in Canterbury. They let me have it.
Here is the reverse of the above, detailing the band's success and the promotion which was to be carried out for the album.
Promotional item I got from Woolworths. Was huge. The only
place it fitted was on my ceiling!!
The album was released on 15th March 2003, and it's highest position was 35.
Here's a lovely picture of Carol on the inside sleeve to the CD.
Fulham Football Club Charity Football Match
On 29th May 1993, Carol was to appear at a charity football match at Fulham Football Ground.
I only heard about it on the radio the day before.
Me and a few friends travelled up there and it was to be the first time we were to meet Carol.
Ronny was playing in the match along with Carol's brother, Gary.
There were a few celebrities I spotted, including John Leslie and Michaela Strachan, who was chatting to Carol.
! lol
In the autumn of 1993, a film titled 'Dirty Weekend', written by Michael Winner, was released.'s!!
Carol and Ron recorded one of the main songs to be featured in the film and on the soundtrack.
The song was the old 'parlour' song 'Beautiful Dreamer'. It was actually out of copyright and the song was totally changed and re-arranged by Carol and Ronnie.
Here is the song. It's sung beautifully by Carol.
The soundtrack included the following artists :
Slow Bongo Floyd
Jay Aston, Carol Decker
Senselees Things
Link to the film Dirty Weekend
The Old Trout Windsor
On 29th April 1994, Carol was to perform her very first 'solo' gig at The Old Trout in Windsor.
During the day she was on the local radio with Dean Howard, who was part of the line-up, and she sang some new material unplugged. She sounded great.
As the day progressed, the excitement was building. I was with a few friends, and treated my sister to the day. We were sitting outside the venue and then Carol came out and was talking to the fans. Carol has always been good like that.
This was to be no 'ordinary' set, as the majority of it was to be 'new' material. Carol looked great and was looking forward to the evening.!
It was nearly time for the show to begin, and the venue just 'filled up!!'!!
Photo by Deano Hollett
AAT!!
Photo by Jo Martin
Car! !' Lol! Carol did seventeen songs!! Fifteen, then an encore of two. Three of the songs we knew and these were :
Here was the full set list :
1. The Dream2. Two hearts, one love3. When a man does a woman wrong4. Do the right dance5. Think about you6. Temptation7. Too long8. Handful of nothing9. That's what love is for10. Make love to me11. Backseat of your heart12. Demolition man13, Real thing14. Whenever you need me
15. Heart and soulENCORE
16. China in your hand
17. Let love in
It was a fantastic evening and we got to meet Carol afterwards. We went away remembering some of the new material. I especially loved 'Backseat Of Your Heart' and 'The Dream'. Carol after the gig. Lovely photo.
!! The!
The Borderline Club London
On 18th May 1994, Carol was to appear at the Borderline Club in London as part of a Rock and Pop Memorabilia Auction, in aid of the 'Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Centre'.
The purpose of the evening was to auction off rock and pop memorabilia to raise as much money for the above therapy centre.
There were 32 lots up for auction and two hundred people expected.
The lots included memorabilia from :
The Beatles/HMV
Peter Gabriel Mick Hucknell
Jeff Lynne/ELO
Bono and Frank Sinatra
Here is Carol's lot :
It e stage!!
Carol had her hair in bunches, was wearing a waistcoat and jeans and took to the stage.!
Carol and Dean doing what they do best!!Photo by Deano Hollett!! It was excellent. A shame it was never recorded for an album. The last song was Heart And Soul, but it had been re-arranged, and was fantastic!!
Just looking at the photos, you can see that Carol was enjoying herself. We got to meet her afterwards which was an added bonus.
A great night was had by all, and all in a worthwhile cause.
G.A.Y./ASTORIA
In the Autumn of 1994, Carol was to make an appearance at G.A.Y./Astoria Nightclub in London.
The club was jam-packed, and this was one of a few gay nightclubs Carol was to perform at.
She appeared on stage and looked great. She was wearing a black silky dress and black gloves.
A few songs were sung, including China In Your Hand, which, obviously, went down well.
I love this photo of Carol.Taken by Deano Hollett
Carol was not the only person on the bill-Big Fun (Don't Blame It On The Boogie) were there too!!
! How embarrassing for them lol!s!!
In October 2008, it moved to the famous gay venue Heaven.
Here is a picture I took of Carol after the gig. I love this photo, it's such a natural pose. She looks good even though she had flu at the time.


