initial appearance in federal court. Riley,
was arrested by the FBI and was to appear
in federal court as well.
credit card charges – hundreds of
them between 2001 and 2006 totaling more
$58,000 – covered hotel rooms and
luxury suites, meals and fine dining, airfare,
rentals (including a Jaguar convertible),
attendance at major sporting events –
trip to Florida to test drive a Rolls Royce
that James was considering purchasing,
according to the 33-count Indictment.
one instance, James used a city credit card
to make advance payments of nearly $9,000
to Norwegian Cruise Lines to allegedly secure
a penthouse suite on an annual getaway of
the James’s Civic Association. The
cruise was scheduled for six weeks after
James left
Indictment alleges that the more than $58,000
in expenditures made on two cityissued
credit cards were for purely personal expenses,
and not legitimate, city-related
business. The Indictment alleges that James
used the credit cards for personal expenses,
despite having separately received $25,000
a year to cover such expenses. James’
mayoral compensation between 1999 and 2006
ranged from more than $171,000 to
$203,000. James also earned a $49,000 annual
Senate salary.
of Jersey City is alleged to have made more
than $500,000 from the purchase and
sale of Newark properties in transactions
facilitated by James’ official intervention
both Mayor and State Senator. The Indictment
charges that James improperly steered
properties to Riley under a program designed
to enable experienced, financially sound
and qualified developers to buy blighted
municipally owned properties at substantially
less than market rates on the condition
that they rehabilitate the properties before
them at market prices. With James’s
help, Riley acquired the properties at cut-rate
prices and then quickly sold – or
“flipped” – at least seven
properties at much higher
prices without any rehabilitation.
According to the charges, Riley had no real
estate or construction experience; nor did
also allegedly defrauded the New Jersey
Department of Community Affairs out of
housing rental assistance for her home in
Jersey City as she reaped the windfall of
property flipping, according to the charges
the same time, Riley raised and donated
campaign funds for James and traveled
internationally with him, enjoying vacations
and meals funded in part with the Cityissued
credit cards, according to the Indictment.
James also intervened officially on
Riley’s behalf in other ways, including
attempting to help her secure a lease from
for office space; a $25,000 state grant
for her corporation, TRI, and the sale of
basement level of 111 Mulberry Street, a
City property. The latter two efforts did
and Riley are both charged with counts of
mail and/or wire fraud and other charges
(described near the end of this news release).
Both face charges that, in some instances,
carry statutory maximum prison sentences
allegations in this Indictment are stark
examples of the greed and arrogance of
unchecked power,” Christie said. “When
Sharpe James had a choice between enriching
himself or helping the people of Newark,
he chose self-enrichment. When he had the
choice between impartially serving the citizens
of Newark and the State of New Jersey or
rewarding companions, supporters and himself
with taxpayer money, he chose to cheat
the people of Newark and the citizens of
incidents of theft and abuse detailed in
today's Indictment allege a shameless and
outrageous misuse of government funds that
are stunning in their scope,'' New Jersey
Attorney General Anne Milgram said. "While
a city struggles to balance its budget and
provide vital services to its residents,
its mayor spared no expense to entertain
lavishly with public funds. Public officials
are elected to serve the public, not exploit
their positions for private gain.'”
Indictment of Senator and former Newark
Mayor Sharpe James is powerful proof
that the FBI will not allow corruption to
exist in New Jersey government,” said
Special Agent in Charge Weysan Dun. “The
citizens of this state place a tremendous
amount of trust in elected officials when
they vote them into office. When elected
officials violate that trust the FBI will
be there with its investigative resources
unswerving resolve to fight corruption and
greed.”
many of his trips and entertainment outings,
James was with one or more of his
eight female companions or other individuals
whom he treated to the same luxury
accommodations that he afforded himself,
according to the Indictment. James also
offered false justifications and pretexts
to City of Newark financial authorities
vacation trips that he claimed were for
city business. For the five-day trip to
Janeiro in June 2006, during which he, a
mayoral aide and two Newark detectives stayed
in a luxury hotel, James claimed the purpose
of the trip was to meet with the region’s
Consulate General to follow up on a trip
James made there in 2004. The total charged
the city credit cards on that trip was approximately
$10,590, according to the Indictment.
James also claimed that a February 2006
weekend getaway to a beachfront resort in
Cana, Dominican Republic with two other
individuals was to assess the tropical gardens
on a resort property there to determine
if those gardens could be replicated near
Station in Newark. The total charged to
the city credit cards on that trip was
approximately $1,440, according to the Indictment.
took another trip to the Dominican Republic
a month later, this time with Riley and
others, in Boca Chica. James charged over
$2,000 for airfare and luxury accommodations
to the city credit cards for his entourage
on that trip, according to the Indictment
took a city-paid trip to Santo Domingo in
89-page Indictment includes over 20 pages
of tables listing more than 150 instances
of credit card purchases for personal travel,
meals and entertainment. Following are just
few other examples alleged in the Indictment:
respect to the Newark property fraud, the
Indictment charges that James misused his
positions as Mayor of Newark and State Senator
to improperly favor Riley and obtain
more than $500,000 in money and property
for her by steering sales of city-owned
property at steeply discounted prices to
Riley, through her company, TRI. The charges
further state that Riley, in turn, almost
always shortly thereafter sold, or “flipped,”
properties for lucrative profits, without
redeveloping them, as required by her contracts
with Newark.


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to be even more substantial. Although the program offers extensive coverage for most health care services, it requires beneficiaries to pay substantial co-payments and deductibles. It also omits coverage for some important items and services, such as eyeglasses and extended long-term care, and, under its original structure, prescription drugs and preventive care. To fill these gaps, Congress permitted private insurers to sell policies, known as "Medicare supplement" or "Medigap," directly to beneficiaries.
After Medicare's implementation, between 80 and 85 percent of beneficiaries availed themselves of this fill-in coverage. This meant that rather than losing customers to Medicare, private insurers were able to gain large numbers of new ones. What made the market for these limited policies even more of a business bonanza for insurers was that they were able to charge premiums that were almost as high as those they had charged for full coverage prior to Medicare. The result was that, far from being crowded out, the market for private coverage of the elderly actually grew by almost 50 percent after Medicare took effect. Needless to say, the products were also less costly to provide because they merely filled the holes left by Medicare's extensive benefit structure. In facilitating the sale of this new kind of insurance product, the government created an especially profitable new business opportunity for the industry.
Putting it all together, private insurers came away from the passage of Medicare with more customers who paid the same premiums for smaller benefits. They also gained a lucrative new line of business in administering claims that had not previously existed. This massive program was anything but It substantially expandedcompanies.
#### MANAGED CARE AND GOVERNMENT HEALTH INSURANCE
The private opportunities built into Medicare's initial structure were just the start. A second element of government bolstered the expansion of managed care in the 1980s and 1990s after the preferences of the HMO Act had expired. The government did this by becoming one of its main customers. Noting early signs of success in keeping premiums under control for private employers, government policymakers saw an opportunity to incorporate the managed care concept into public coverage programs. They did this by creating a new role for private companies in administering Medicare and Medicaid benefits, one that developed into a significant line of business for many of them.
The partnership between public insurance programs and private managed care companies began with limited state-level experiments under Medicaid. In 1981, Congress granted states the flexibility to test alternative arrangements for delivering services in the hope that they could find less costly approaches. To that end, it permittedfrom rules governing administration of their Medicaid programs in order to try them out.
The approach that generated the most interest was to place some beneficiaries in private HMOs that would be paid to administer their coverage and manage their care. The HMOs would limit costs by using the same techniques they applied for privately insured patients—directing care through PCPs, paying PCPs based on capitation, requiring prior approval for expensive tests and procedures, and limiting specialty and hospital care to providers in defined networks. The HMOs were still required to cover basic benefits, but they could use their set of management tools to try to avoid paying for unnecessary care.
The initial trials of the concept were considered a success, and, over the next decade, a number of states requested waivers to implement it. Today, it is used in all states for at least some Medicaid beneficiaries. In some of them, it is now the norm. As of 2010, almost 70 percent of the nation's 60 million.
With its adoption by states throughout the country, Medicaid managed care came to generate considerable business for the companies that provided it. Existing HMOs developed plans that were geared specifically to Medicaid patients, and new HMOs emerged to focus exclusively on this market. As this line of business grew, Medicaid managed care developed into its own industry. Many of the arrangements have become quite complex, with separate companies covering narrow areas of service. These are commonly known as "carve-outs," and the companies that provide them constitute yet another distinct industry, one for which the government, as the sole customer, provides all of the financing.
With positive initial results from the use of private managed care in Medicaid, the federal government looked to incorporate it into Medicare in the mid-1980s. This was an easier challenge bureaucratically becauses a single program. Separate waivers for individual states were not needed.
The first trial of private managed care in the delivery of Medicare benefits was launched in 1985. Under the arrangement, beneficiaries paid premiums to an HMO in lieu of the premiums they would otherwise have paid for coverage under Part B of the program, which is optional and requires a monthly contribution. The premiums paid to the HMO were supplemented with additional payments from the government. Beneficiaries were offered two main enticements to accept coverage through the plans instead of through traditional Medicare. One was lower co-payments and deductibles than would have applied under the program's conventional coverage structure. The other was coverage of products and services that were excluded from Medicare, most notably outpatient prescription drugs, which were not added as a standard benefit until 2006. Of course, beneficiaries faced some new limitations when they chose to receive Medicare benefits from a private HMO in the restrictions that managed care imposes to limit unnecessary care. However, for many the trade-off was worth it.
In 1997, Congress restructured these managed care arrangements as part of a larger set of revisions to Medicare contained in the Balanced Budget Act passed that year. The managed care alternative was recognized as a separate Part C of the program and given a new name, Medicare + Choice. The revisions also permitted a wider range of managed care organizations to offer coverage, including PPOs and health plans organized by providers, and it set new formulas for determining the payments they received.
In 2003, Congress modified Part C law that added the prescription drug benefit. Under that revision, payments to private managed care plans were enhanced considerably under an altered funding structure. The new arrangement reduced the financial risk that plans faced of encountering large claims expenses in a single year and allocated substantial federal subsidies as additional support. It also permitted an even larger array of private payment arrangements to participate, including some that imposed very few restrictions on receiving care. With these changes, the Act gave the reinvigorated Part C another new name, Medicare Advantage.
HMO enrollment by Medicare beneficiaries grew steadily, fortified by this steady stream of enhancements. In 1990, it attracted just 1.3 million of them, representing 3.8 percent of the total Medicare population. By 1998, those numbers had risen to 6.9 million representing 18.3 percent. By 2008, five years after passage of the MMA, the number of enrollees stood at 8.8 million, representing 19.7 percent.
#### THE MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT
The expansion of support for private managed care coverage options through Medicare Advantage was only one of the private sector enhancements the MMA added to the program. In the magnitude of its generosity, the other was even more significant. That was a new prescription drug benefit.
Before the MMA, Medicare provided no coverage for prescription drugs that were taken on an outpatient basis. The program covered drugs administered in a hospital as part of an inpatient stay under Part A. It also covered drugs administered by a physician in his or her office, primarily injected medications, such as those used in oncology, under Part B. However, there was no provision for reimbursement of drugs that a patient obtained from a retail pharmacy under a prescription. That situation changed with the MMA's creation of a new Part D of Medicare. It permits beneficiaries to obtain prescription drug coverage on a voluntary basis as an additional benefit. Although they must pay a separate premium for it, much of the cost is subsidized.
The structure of the drug benefit was the subject of considerable debate when the MMA was passed. Some in Congress believed it should be administered directly by the government, along the lines of Medicare Parts A and B. Others fav


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There has been a lot of hysteria about smart meters being some secret plot to kill people. This makes about as much sense as fearing electrocution from your pocket calculator. Smart meters put out much less radiation than a cellphone.
However, I smell a rat — Accenture, the company that handles billing for BC Hydro. I used to work for the BC Hydro Computer Department and learned how incredibly complicated the computer billing is. With all the extra data coming in from the smart meters, the centralised computer billing to handle it would become many times more complicated still.


I was elected in mid-June by the Democratic Party of Georgia State Committee as one of its 22 At-Large cause I just got elected only a few weeks ago and due to the enormous costs associated with attending the convention, I decided to crowdfund to offset expenses and I'd appreciate your help!


erulean] (I2) at ($(D) + (0.7, -0.3)$) {\scriptsize N2}; 	\path[->, draw=Cerulean, line width=1pt] (I1) edge (D);
	\path[->, draw=Cerulean, line width=1pt] (I2) edge (D);
	\node[color=darkgray] (router) at ($(A) + (0,-0.6)$) {\scriptsize router};
	\path[-, draw=darkgray] (router.north) edge ($(A.south) - (0,0.05)$);
	\node[color=darkgray] (link) at ($(B) + (0.8, 0.4)$) {\scriptsize link};
	\path[-, draw=darkgray] (link.south) edge ($(link.south) + (0, -0.18)$);
	\node[anchor=west, color=darkgray] (ext) at ($(E1.west) + (0, 0.45)$) {\scriptsize external network};
	\path[-, draw=darkgray] ($(E1.north) + (0, 0.15)$) edge (E1.north);
	\node[anchor=west, color=darkgray] (int) at ($(D.west) + (0.2, 0.9)$) {\scriptsize \begin{tabular}{l}internal\\ network\end{tabular}};
	\path[-, draw=darkgray] ($(I1.north) + (-0, 0.15)$) edge ($(I1.north) - (0,0)$);
	\node[fill=Peach!10, draw=gray!20, anchor=north west, minimum height=44pt] (reqs) at ($(spec.north east) + (3.4,-1.655)$) {
	\raggedright {\em Path requirements:}\\
	\texttt{Path(N1, A, [A,B,C,D])\\
	Path(N2, A, [A,D])\\
	Path(Ext, A, [A,C])\\
 	Path(Ext, D, [D,B])}\\
	\end{minipage}	};
	\node[anchor=north west] at (reqs.south west) {\bf \small (c) Requirements $\varphi_R$};
	\node[anchor=north west, fill=gray!08, draw=none, minimum width=1\textwidth, minimum height=114pt] (output) at ($(input.south west) + (0,-0.9)$) { };
	\node[draw=gray!20, fill=Peach!10, anchor=north west, minimum height=92pt] (tuples) at ($(output.north west) + (0.3,-0.1)$) {
		SetAD("static", A, 10)
		SetAD("ospf", A, 20)
		SetStatic(N1, A, B)
		SetOSPFEdgeCost(A, B, 10)
		SetOSPFEdgeCost(A, C, 5)
		SetOSPFEdgeCost(A, D, 5)
	\node[anchor=north west] at (tuples.south west) {\bf \small (d) Datalog Input $I$};
	\node[draw=gray!20, anchor=north west, fill=Peach!10, minimum height=92pt] (config) at ($(tuples.north east) + (2,0)$) {
! 10G interface to B
interface TenGigabitEthernet1/1/1
! 10G interface to C
 ip ospf cost 5
! static route to B
ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 130.0.1.2
	\node[anchor=north west] at (config.south west) {\bf \small (e) Configuration for Router A};
	\node[fill=gray!40, inner sep=2pt, minimum height=0pt] (synth) at ($(input.south) - (0, 0.3)$) {\bf \!\begin{tabular}{l}Input Synthesis\end{tabular}\!};
	\draw[fill=gray!40, draw=gray!40] ($(synth.south west) - (0.2, -0.05)$) node[anchor=north]{ }
	-- ($(synth.south east) + (0.2, 0.05)$) node[anchor=north] {}
	-- ($(synth.south) + (0, -0.25)$) node[anchor=south]{ }
	-- cycle;
	\draw[-, color=gray!40, line width=1.8mm, -triangle 90,postaction={draw, line width=8mm, shorten >=4mm, -}] ($(tuples.east) + (0.35,0)$) -- ($(config.west) - (0.35,0)$);
	\node at ($(tuples.east) + (0.85,0)$) {\bf \ \ Derive\ \ };
	\caption{Network-wide Configuration Synthesis. The input is: {\bf (a)} declarative network specification~$N$ in stratified Datalog
				{\bf (b)} network topology, 		and {\bf (c)} routing requirements~$\varphi_R$.
				The output is: {\bf (d)} a Datalog input~$I$ that results in a forwarding state satisfying the requirements. Configurations {\bf (e)} are derived from~$I$.}
\para{Computation of Forwarding State}
We first informally describe how each router's forwarding entries are computed, assuming the configuration is provided.
Each router runs both, OSPF and BGP protocols, and in addition can also be configured with static routes. The computation of OSPF is based on finding least-cost paths to the internal destinations as well as to all routers in the network, where cost is the sum of the link weights defined in router configurations. The least-cost paths are then used to generate forwarding entries at each router to all internal destinations. In our example, these internal destinations are \pred{N1} and \pred{N2}. In contrast, BGP computes forwarding entries to reach external destinations, \pred{Ext} in our example. The computed forwarding entries define the next hop router for each destination. For example, BGP computes an entry at router $A$ for \pred{Ext} which forwards packets to a border router (i.e., either $B$ or $C$).
To decide which router the entry should forward to, each BGP router selects the egress point (i.e., border router) to reach an externally-learned prefix based on a preference value. This preference is (typically) defined in the configuration of each border router and propagated network-wide. If multiple routers announce the same preference for a prefix, internal BGP routers directs traffic to the closest egress point, according to the OSPF costs.
Once BGP and OSPF have finished computing their forwarding entries, each router takes these entries (along with those defined via static routes) and selects the OSPF-, BGP-, static route- produced forwarding entry with the highest preference (in networking terms, higher preference means lower administrative cost) defined in its local configuration. The union of all forwarding entries obtained at the routers is referred to as the forwarding state of the network.
\para{Configuration Synthesis}