In the strictest interpretation of the law a person with an Ironman™ brand M-Dot™ tattoo has committed trademark violation if they did not get permission from the Ironman™ organization and presumably pay a licensing fee. It is stipulated right here on the Ironman™ webpage:
To better understand the motives behind Ironman™ brand tattoos I visited the Facebook group “IronMan Tats” and posted the question, “Why did you get an Ironman™ tattoo?”
The answers I got had a little to do with showing other people that someone accomplished a goal. But more people in the Facebook group told me their tattoos serve as a reminder of what they accomplished to themselves. This reminder does not just memorialize their Ironman™ race, but more significantly the hard work and change that was required to even get to the start line. The tattoo is a conspicuous reminder that lives on their skin and says, “Anything is Possible™”. The tattoo reminds them that they can accomplish anything if they put in enough work.
The bigger question was, why was I so judgmental about peoples’ motives for getting an Ironman™ tattoo? I chalk my initial questioning up to a learned set of cognitive biases that, according to the famous Cognitive Bias chart says that; “We favor simple .”
One thing I’ve learned about triathletes themselves is that there are as many motives for participating as there are athletes, each one slightly nuanced by personal values and experiences. To make matters even more complex I have seen the motives for participation in triathlons actually evolve over time, especially for people who have been in the sport for decades.
I wanted to understand something I did not, and tried to find the answer with already established internal concepts of my own. That didn’t work. I didn’t set out to sincerely learn external motives.
This changed my concept of M-Dot™ tattoos and their owners, but more importantly it illustrated a dangerous slippery slope that I think we are sometimes subject to: judging through our own lens before learning to view an experience through someone else’s. Once I set out to sincerely learn why people get these tattoos then I could actually learn something new rather than comparing something I already believed to something I was seeing and trying to make the two fit together.
This is likely not a very sensational thesis if you’ve read the preceding 900 words, but it is a solid, if not thrilling one. To me it is worth remembering when I experience something I have difficulty understandm Demerly has done six Ironmans including Hawaii, but has no tattoos mostly because, while he likes triathlons, he doesn’t like needles.


It’s those types of conversations that may be tough, but it’s really important: The “do you would like toddlers?” talk. Should you decide together with person you are seeing bring opposite visions in terms of having a household, wouldn’t you like to see ASAP, so as to not waste either of your energy? If you’re stressed that providing it too soon might frighten your spouse aside, here are some tips on dealing with dialogue gracefully—i.e., without drama or anxieties, but very you’ll actually get some good responses.
You can easily raise up the youngsters talk indirectly by discussing siblings together with your S.O. “Ask whatever appreciated or didn’t like about developing up with how many siblings they had,” recommends union expert Thomas Weeks. “For sample, they might be an only youngster and may express they need children simply because they performedn’t like raising upwards as an only kid.” Discovering the partner’s past and discussing your very own can help your discover should they wish young ones without inquiring them.
If this is a premeditated discussion, anticipate to hear the exact opposite of exactly what you’re hoping for. “Be prepared to discuss and then determine exactly why they keep their unique viewpoints. The more information your assemble plus the less expectations you really have, the greater the conversation will likely be,” says Weeks. Recall, men and women change their particular minds while they grow as well as have extra lifetime activities, therefore stay away from be sorry for later.
Because their particular responses may upset your, or yours may disturb all of them, it’s a bad tip to own this chat in public. Plus, Weeks states it’s most likely a good idea to perhaps not discuss it on the way to a conference like a dinner celebration—again, so neither people tend to be disturb about a very personal topic before rest.
Start with declaring that you worry a whole lot about them and that you’ve already been thinking about their possible potential future with each other, says online dating and union mentor Carla Romo. “Clearly state that creating kids is essential to you—or not important, while the circumstances might. Pose A Question To Your mate the way they feel about having kiddies.” Drawing near to it that way instead of, say, “we see my self creating children with you; will you?” can lead to a very open topic without wearing a lot of stress.
It could feel tough never to, but keep in mind that your partner possess thinking about that topic they’ve yet to straighten out. “This maybe a powerful way to expand with each other through susceptability when your spouse is having difficulty using this subject. And in case you and your partner take equivalent page, it is possible to collectively discuss more just what that looks like to suit your potential future, which is a win-win,” says Romo.
If you’re out and about, seeing kids in the street or in a shop, consider claiming something similar to, “Wouldn’t that toy feel ideal for just a little guy?” or “I can’t wait to dress my personal child in most the cutest clothing.” This is exactly a means of indicating or reminding your spouse that you’re thinking about creating little ones, states Backe.