What is the Brave Slovenia History Timeline 1990? Are Slovenia and Slovakia the same?
WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF SLOVENIA?
WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF SLOVENIA
Slovenia history Timeline: Times The oldest proof of human existence on Slovenian territory are two stone tools from the Cave in Loza near Orehk, some 250,000 years old. From the Würm ice age, when Neanderthals lived on the territory of Slovenia, the most important find was the whistle from Wild Bab near the village of Šebrelje in Idrija-Cerknica. In the younger Stone Age and the Copper Age, the inhabitants were already engaged in livestock farming and farming. On the transition from bronze to the Iron Age, there was a culture of urn graves. The Halštat period is characterized by fortified settlements on the hills, called the castle, and beautifully made iron objects (e.g. situles) and weapons (Most na Soči, Vače, Rifnik, Šentvid pri Stični). Their inhabitants are ethnically indefinable.
Celts and Romans Slovenia History
In the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the territory of present-day Slovenia was occupied by the Tribes of Celts, who formed the first state formation here called the Norisko Kingdom. From this time come the names of many of today’s places (Bohinj, Tuhinj) and rivers (Sava, Savinja, Drava).
The Roman penetration into the territory of present-day Slovenia began after the establishment of Akvilea (181 BC) In the second half of the second half. The Romans subjugated Histre, Tavriske (129 BC) and Karna (115 BC) in the Istrian wars. Then, in the years 35-33 BC. n. No. no limit all the way to the Danube and around 10 BC. The Allied Norisko Kingdom was also peacefully annexed. The occupied areas were included in the provincial organization: western Slovenia with Istria was integrated into the 10th region of Italy, eastern part and Dolenjska were included in the province of Panonijo, the Alpine area and the Posavinje were in the middle of the 1st century. involved in the province of Norik.
Cities (Emona, Celeia, Poetoviona) were created, inhabited by immigrants from Italy and the populous Aboriginal people. A road system was built with the main isle of Akvileja-Emona-Celeia-Poetoviona-Carnuntum (Petronell on the Danube).
The first organized Christian churches were formed towards the end of the 3rd century; In the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, dioceses formed, falling under the control of the metropolis in Akvileja.
In order to defend the border of Italy, the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum was formed on the karst edge in the 3rd century. In the 5th and 6th centuries, Roman rule on the territory of Slovenia began to be eeuted by the incursions of Germanic tribes moving towards Italy; the local population began to migrate from cities to the most places of refuge. In the mid-5th century, huns invaded Italy through Slovenia and devastated a number of towns along the way, and at the end of the 5th century, The Eastern Goths (Ostrogoths) seeded Italy and, by 536, Norik, Dalmatia and Panonia were included in their Ital kingdom.
Slavic tribal principality (Carantania and Karniola)
In 568, germanic Lombards moved from Slovenian territory to Italy. Avari and the Slavs began to settle in the empty space. The space, inhabited by the Slavs, was also inhabited by the remains of romanized aboriginals, who partly preserved Christianity. The settlement of Slavs in the Eastern Alps is confirmed by the collapse of dioceses in the Eastern Alpine region in the second half of the 6th century, the change in settlement and material culture, and above all the new, Slavic speech. The border with the Bavarcis had already temporarily stabilised in East Tyrol, and in the 8th century, the border with the Lombards settled on the edge of the Friuli Lowe and in Istria on the karst edge. The Slavs in the Eastern Alps, like the Slavs in Pannonia, were subordinated to the authorities of the Avarcanese. In the early 7th century, as the Avaric authorities weakened, the relatively independent “landscape of Slavs” (“marca Vinedorum”) with its prince developed. In 623 she probably joined the Alpine Slavs under the leadership of King Sam. After the collapse of the Samoan Tribal Alliance in 658, the “landscape of the Slavs” with its centre at Krn Castle north of today’s Klagenfurr, which has already begun to be called Carantania, maintained its independence. When the Karantas asked the Basque party to help defend themselves against Avar, they had to acknowledge their predombancy, sending their son Prince Bould, Gorazdaz, and the Prince’s nephew Hotiman, who were christianized by the Bavars. With the reign of The Khus of Hotii, 751, the Christian ity of the Carantas began, triggering three failed uprisings. After the defeat of Bavarian Ktylaus Tasila III in 788, Carantania was also incorporated in the Franco-State of Karla hh. When the Prince of Slavonic Slavs Ljudevit Posavski began rebellion in 819 due to his dissatisfaction with the Franco-Friuli Border Count, the Karantas joined him. After the suffocation of the rebellion in 828, the Franks reorganized the administration and the local Slavic princes replaced the Frank countess. From the time of Carantani, until 1414, a special ceremony of the ology of the Dukes of Carinthni was preserved, which took place in The Slovene language.
The Slavic tribal principality of Karniola developed from the 8th to 9th centuries also south of the Karavanks, on the territory of central Slovenia. In 795, the only presumptive Prince Vojnomir was exhiported. Carniola was incorporated into the Franconian Friuli Marko at the end of the 8th century, but maintained its tribal regime until 828, when the Franks turned it into a border county after the unsuccessful rebellion of the Panonian Slavic Prince Ljudevit Posavsky.
Bulgarian penetration of Pannonia and its recapition, King Louis German awarded Pannonia around 840 in a feud to a refugee from Moravska Pribina. In 847 Pribina was appointed count and the territory of Lower Pannonia became its property. The seat of power was in Blaten kostel in present-day Hungary. In 861 Pribino was succeeded by his son Kocelj and ripped out of the Frankic influence. Kocelj supported the Slavic mission of St. Cyril and the Holy Method and hindered the operation of salzburg missionaries. However, it was removed around 876, ending a brief period of autonomy for the Lower Pan-Pan-Slavic Principality. The territory has been re-incorporated into the East Mark. During the government of Arnulf Carinthia, Carinthia became the centre of the Eastern March and gained considerable autonomy within the Empire. Feudalization was intensified on Slovenian territory, but the process was halted by the penetration of hungarians at the end of the 9th century. After the defeat of the Bavars in the battle of the Hungarians near Bratislava in 907, the territory of central Slovenia fell under Hungarian rule for about a century. The feudal system was thus formed only after the defeat of the Hungarians at Augsburg in 955 and the reintegration of this territory into the Empire, in the 10th and 11th centuries.
See also Today Best A Brief History Of Cuba Timeline 1902
In the Empire
After the new conquest, the administrative organization was also changed, based on the border counties (marches or landscapes). Emperor Oton II, who became a duchy in 976, subjugated the neighbouring border counties: the Carantana Marko, Podravska and Savinjsko marko, Kranjska, Istrian Marko and Friulian and The Verona Marko. This semi-independent formation existed until the beginning of the 11th century, when the lands began to form. During this period, the feudal system was consolidated, important noble lineages were settled, the first castles were created and the hub system of sharing arable land was established. Brižine monuments also originate from this time.
In the high Middle Ages, the historical regions of Styria, Carinthia, Kranjska, Goriška, Trieste and Istria were formed in the High Middle Ages in Slovenia, incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.
The arrival and consolidation of the Habsburgs after the extinct Dukes
of Austria, The Babenberžani, and in 1269 the Carniola and Carinthian Spanheimi, the Czech King Otokar II. Přemysl, who tore from Styria and Koroško in 1260, established himself in Slovenia. Since 1254, he has held Austria with his hands and became Friulan’s general captain in 1272, he has controlled territories from the Czech Republic to the Adriatic Sea. However, Emperor Rudolf I of Habsburg did not recognise these acquisitions and began a war that ended with the defeat of Isle of Isary in 1278. In 1282, Rudolf gave his sons Albreht and Rudolf to the feuds Austria and Styria, carinthia and Carniola were given the Majnhardin (Tyrol) branch of the Counts of Gorizia. When this large family died out in 1335, the Habsburgs acquired Carniola and Carinthia, and in 1374 the Istrian Paterian County and Slovenska marko were inherited after the second branch of Goriška. In 1382, trieste was eventually acquired and thus the exit to the Adriatic Sea.
The Habsburg authorities, however, temporarily threatened the rise of the native family, the Counts of Celje. This began in the second third of the 14th century: in 1333 they inedided the Vovbržani, in 1341 they were given the earl’s title, and the connection with emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg allowed them to extend their possessions to Hungary and Croatia. In 1436, Sigismund promoted them to the state principals, allowing the development of a special land, the Principality of Celje. The promotion also sparked a war with the Habsburgs, which in 1443 ended with a settlement between Frederick II. The Celan and Frederick III. With the settlement, the families entered into an inheritance agreement, but after the death of the last Celje Ulrik II in 1456, the Habsburgs had to defend it in the War of The City of Celje Heritage. (until 1460).
At the end ofevents in the area were marked by Turkish invasions. Dissatisfaction with the under-feudal defence against the Turks and the introduction of new, especially natural taxes and pressures, have also caused peasant revolts in Slovenia. The largest was 1515 covered almost all Slovenian territory. In 1572/73 Slovenian and Croatian farmers were linked in a joint revolt. The riots continued with bloody defeats until the first half of the 18th century.
From the Reformation to the
Spring of the Peoples In the mid-16th century, the Reformation of the predominantly Lutheran direction was being reformed in Slovenia, laying the foundations of the Slovene literary language and thus the creation of the Slovenian language community. Primož Trubar published the first slovene books in 1550, Alphabet and Catechism. Protestants published about 50 other books in Slovene, including the first Slovene grammar and in 1584 Dalmatian translation of the entire Bible.
In the early 17th century, princely absolutism and the Catholic Church suppressed Protestantism and for a long time suppressed literature in the Slovene language. The enlightened civilisational action in Central Europe, especially in the Habsburg monarchy, also had major positive effects for the Slovenian people. It has accelerated economic development and enabled the emergence of Slovenian bourgeoisies.
During the reign of Maria Theresa and her son, Emperor Joseph II (1765-1790), when the general school obligation was introduced and basic education was introduced in The Slovene language (1774), the cultural linguistic campaign of Slovenian educated people began to form the Slovenian people.
At the end of the 18th century, Slovenian lands were achieved by clashes of the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1797, at the end of the first coalition, French troops briefly occupied parts of today’s Slovenian territory. After the signing of the Campoformian peace, the entire Slovenian ethnic territory came within the framework of the Habsburg monarchy, as the Habsburgs, in exchange for Lombardy and the Austrian Netherlands, received the former Venetian Istria and the Beneces. But even after the defeat in the third coalition war and the signing of Bratislava Peace (1805), the monarchy lost both provinces that had fallen to the French Italian Kingdom.
After the new defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1809, Napoleon, with schönbrunn peace, tore from the Habsburg monarchy from the southwestern Slovenian lands (to Sava) and, in the territory of Western Carinthia, Carniola, Goriška, Trieste, Istria, Dalmatia and Croatia south of Sava, founded the Illyrian Province (1809-1813) with the capital in Ljubljana. The short-lived French rule changed taxes, introduced law reforms (Code Napoleon) and improved the position of Slovene in schools, and did not abolish feudalism, even though it had planned it.
The improved position of Slovene and some other influences of the French occupation of about half of today’s Slovenia, as well as the influences of the ideas of the French Revolution, have further accelerated the creation of awareness of the existence of a special Slovenian nation. Anton Tomaž Linhart in hisneery, Jernej Kopitar in linguistics and some others helped to promote the notion of ethnic unity of the Slavic people of Carniola, the southern part of Styria and Carinthia and Gorizia and part of Istria and the Tržaška hinterland. However, such beliefs were mainly characteristic of a part of the educated, and among the wider class the French occupation remained remembered mainly after high taxes.
In the pre-March period, the modernization of the village continued and the first industrialisation began.
The greatest Slovenian poet France Prešeren helped to transcend linguistic regionalisms, established a unified literary language for all Slovenes and defended it from attempts to intow into some artificial Illyrian-Yugoslav language. In the European Spring of Nations, March and Aprila 1848 the first Slovenian political programme called “Zedinjena Slovenija” was created, which required the merging of all the countries inhabited by Slovenes into one country, Slovenia.
See also A Concise Iceland History Timeline 1944
Austro-Hungarian Parliament in
1867, Slovenian Members already won a majority in the regional elections in Carniola. That year, with the division of the state into the Hungarian and Austrian half, Austro-Hungarian was formed. Most of today’s Slovenian territory remained in the Austrian part of the monarchy, but Prekmurje remained in the Hungarian part. Already in 1866, after the lost war with Italy and Prussia, Italy was given the Beneria; Venetian Slovenes thus came under Italy, which was confirmed by a formal plebiscite.
The Slovenian political movement during this time marked the first common ethnic struggle of all Slovenes (period of stylisticity), and later political differences deepened, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, which is the period of cultural struggle between the clerical and liberal channel of bourgeois politicians. In the early 20th century, socialist political associations were also claimed, led by rationalists, and colleagues were sought during the increasing number of work. The reflections of the political relationships then set can be traced back to 100 years, at the beginning of the 21st century.
The Programme of United Slovenia remained a red line for the next 60 years in the national political efforts of the Slovenian people in the Habsburg monarchy. From this period it is typical that Slovenes were not recognized in the world, although many famous Slovenes achieved the world’s peak with their work (Stefan, Potočnik, Jakopič, Cankar, Puh, Rusjan, Plemelj, Miklošič, Pregl, Vidmar…)
I During the First World War, which hit Slovenia hard, especially through the Bloody Sox Front and the imperialist politics of superpowers, which threatened to dismember The Slovenian territory between several countries (London Agreement, 1915), the Slovenes were already trying to settle their national position in a joint national unit with croats and Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy.
The request, known as the May Declaration, was made by Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian Membersto federalise the monarchy (e.g. Emperor Karla’s October manifesto) were rejected by most Slovenian politicians who were already leaning country was longest defended by the former chief of the Slovenian People’s Party and carniolan provincial governorThe period between the world wars
After the defeat of Austro-Hungarian and Central Forces, the Croatian saboteur in Zagreb and the people’s rally in Ljubljana on 29 October 1918 proclaimed Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with a centre in Zagreb. Danger from Italy, on 1 December 1915, the unification of the SHS with the Kingdom of Serbia in3 October 1929, resulted in the unification of the SHS state.
In 1919, Yugoslav troops occupied the Prekmurje and annexed it to the Kingdom. After the lost Carinthia plebiscite in 1920, southern Carinthia fell to Austria. After the signing of the Rapal Treaty (1920), the border with Italy was arranged, which was given to the whole of Western Slovenia.
The majority of the Slovenian people in the Yugoslav state, which was fully centralistly regulated, did not enjoy any constitutional autonomy, but because of its compact ethnic settlement and the dominance of the political SLS party, which advocated autonomy, it actually lived a fairly autonomous national life, which even the centralist Belgrade legislation could not undermine. Slovenia developed economically and culturally well. In her political life, until the introduction of the Sixth January Dicatature (1929), there was a fierce battle between the Slovenian People’s Party and the liberal Yugoslav Democratic Party.
Germany was preparing to attack the Soviet Union after Hitler tried to extend the triple pact to the foursome, but the conflict of interest of Germany and the Soviet Union prevented this, as the two had strong territorial aspirations for the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania also joined the Triple Pact in 1940. This greatly increased the pressure on Yugoslavia for her, too, to sign an approach, which Hitler, who wanted to protect the southern side from the invasion of the North. On 25 March 1941, the ny, followed two days later, on 27 March, by the puč led by the air general Dušan Simović. The Regent Prince Paul was deposed and the successor (who was he?) was declared an adult. The interim leadership has been taken over by the general. Hitler was thus no longer found reliable by Yugoslavia, and thus on 6 April 1941, according to the military plan of Marita and without a military announcement, the enemy i famouspurely symbolic, as they were able to collect only half of the conscripts due to the slow mobilisOn 10 April Germany passed Zagreb and Belgrade on 12 April. The Italian army only launched its attack on April 11, when Hungary also joined. At the time, the German army was already in Karlac. The Italian army split into two parts: the part penetrated against and Ljubljana and beyond kočevja, and the second part penetrated through Dalmatia. The German army also invaded from Bulgaria, easily preventing the withdrawal ofthe U.S. Army on the Thessaloniki Front. Thus, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was occupied by 4 occupiers and theauthorities earned the right to establish the NDH, but the territory was still under the occupier’s control. The NDH was controlled by the Germans and the South by the Italians. Shortly after the occupation, the Slovenian National Council was created, led by Dr. Marko Natlačen, who called for the peaceful surrender of weapons and surrender to the occupier, which, of course, the military command refused. Hungary occupied most of Prekmurje and Medžimurje, while the fourth occupiers of the first Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, occupied eastern Macedonia. Large Albania was connected parts of eastern Montenegro and Macedonia.
The Italians led the world’s most welcoming politics on their occupied territory, which was at odds with the inter-war happenings, when they tried to destroy the 300,000 Slovenes who remained outside the borders of their home country. Thus, during the period of occupation, bilingualism was introduced into schools only as a stions were launched. The German form of occupation was the most severe of all three, as all Slovenian newspapers were banned, tteaching language, adults were forcibly enrolled in the Styrian Homeland Union and the Carinthic People’s Union or their armed division forcibly took away 600 children who seemingly metLebensborn (Lebensborn: please find some other translation), they introduced Nazi laws, and later began military mobilization of the population, which was contrary to international law,…
On 26 April 1941, the Anti-Imperialist Front was established in Ljubljana (renamed the Liberation Front in the time of Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union), which launched an armed fight against the occupiers. The founding groups of the Anti-Imperialist Front were: the Communist Party of Slovenia, part of the Christian Socialists, the democratic part of the liberal Sokol Gymnastics Association and part of the cultural ists, but they were unconnected. On 22 June 1941, the Main Command of partisan forces was established, and on the same day the Slogans of the Liberation Movement of. Later, on 1 November 1941, the Fundamental Points of the OF were published, the 8th and 9th points of which. The leading role in the Liberation Front was taken over by the Communist Party of Slovenia, which took over all power in the bloody NOB itself, with the signing of the Dolomite Declaration on 1 March 1943.
In 1943, a substantially liberated territory was created in Kočevje, where the OF organised the Kočevski Zbor, where it elected the highest body of the Slovenian state, took the decision to join session of AVNOJ.
At the end of the war, the Slovenian pliberated the entire Slovenian ethnic territory.
The formation of the Federative
Yugoslavia The Assembly of Envoys of the Slovenian People in Kočevju in October 1943 decided to integrate Slovenia into the new Yugoslavia, which was established at the AVNOja meeting in Egg in November 1943 and was declared fed two years laterThe People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (FLRJ). Slovenia was renamed the People’s Republic of Slovenia as an integral part of it. By 1947, all private activity was nationalised.
After the break with the Soviet Union in 1948, Yugoslavia began to introduce a milder form of socialism based on social property and self-governance. The city of Trieste with its surroundings came to Italy. In 1963, FLRJ Slovenia was renamed the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.
Slovenia developed economically rapidly, especially in the 1950s, when the country was heavily industrialised. Following Slovenia was the fastest approach to a market economy among all six republics. Despite the dampening economic and social legislation, which was mainly laid down by the largest Serbian nation, which relied on underdeveloped republics in its centralist efforts, Slovenia maintained its greater economic development, better qualification structure, better work discipline and organisation than the national average.
Slovenia generated as much as 2.5 times the national average, which strengthened national self-esteem among Slovenes. This self-confidence was shown in both the economic and cultural spheres.
Slovenia After the
death of Josip Broz in 1980, the economic and political situation began to exacerbate, leading to the end of the SFR in 10 years. The first clear demand for slovenian independence was made in 1987 by a group of educated people in the 57th issue of the New Magazine. The demands for democratisation and resistance against centralist Yugoslavia were triggered by the arrest of three associates of the political weekly Mladina and the Deputy Officer of the JLA.
In 1988 and 1989, the first opposition political parties formed, demanding a sovereign state of the Slovenian people in the Majnica Declaration in 1989in which the opposition won were united in DEMOS. On 23 December of that year, more than 88 percent of voters opted for an independent and independent Slovenia in a plebiscite. On 25 June 1991, the Slovenian Parliament adopted a constitutional law to implement Independenceeral laws by which Slovenia assumed the previous powers of the Federation on its territory. The next day, the new country was attacked by the Yugoslav army. After the 10-day war, a ceasefire was reached with the Brijuni Declaration on July 7. On 18 July, the SFD Presidency decided to withdraw the JLA with weapons and equipment from Slovenia and in October 1991 the last soldier of the JLA left Slovenia. A denationalisation law was passed in November and a new constitution was adopted in December. Slovenia in the European Union in February 1999 March 2004Slovenia took over the common European currency the euro on 1 January 2007.
Slovenia History timeline
Read Also History of Slovakia
Are Slovenia and Slovakia the same?
Are Slovenia and Slovakia the same? Slovakia and Slovenia are different country.
. ..:: HISTORY OF SLOVENIA::.. SLOVENIA MY COUNTRY! (50webs.com)
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Shaw Contract Group continues to expand its presence within China by opening a showroom in Beijing. Sales personnel serving the Beijing market will be based in the new showroom. Once Shaw Contract Group opens its new carpet tile manufacturing facility in 2013, Shaw showrooms and offices throughout Asia will become an even greater resource for customers to survey the brands entire product line of recyclable EcoWorx tile products.
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Absolute and relative error Compute the absolute and relative errors in using c to approximate x.
?In Problems 3–6ess. The flaws in a piece of timber occur at the rate of 0.07 per linear foot.
3CRE: ?Histogram Use the frequency distribution from Exercise 2 to constr...
72E: The lifetime ?X ?(in hundreds of hours) of a certain type of vacuum...
101P: ?Consider the neutralization reaction.\(\mathrm{HCl}(a q)+\mathrm{N...
21E: Let a1, a2,…. an and b1,b2.... bn be real numbers. Use the recursiv...