"With short notice Sarah managed to fit us both in for a full head of foils and cut!We had great chats alongside amazing hair transformations, 2 days on we're are both still chuffed with them as well as having healthy looking/feeling locks!Thank you so much Sarah from both of us!Would recommend you to anyone!"


A young bolate 2017.
Three men face charges after a high-speed chase ended with a 12-year-old cyclist flung from his bike and seriously injured in a quiet Langley suburb in 2017.
David Alfredo Batista, a 54-year-old LangleyBrandon Michael Hoolsema, 29and Brady Marcus Hoolsema, 24, has been charged with dangerous driving.
Police believe the Hoolsema brothers, in two vehicles, were pursuing Batista after a suspected theft of tools from a construction site in south Brookswood. Both Hoolsemas had been working on the construction site.
Witnesses reported at least one pickup pursuing the Mazda Tribute north through the residential neighbourhood. Area residents reported the vehicles were both traveling at high speeds, estimating up to 100 km/h at times.
One suspect from the Tribute, Batista, was collared by an off-duty police officer jogging in the area. The other was tracked down by a police dog unit in a nearby residential yard.
Largy said that anyone who witnesses a theft should call the police, make good notes, and try to record as much information as possible.
Pursuing a suspected thief can turn tragic.
“A car can become a weapon in a very quick turn of events,” Largy said.


Femulate: Don't Age Yourself!
My idea of using makeup to keep a more youthful appearance is to avoid looking like Gloria Swanson's characterization of Norma Desmond in "Sunset Boulevard." Ms Swanson was only 51 when she made that movie, which was old for an actress by 1950 standards, but the over-made-up look made her appear to be 20 years older. The over-dramatic acting made her look even more of a caricature, too. There's no doubt that Norma Desmond has been inspiration for many a drag queen!


John Cabot, whose real name was 'Giovanni Caboto', was a navigator and explorer. He was born in Venice, but the country of England financed his explorations and he explored on their behalf.
What was Juan Ponce de Leon's goal?
What was exchanged in the Columbian...
How many people were enslaved in the Columbian...
How many Native Americans died during the...
How many Native American died from disease...
How was maize important in the Columbian...
How did the Columbian Exchange affect West...
How did the Columbian Exchange spread typhoid...
How did the Columbian Exchange result in social...
How did the Columbian Exchange lead to the...
How did the Columbian Exchange help stimulate...
How did the Columbian Exchange help form...
How did the Columbian Exchange affect the Great...