Vaporizing flavors, or e-juices as they are sometimes called, have become extremely popular among teens and adults alike. The reason for this popularity is the proven fact that vaporizing allows for a person in order to inhale significantly more nicotine than they might if smoking. By vaporizing rather than smoking one is taking the first step towards becoming a non-smoker for good.
There are numerous groups which are very critical of public health in americaextremely critical of public health generally. The point that vaporizing flavors sometimes appears as somewhat of a progress by many in the public health community makes them particularly peeved. They Vape feel that it threatens the interests of smokers that are trying to quit cigarettes. This group feels that there surely is no real danger from vaporing flavors, but instead that they pose a threat to children.
When adults discuss the subject of e-cigs and vaporizing flavors they often times mention the dangers of nicotine. They point out that nicotine is highly addictive and that children could be affected by their use. They also point out that e-cigs don’t release each of the nicotine at once. Some of the nicotine is released over a period and the user must continually go back for a refill actual amount of nicotine in the e-cigs.
Recently there were efforts to obtain flavored vaporizing flavors regulated by the FDA. A bill has been introduced in congress that would make it illegal to market any product as containing nicotine. Flavored e-cigs have already started facing regulations in a few states. The FDA is looking at two different studies being done by independent researchers, which are studying the effects on both the short and long term health ramifications of flavored vaporizing flavors.
One of the studies being done was a joint study between your American Society of Clinical Trial Investigators (ASTRI) and the American Council on Research on Cancer. This band of researchers from both groups looked at two sets of e-juice from three companies: Vape Pens antiqued Fun. They were looking into two different sets of people using two several types of e-cigs: person who used a flavored puff and one who used a non-flavored puff. This is said to be a three-month study and the results were presented recently at a gathering. Here is the crux of what happened.
Most users of both flavored and non-flavored pens had never smoked a cigarette before. The reason why the researchers chose to study young people is basically because cigarettes are so bad for young people’s health. Cigarettes are filled with many harmful chemicals which were deemed carcinogens by environmentally friendly Protection Agency. Not merely does this harmful to young people’s health, in addition, it makes it very difficult to allow them to quit smoking. So, the researchers wanted to see if the same thing could happen when you used e-juice instead of cigarettes.
The two researchers chose two very famous e-cigs: Mountain Dew and Vaping Fox. They then ran some basic statistical tests to observe how well the two tested e-cigs harmonized to the popular brands of cigarettes. After achieving this, the researchers discovered that certain vaping flavors may actually be more appealing to certain demographics than others.
For example, while some people should smoke menthol and coffee, they could desire to avoid orange and lemon. This makes sense because those flavors are typically connected with strong tastes and aroma, which may be intimidating to new smokers. Another problem that comes from this data is that it implies that your particular flavor preferences tend to be more in line with your lifestyle choices. That means that it could be hard for people to quit if they are constantly cravings for certain vaping liquids.
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This is the detailed documentation of all public classes and functions. You can also search for specific modules, classes, or functions in the Index.
pytransform3d.rotations¶
Rotations in three dimensions - SO(3).
See SO(3): 3D Rotations for more information.
Input Validation Functions¶
check_matrix
check_skew_symmetric_matrix
Input validation of a skew-symmetric matrix.
check_axis_angle
Input validation of axis-angle representation.
check_compact_axis_angle
Input validation of compact axis-angle representation.
check_quaternion
Input validation of quaternion representation.
check_quaternions
check_rotor
Input validation of rotor.
Conversions to Rotation Matrix¶
passive_matrix_from_angle
Compute passive rotation matrix from rotation about basis vector.
active_matrix_from_angle
Compute active rotation matrix from rotation about basis vector.
matrix_from_two_vectors
matrix_from_axis_angle
Compute rotation matrix from axis-angle.
matrix_from_compact_axis_angle
Compute rotation matrix from compact axis-angle.
matrix_from_quaternion
Compute rotation matrix from quaternion.
matrix_from_rotor
Compute rotation matrix from rotor.
Conversions to Axis-Angle¶
axis_angle_from_matrix
Compute axis-angle from rotation matrix.
axis_angle_from_quaternion
Compute axis-angle from quaternion.
axis_angle_from_compact_axis_angle
Compute axis-angle from compact axis-angle representation.
compact_axis_angle
compact_axis_angle_from_matrix
Compute compact axis-angle from rotation matrix.
compact_axis_angle_from_quaternion
Compute compact axis-angle from quaternion (logarithmic map).
Conversions to Quaternion¶
quaternion_from_matrix
Compute quaternion from rotation matrix.
quaternion_from_axis_angle
Compute quaternion from axis-angle.
quaternion_from_compact_axis_angle
Compute quaternion from compact axis-angle (exponential map).
quaternion_xyzw_from_wxyz
Converts from w, x, y, z to x, y, z, w convention.
quaternion_wxyz_from_xyzw
Converts from x, y, z, w to w, x, y, z convention.
Conversions to Rotor¶
rotor_from_two_directions
Construct the rotor that rotates one vector to another.
rotor_from_plane_angle
Compute rotor from plane bivector and angle.
Quaternion and Axis-Angle Operations¶
axis_angle_from_two_directions
axis_angle_slerp
Spherical linear interpolation.
concatenate_quaternions
q_prod_vector
Apply rotation represented by a quaternion to a vector.
q_conj
quaternion_slerp
quaternion_dist
quaternion_diff
Compute the rotation in angle-axis format that rotates q2 into q1.
quaternion_gradient
quaternion_integrate
Integrate angular velocities to quaternions.
wedge
plane_normal_from_bivector
Convert bivector to normal vector of a plane.
geometric_product
concatenate_rotors
rotor_reverse
Invert rotor.
rotor_apply
rotor_slerp
plot_basis
Plot basis of a rotation matrix.
plot_axis_angle
Plot rotation axis and angle.
plot_bivector
assert_axis_angle_equal
assert_compact_axis_angle_equal
assert_quaternion_equal
assert_rotation_matrix
Raise an assertion if a matrix is not a rotation matrix.
norm_vector
norm_matrix
Normalize rotation matrix.
norm_angle
Normalize angle to (-pi, pi].
norm_axis_angle
Normalize axis-angle representation.
norm_compact_axis_angle
Normalize compact axis-angle representation.
perpendicular_to_vectors
angle_between_vectors
vector_projection
random_vector
Generate an nd vector with normally distributed components.
random_axis_angle
Generate random axis-angle.
random_compact_axis_angle
Generate random compact axis-angle.
random_quaternion
Generate random quaternion.
cross_product_matrix
matrix_from
Compute rotation matrix from another representation.
matrix_from_angle
matrix_from_euler_xyz
Compute passive rotation matrix from intrinsic xyz Tait-Bryan angles.
matrix_from_euler_zyx
Compute passive rotation matrix from intrinsic zyx Tait-Bryan angles.
euler_xyz_from_matrix
Compute xyz Euler angles from passive rotation matrix.
euler_zyx_from_matrix
Compute zyx Euler angles from passive rotation matrix.
assert_euler_xyz_equal
assert_euler_zyx_equal
pytransform3d.transformations¶
Transformations in three dimensions - SE(3).
See SE(3): 3D Transformations for more information.
random_transform
Generate random transform.
random_screw_axis
norm_exponential_coordinates
check_transform
Input validation of transform.
check_pq
Input validation for position and orientation quaternion.
check_screw_parameters
Input validation of screw parameters.
check_screw_axis
check_exponential_coordinates
check_screw_matrix
check_transform_log
Input validation for logarithm of transformation.
check_dual_quaternion
Conversions to Transformation Matrix¶
transform_from
Make transformation from rotation matrix and translation.
translate_transform
Sets the translation of a transform.
rotate_transform
Sets the rotation of a transform.
transform_from_pq
Compute transformation matrix from position and quaternion.
transform_from_exponential_coordinates
Compute transformation matrix from exponential coordinates.
transform_from_transform_log
Compute transformation from matrix logarithm of transformation.
transform_from_dual_quaternion
Compute transformation matrix from dual quaternion.
Conversions to Position and Quaternion¶
pq_from_transform
Compute position and quaternion from transformation matrix.
pq_from_dual_quaternion
Compute position and quaternion from dual quaternion.
Conversions to Screw Parameters¶
screw_parameters_from_screw_axis
screw_parameters_from_dual_quaternion
Conversions to Screw Axis¶
screw_axis_from_screw_parameters
screw_axis_from_exponential_coordinates
screw_axis_from_screw_matrix
Conversions to Exponential Coordinates¶
exponential_coordinates_from_transform
exponential_coordinates_from_screw_axis
exponential_coordinates_from_transform_log
Conversions to Screw Matrix¶
screw_matrix_from_screw_axis
screw_matrix_from_transform_log
Compute screw matrix from logarithm of transformation.
Conversions to Matrix Logarithm¶
transform_log_from_exponential_coordinates
Compute matrix logarithm of transformation from exponential coordinates.
transform_log_from_screw_matrix
Compute matrix logarithm of transformation from screw matrix and theta.
transform_log_from_transform
Compute matrix logarithm of transformation from transformation.
Conversions to Dual Quaternions¶
dual_quaternion_from_transform
Compute dual quaternion from transformation matrix.
dual_quaternion_from_pq
Compute dual quaternion from position and quaternion.
dual_quaternion_from_screw_parameters
Compute dual quaternion from screw parameters.
Apply Transformations¶
concat
Concatenate transformations.
invert_transform
Invert transform.
transform
Transform point or list of points or directions.
vector_to_point
vectors_to_points
vector_to_direction
vectors_to_directions
scale_transform
Scale a transform from A to reference frame B.
adjoint_from_transform
Dual Quaternion Operations¶
dq_conj
Conjugate of dual quaternion.
dq_q_conj
Quaternion conjugate of dual quaternion.
concatenate_dual_quaternions
dq_prod_vector
Apply transform represented by a dual quaternion to a vector.
dual_quaternion_power
Compute power of unit dual quaternion with respect to scalar.
dual_quaternion_sclerp
plot_transform
Plot transform.
plot_screw
Plot transformation about and along screw axis.
assert_transform
Raise an assertion if the transform is not a homogeneous matrix.
assert_unit_dual_quaternion
Raise an assertion if the dual quaternion does not have unit norm.
assert_unit_dual_quaternion_equal
Raise an assertion if unit dual quaternions are not approximately equal.
assert_screw_parameters_equal
Raise an assertion if two sets of screw parameters are not similar.
pytransform3d.batch_rotations¶
Batch operations on rotations in three dimensions - SO(3).
Conversions from this module operate on batches of orientations or rotations and can be orders of magnitude faster than a loop of individual conversions.
All functions operate on nd arrays, where the last dimension (vectors) or the last two dimensions (matrices) contain individual rotations.
norm_vectors
angles_between_vectors
active_matrices_from_angles
active_matrices_from_intrinsic_euler_angles
active_matrices_from_extrinsic_euler_angles
matrices_from_compact_axis_angles
axis_angles_from_matrices
cross_product_matrices
matrices_from_quaternions
quaternions_from_matrices
Compute quaternions from rotation matrices.
quaternion_slerp_batch
Spherical linear interpolation for a batch of steps.
pytransform3d.trajectories¶
Trajectories in three dimensions - SE(3).
Conversions from this module operate on batches of poses or transformations and can be 400 to 1000 times faster than a loop of individual conversions.
invert_transforms
Invert transforms.
transforms_from_pqs
Get sequence of homogeneous matrices from positions and quaternions.
pqs_from_transforms
exponential_coordinates_from_transforms
transforms_from_exponential_coordinates
dual_quaternions_from_pqs
pqs_from_dual_quaternions
batch_dq_conj
batch_concatenate_dual_quaternions
batch_dq_prod_vector
Apply transforms represented by a dual quaternions to vectors.
plot_trajectory
Plot pose trajectory.
matrices_from_pos_quat
pytransform3d.transform_manager¶
Manage complex chains of transformations.
See Managing Transformations for more information.
TransformManager
pytransform3d.editor¶
Modify transformations visually.
TransformEditor
GUI to edit transformations.
pytransform3d.urdf¶
Load transformations from URDF files.
UrdfTransformManager
Link from URDF file.
Joint from URDF file.
Geometry
Geometrical object.
Box
Geometrical object: box.
Sphere
Geometrical object: sphere.
Cylinder
Geometrical object: cylinder.
Mesh
Geometrical object: mesh.
parse_urdf
initialize_urdf_transform_manager
Initializes transform manager from previously parsed URDF data.
pytransform3d.camera¶
Transformations related to cameras.
See Camera for more information.
make_world_grid
Generate grid in world coordinate frame.
make_world_line
Generate line in world coordinate frame.
cam2sensor
Project points from 3D camera coordinate system to sensor plane.
sensor2img
world2image
Project points from 3D world coordinate system to 2D image.
plot_camera
pytransform3d.plot_utils¶
Utilities for plotting.
make_3d_axis
Generate new 3D axis.
remove_frame
Remove axis and scale bbox.
plot_vector
Plot Vector.
plot_length_variable
Plot length with text at its center.
plot_box
plot_sphere
plot_cylinder
plot_mesh
Arrow3D
Frame
A Matplotlib artist that displays a frame represented by its basis.
LabeledFrame
Displays a frame represented by its basis with axis labels.
Trajectory
A Matplotlib artist that displays a trajectory.
pytransform3d.visualizer¶
Optional 3D renderer based on Open3D’s visualizer.


o three of your mates or family to see if you have the skills you need to build a banana empire and be crowned King of the Jungle.utan.
Check your buzzers
This game is a must for all families. Ours consists of 2 adults, a 13 year old boy, 9 year old girl and 4 year old girl and all of us think its fab! Agree with previous reviewer though about the buzzers - it was our 3rd set before we got one with all 4 working ! Worth the wait though, cant put the damn thing down ! Me and hubby just off to play now the kids are in bed! If you buy one playstation game in the new year - make it this one!!!
Why didn't they include a pause button?


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A compromise between Republican lawmakers and ride-hailing firms like Uber was on thin ice Friday afternoon as Session raced to a close, until finally, the bill hit a brick wall.
Sen. David Simmons, the Senate Rules Chair, had worked on the bill (SB 1118) for months. I” in Capitol-ese.
The House — which favors a more Uber-friendly approach — passed its own bill (HB 509) last month that addressed insurance but also included a provision that is anathema in the Senate
The two sides, with Uber at the wheel on behalf of the House, engaged in a heated and increasingly personal battle.
Simmons said he met “hours upon hours” with Uber, Lyft, and taxicab companies, insurers, and made “massive amounts of attempts” to come up with language that worked for all. It didn’t happen.
Uber made a last-ditch campaign urging the Senate to take up the House language via a bill sponsored by Sen. Jeff Brandes. They even went so far as to deliver a three-feet-high stack of some 32,000 petition signatures to the desk of Senate President Andy Gardiner on Thursday, but to no avail.
In the end, after Sine Die, neither Simmons’ nor Brandes’ bill passed the Senate.
Meanwhile, the state of Florida continues to operate on a patchwork basis with some local governments allowing so-called “ride-sharing” apps, and other prohibiting or limiting it.
The issue is practically guaranteed to come back in Tallahassee next year.