As probably the whole Western world knows by now, the results of an investigation into the death of David Kelley by Lord Justice Hutton were reported in Britain yesterday, with Justice Hutton basically vindicating the government and ripping the BBC a new anal orifice. Jeff Jarvis has been on this thing like a blanket, (start here and scroll down) so I won't repeat it.
The resignations of Gavyn Davies and Greg Dykes are a start, but not nearly enough. Andrew Gilligan's head delivered to Jeff Jarvis (as requested ;-) ) isn't enough. There is a whole culture there that needs removal, root and branch. I just hope the next BBC chairman has a big enough shovel.
Bloggers vs. (?) Big Media
While I was perusing his blog for stuff about the Hutton report, I found this post that probably does a better job of expressing what I'm going to try to say here.
It seems a fact of life that (at least for the moment) despite the words posted on blogs decrying the sloppiness and the limits of 'Big Media', bloggers are utterly dependent on it for information. Yes, the analysis provided by the professional journalists is often biased or just plain silly ( yes, Reuters, I'm pointing a finger at you!). And yep, sometimes their asses desperately need fact checking. But for all the buzz about the blogosphere being the 'better' way, we still depend on the major news organizations for the raw material. With rare execption, the basic reporting is done by the news organizations and their people in the field. Bloggers analyze and criticize the results, but the means by which the raw information hasn't changed much. As access to the internet becomes easier to get everywhere in the world, it is conceivable that reporting will become an activity pursued by one and all, since anywone will have the ability to post what they see/know in the window for the whole world to see. My question is, will the signal to noise ratio be better or worse?
What is a Tightwad to Do?
After perusing this item at Opinion Journal, its hard to see where a political home can be found for those of us who are concerned with the growing federal deficits. If the author's figures are accurate, the Democrats are promising to spend even more money than Bush, and repealing Bush's tax cut will not make up the difference.
Since fiscal sanity apparently is not to be found in either major party, what other criteria are left to decide on a vote? National security and the economy are probably the most important since without those two under control, other domestic concerns are moot. At this point the only major Democratic candidate that has convinced me he's serious on security is Sen. Lieberman, and he has about the same chance of winning the Dem. nomination as I do. As far as the economy, they all seem to be interested in raising tax and regulation burdens - which doesn't leave me with a case of the warm fuzzies either. It would seem that I may be pushed towards voting for Bush by default. Please, Democrats, make some decent arguments so at least I can think I have more than one reasonable choice.
Why I won't be voting for Kerry, Part XXX
I keep finding reasons why I won't be able to vote for John Kerry come November. The latest was a statement he made while being interviewed on Fox last Sunday. When he was asked if he thought that President Bush had deliberately led us into war under false pretenses, he dodged the question by accusing Dick Cheney of misleading us into the Iraq invasion instead of concentrating on Al Qaida. As answers go, this one bothered me on multiple grounds.
First, the re-introductions of the 'Bush is dumb' and 'Bush is a puppet' themes by implying that Vice President Cheney is the one really running the government. Second is the idea that the US government dropped the hunt for Al Qaida scumbags in favor of the invasion of Iraq. Earth to Kerry - the government can multitask, and the hunt for Bin Laden's boys hasn't stopped. Last is the weasel factor - if Kerry wants to accuse the administration of wrongdoing, he should have the guts to do it directly instead of attacking Bush indirectly via Cheney.
Posted by Doug at 10:42 PM No comments:
And I haven't found any Shakespeare yet...
Well, after reading some many of the fine blogs out here on the 'Net such as InstaPundit, Little Green Footballs, A Small Victory, Tim Blair and many others (to be listed after I figure out how to add a blogroll) I've decided to take the plunge, while ignoring minor difficulties such as lack of wit, talent, writing skills, etc. .
If nothing else, I may manage to demonstrate that it is not necessary to be a politician to produce mounds of verbiage and yet produce zero actual content. I'll get to an introductory post a bit later that covers political opinion and whatever other relevant stuff seems pertinent.


The Mood is a modern and awesome-looking magazine WordPress theme that allows its users to beautifully showcase content, images and videos on their site. 3 unique front pages have been designed ready for you to choose the best outlook that you think can capture the audience's attention most. Developed with creativity in mind and passion from the heart, we are pleased to present our clean and elegant magazine theme The Mood along with a beautiful demo site that you can check out immediately!


New Year's Eve is often a time to seriously party. If you're like many, there's a decent chance you're gr's a work day.
Kinglsey Amis, a self-professed alcoholic, published "On Drink." In the book, Amis discusses a variety of self-researched cures for hangovers.
Bernardino Branca invented an 80-proof concoction, called Fernet, designed to treat a variety of ailments, such as cholera and hangovers. Did he say 80-proof?
Prepare by stocking up on essentials that will help you feel a little more like your true self after a night of partying. Ibuprofen, sports drinks, greasy potato chips, antacids — whatever your preferred hangover remedies are, make sure that you have them on hand.
If you're feeling really ambitious, why not throw a party? After all, the cure to your hangover may just be a really awesome Bloody Mary.
In the Wild West, to combaa.