"If I lower my nitrate, will my neighbour have aphids and I won't?"
When you have been doing trials for years, you occasionally want to talk about them. This is exactly what NovaCropControl's plant sap specialists did on Wednesday, 31 August, during an open evening. Consultant Tim Weijs gave a presentation on aphids at the well-attended evening. Research has shown that aphid pressure can be reduced by adjusting nutrition.
Much aphid susceptibility of crops and nitrate levels in plants. Yet, at NovaCropControl, there is an idea that there is more than just the relationship nitrate-aphid susceptibility. Tim: "We want to crack the code or at least understand how it is."
Tim discussed an experiment with wheat on rockwool, useful as a sterile baseline. He showed that the more nitrate a plant is given, the bigger the plant grows. In turn, aphids tend to go for the biggest plant, so that combination is not useful for those who want to grow aphid-free.
The five wheat plants Tim took were given increasing levels of nitrate from left to right, ranging from 1 mmol to 14 mmol. The EC varied from 1.5 to a maximum of 2 for the plant with 14 mmol.
In the study, the plants were put in a tube, and cereal aphids were deliberately added. The plants could still get air through a mesh cover but otherwise could not escape the aphids. "We also did the test once in the tunnel greenhouse in aphid tents, but there we had so many fly-ins in the weeks before the tents were placed over the crop..." Laughs: "That provided a lot of data, super cool, but we couldn't do anything with it."
After two weeks in the tube, the researchers run the plant leaf by leaf to score the aphids. In total, the researchers are able to do 24 rounds a year like this and are making rapid progress. "We are learning a lot about how aphids reproduce," he says.
What the researchers have also learned is that some fine-tuning of the research method could be done. At the open evening, this also proved to be something that applied to other studies. A good reason for the researchers to deliberately take a step back sometimes.
The researchers are currently still looking specifically at nitrate, but in the future, they also want to look at other specific nutritional elements, such as manganese, iron, amino acids, and various types of plant enhancers. Each time, the basis is a plant sap analysis. It is also still possible to investigate the attractiveness of crops to aphids. "If I lower my nitrate, will my neighbor have aphids and I won't?" a grower laughingly posed as a question.
One attendee wanted to know if silicon, a popular substance among plant enhancer producers, would also be looked at. "Who knows," Tim indicated with a laugh. "When you see how many questions we get about all kinds of different substances, you know there is still a lot to explore."
Attentive audience at Tim's presentation. Tim gave several at the open evening, allowing all the 100 or so visitors to catch up.


if you want to get on, communicate your domain expertise, maybe with a nice newsletter once a month, to your colleagues (as well as your clients and such like). That way when the cool work comes up that you can help with, you get the gig.
Demonstrate Your Expertise When you're seen as an expert in your organization, you' T increase your visibility.


Boutique Magazine > Blog > Fashion Fix > 10-year inflation rise high is a "black eye to the average small businessthe inflation rise was driven by "i"
He added: "comments: "The pain that so many small business owners are having to endure just went up several notches and is becoming almost unbearable. Many will need to decide whether to up the prices of their products and services to take the pressure off their own finances, which puts their income and sales at risk, or simply take it on the chins, and with Black Friday already hoovering up a lot of money that could be spent locally, is a black eye to the average small business. It's brutal out there and more than ever people need to shop local to help small businesses and their local high streets survive."
Meanwhile, Jamie Rackham, founder of Facebook group NOT ON AMAZON adds: "Out-of-control inflation is causing an existential dilemma for so many small businesses. Do they up their prices to help manage their own living costs, which risks losing sales, or just deal with the pain?"


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"I recall one woman crying with joy as we kept coming in and out of her home with gifts," said Backner. "You could tell she was struggling for the words; she just stood there in awe."
"Over the years I have donated and dropped off the gifts, and each time, it is simply amazing to see the tremendous generosity of our own MEDITECH families," said Backner. "The boatloads of donations just take your breath away."
"Many of us have seen how family illness, a lost job, or other circumstance canComing from a family culture like MEDITECH'— in the same way we hope others would help us, if we ever needed it."
"I have a friend who teaches in Germantown, so I know firsthand how much these families need our help to make it through the holiday season. Just knowing that I am helping kids who otherwise may not have gotten anything for Christmas, and putting a smile on their faces, makes it all worth it!"


Private Investigator Derbyshire within Higher GamesHigher Gamesley, Hilltop, Highgate as well as Horwich EndHighgate, Hilltop, Hope or even Hockerley er Gamesley and I am starting to fret.


Inexcellent beaches to Bollywood, India has something great about itself that draws attention of tourists worldwide. Rang7 is a site that offers to book flight tickets and gives you exciting packages offers to visit visit Rang7. This site offOur priority is our customers’ satisfaction. We can also help you plan your holiday, giving you tips on what’s hot in Rimini and helping you with restaurant reservations, maps and tours. We also offer the holiday packages for those who want a care-free, relaxed holiday, with no stress at all.
After breakfast, go to a half-day city tour of Cape Town. Visit the Malay Quarter, the District Six, panoramic city tour passing the Houses of Parliament City Hall and Slave Lodge. Later drive Table Mountain, you are transported to the cable car on top of a spectacular unforgettable view “the fairest Cape in the world.” Later, back at the hotel. Stay overnight in Cape Town.
Brazil is very tempting. It comes as no surprise as it tops most people’s list of holiday destinations. The budget tips mentioned here will help you save money during your holiday trip to one of South America’s pride.


Silver Linings Playbook could be the worst representation of a film by trailers ever. I didn’t think I would particularly enjoy it (but am cursed by a need to see all Oscar-nominated films), but five minutes into it I realised that I read the book (by Matthew Quick) four years ago and loved it.
Maybe my memory is going and I should have remembered the title, but being as they changed the lead character’s name and ethnicity, the importance of the minor characters (who are truly minor in the novel), the ending and the whole point of the story, it may not be quite so surprising. I still liked the film – very loosely based on the novel – but the question remains; did Jennifer Lawrence deserve that Oscar for best actress?
The answer is possibly, but no more so than Bradley Cooper as best actor, but then, the Academy had already decided to give that to Daniel Day Lewis in Lincoln, which meant the best aspect of this film went unrewarded. Cooper plays Pat Solatano Jnr., who checks out of a mental health institution against medical advice. He was committed after assaulting his wife’s lover and has served his sentence, but has also been diagnosed with bi-polar disorder.
In keeping with his new up-beat mentality, Pat Jnr. reads only the books on the English language syllabus that have happy endings – he throws Hemingway out of the window. Neither does he approve of Lord of the Flies in which he deplores that humanity is nasty, and there are no silver linings. Even if he weren’t suffering a mental illness, he would find it tough to remain resilient in the face of his brother, Jake’s (Shea Whigham) insistence on talking of all the things that are going right for himself and wrong for Pat Jnr.
His old friend, Ronnie (John Ortiz), invites him to dinner with his domineering wife, Veronica (Julia Stiles) and her sister, Tiffany (Jennifer Lawrence), dealing with her husband’s death through reckless promiscuity. If this is supposed to offer an alternative home scenario, it is not a particularly appealing one. Everyone has problems and is undergoing a variety of therapy. Ronnie goes to the garage when he gets angry, where he plays loud music and punches things to work out his aggression.
Besides sex, Tiffany uses dance as a physical outlet. She is the first to admit, “I’m not that great a dancer, but who cares – it’s therapy and I like it” She needs a partner to perform a routine, so she teaches Pat Jnr to dance, sharing intimacy and touch. More than the necessary steps, he learns to let go of the past and painful memories and begins to live in the present, assimilating valuable lessons of focus, collaboration and discipline.
Labels: Bradley Cooper, David O Russell, filmrk, Robert de Niro, Silver Linings Playbook
I asked myself the same question last February: Why did Jennifer Lawrence get the oscar for Best Actress? I can only conclude that, without fail, once the Academy neglects to award an actor for their outstanding work, they shortly follow it up by awarding the person an Oscar when the performance didn't merit it, but their star power is still at megawatts. (E.g. Jen should have gotten it for Winter's Bone and even The Hunger Games but didn't so they awarded it to her for this over-the-top business).
Crossing the Line: 'Contemporary Art'


Over a decades-long career, Richard Hughes has gained extensive knowledge of ruby and sapphire gemstones.?In this interview, he discusses how he became a leading ruby expert, reveals what he looks for in fine red corundum, and offers his advice for those starting out in the ruby trade.
Rough Mozambique ruby in the Chanthaburi market, Thailand. Photo by Richard W. Hughes, Lotus Gemology.
d I set out for Europe. Our original plan was to spend the winter in Israel. My friend was Jewish, and that was his personal pilgrimage. At one point, I met an Australian who had just come from Asia. He described Europe as “a bit tame” and started spinning yarns about his trip overland from Australia. It sounded so exotic, so exciting, and when he mentioned Nepal, I was hooked. I had seen documentaries in school about “marching to Everest,” and the thought of walking in those footsteps was extremely exciting to me. My friend and I parted ways in Greece, he to Israel and I to Asia.
It was on the road to Nepal that my interest in gems was first kindled. The British Crown Jewels in the Tower of London had previously sparked my interest, but in Iran, Afghanistan and India, I was exposed to gems as a business. It seemed both fascinating and exotic. Later, after trekking to the base camp of Everest, I continued east to Myanmar. In Mandalay, I saw my first fine ruby and my first piece of jade.
“Child labor” in the Mogok market, Myanmar. Photo by Wimon Manorotkul, Lotus Gemology.
Eventually, I settled in Bangkok and began studying gemology at AIGS. When I finished, they offered me a job. The Thai gem trade subsisted almost exclusively on ruby and sapphire at that time, so that’s what I was exposed to and that’s what I focused on. But on weekends, I also made many visits to the Myanmar border, mostly to Mae Sot, where ruby, sapphire, spinel, and jade would enter Thailand.
Tell me a little about your path to becoming a leading ruby expert.
Aft?an.
Books authored or coauthored by Lotus Gemology’s Richard Hughes, Wimon Manorotkul, and E. Billie Hughes. Photo by Wimon Manorotkul, Lotus Gemology.
My books are based on my own experience, both in the lab and traveling (I’ve visited over 70 countries on all continents except Antarctica; it’s on my list), as well as a tremendous amount of research. I have one of the largest gemological libraries outside of the GIA; my last book had over 3,000 references.
A small sample of books from ruby expert Richard Hughes’ personal library. Photo by Wimon Manorotkul, Lotus Gemology.
In your books, you’ve written a bit about the fuzzy distinction between ruby and sapphire.
Like classifying “Pigeon’s Blood”, this is a judgement call. It’s actually a problem created by our language. To a color scientist, pink refers to the lighter tones of red. Historically, people considered both red and pink stones rubies. But in the late 19th century, someone incorrectly decided that pink is not red, and the problems began. Interestingly enough, in the Thai language, they divide blue in the same way we divide red. See fah means light blue and see num ngun refers to a deep blue. We don’t have a problem with blue sapphire, light or dark, it’s still sapphire. But we have a problem with ruby vs. pink sapphire because of our language. We always emphasize to our clients that they should buy gems, not paper. Meaning they should make judgements with their eyes, not by what a lab report says.
When was the first time you saw “Pigeon’s Blood” color? What was that like?
“Pigeon’s Blood” is a term used in Myanmar that refers to the finest color of ruby. Of course, I saw fine rubies from the beginning of my career. The best stones are red-red and glow, something like a red stop light.
Ruby for sale in Mogok, Myanmar. Photo by Richard Hughes, Lotus Gemology.
As a ruby connoisseur, what do you look for in a fine gem?
In your career you’ve handled a lot of ruby. Is there one stone that’s completely blown you away?
Actually no, because there is no perfect ruby, at least in any size above one carat. Ruby is so rare and there is always something that could be better, in terms of color, clarity or cutting.
Some people have very strong opinions on treated gems. Where do you stand on ruby heat treatment? What about other treatments? Lab-made gems?
Have there been any major disappointments in your career?
Not really. I’ve led a blessed life and have had a chance to do almost everything I’ve wanted to do. Of course, there are always more places to go.
Any major highlights?
The Lotus Gemology family mining sapphire at the “Swiss Bank” at Ilakaka, Madagascar, 2016. From left: Wimon Manorotkul, Richard Hughes, and Billie Hughes. Photo: Lotus Gemology.
First, you need to educate yourself, to learn as much about the subject as possible. You can do this by visiting shows, dealers’ offices, markets, museums, etc.
When it comes to buying, unless you have unlimited funds, it’s best to start slow. You can often learn the same lessons from buying a $100 gem as a $10,000 gem, so move slowly up the food chain. Catch a few guppies before going shark fishing.


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arrived back to cold, icy Toronto. No, I don't have a good answer to "why"
either, but suffice to say that my email answering will be a little slow for the
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I have made this recipe every year since finding it on your site. They are absolutely delicious and easy to make. I use whatever M & Ms that are in season. Have a package of red and green - ready to bake. I don't use nuts.


Those are some crazy "hair-do's" on them. I'm smitten!
Just arrived in Lincoln, NE---have not seen much for wildlife, but expect to hit the motherlode in Kearney. I have not heard much on whether the snow geese and cranes are in the area yet, but just having sun and warmth will be worth it.


Maintaining your furnace clean and tidy will lengthen its life. System failure might occur due to typical wear and tear on the unit. Be sure to consult an expert before things become a stalemate. In many ways, hiring a skilled contractor is preferable. You may reduce your energy consumption, enjoy year-round comfort, and extend the life of your furnace. Benefits of Hiring a Professional Furnace ContractorTechnicians are trained to identify and repair any issues that may arise in your heating system. Long-term savings can be considered from the modifications and enhancements they suggest. Thus, incorporating the services of a professional heating...


"As a , the Churachandpur MLA has been working tirelessly for the betterment and development of his department. His commitment and dedication towards the department has been paid off which has earned him a 'Krishi Karman Award 2017 2018'. After all these, the Churachandpur BJP Mandal wanted to pose a question; was he dropped from his ministerial berth due to non-performance?Or, was he a victim of political vendetta?"
"Is the BJP Manipur being loosely run by and at the whims and fancies of Biren Singh?


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CaHow should I store the boiling water?
Can I use a plastic bucket to hold boiling water?
Is it okay to use Tupperware to store boiling water?
How much heat does plastic leach?
Can you store bottled water in a warm garage?
Can you use plastic containers for hot food?
Are storage containers made of plastic toxic?
What temperature causes BPA to be released from plastic?
Can drinking old bottled water make you sick?
Can water be kept in plastic containers without risk?
Why should we avoid drinking water that is in plastic bottles?
What kind of container is ideal for storing water?
Can you put hot soup in a plastic bag without risk?
Why shouldn’t we store food in plastic containers?
Toxins released by plastic into the water
Does BPA exist in plastic containers?
Will boiling water work in a water bottle?
Why is drinking water from a glass bottle preferable?
Who in the world has the best water?
How long can tap water be stored in the refrigerator?
Can I drink unopened water bottles that I left in the car?
What kind of water is best to consume?
How do you keep water fresh in plastic bottles?
How can water be stored most effectively?
How long will water remain potable in a 5 gallon container?
Reusing plastic water bottles is it safe?
Which plastic bottles are suitable for storing water?
What type of water storage is healthiest?
What water container is the safest?
What results in plastic cracking?
Is plastic more brittle when it’s hot?
How long does plastic take to brittleness?
In a plastic container, can I reheat soup?
Will hot soup fit in a Tupperware container?
Can you use a Rubbermaid container for hot soup?
The vast majority of plastics will not melt in water that is boiling. The temperature of boiling water, which is 100 degrees Celsius, is not hot enough to melt plastic. Therefore, even if you make an effort, the plastic will not melt; all it will do is become heated.
PET antimony into their contents. When stored at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, there is only a little amount of leaching that occurs. Antimony release, on the other hand, can happen extremely quickly at temperatures of fifty degrees Celsius or above.
HDPE, also known as high density polyethylene, has an incredible temperature range and is safe for short periods of timefor long periods of time upGiven that boiling water never gets above 100 degrees Celsius, this indicates that anything boiling or below is safe for a food grade pail.
THIS IS AMAZING: Should clams be cooked after being soaked in water?
Strong and Robust Plastics
The vast majority of cups that are intended for use with hot liquids are fabricated from polypropylene, which is recyclable 5. The temperature at which this plastic would mel
Never reheat food in a plastic container.tic, upon heating, releases a certain kind of chemical that will further leach into the food and change the genetic components of the food. This occurshas been abundantly clear during the course of the investigation of plastics that consuming food from plastic containerWhen we store food and beverages in plastic containers, those chemicals are leached into the food and beverages over time.
You will need to make sure that it is kept in a secure container. The use of plastic bottles that are approved for use with food is recommended as the best practice. You may also use glass bottles, provided that they have not previously contained anything that is not food. You also have the option of using stainless steel, but in that case, you won’t be able to treat the water you’ve kept with chlorine since chlorine corrodes steel.
THIS IS AMAZING: Do you have to turn the ribs over on the grill?
The heat generated by the food within the plastic bag has the potential to cause the release of hazardous chemicals, which may then be taken up by the food and ingested by humans.
If you absolutely have to put hot food in the refrigerator, try to avoid putting it in containers that are too deep. Because it takes longer for them to cool, place them in containers with a shallower depth so that they may be chilled more quickly. After that, you may put these extremely shallow containers in the refrigerator; doing so will also guarantee that they chill down more quickly.
When heated, the chemicals in plastics can seep into food and render it poisonous. This may sound harsh, but it’s a reality that all plastics contain potentially hazardous compounds, and when the plastic is heated, the chemicals can leech into the food. Keep yourself cool. Plastic containers shouldn’t be heated in the microwave or dishwasher since the heat might cause them to degrade over time and let BPA seep into the food inside of them.
Glass containers do not retain flavors or odors from their previous contentsseveral water bottles makes their contents unsafe for human consumption. Glass bottles don’t contain any chemicals, and they also don’t absorb any flavors or smells from their contents. When drinking water from a glass bottle, you may be confident that the water is clean and devoid of any impurities.
Toronto 2 (Canada)
(3) Stockholm (Sweden)
4 Bern (Switzerland)
Munich 6 (Germany)
Helsinki 7 (Finland)
8 Nuuk (Greenland)
If it is kept in a sanitary container and chilled, tap water should be OK for an endless amount of time. Tap water that is placed in a sanitary container and then chilled should, in principle, retain its potability indefinitely. On the other hand, the fact that you are able to drink old water does not always guarantee that you will want to.
It is reported that the moon endures pain after having water placed just under its cranium. When a person is afflicted by the moon, they tend to become more negative. Additionally, it brings about issues for the individual, such as psychological issues. Because of this, you should never go to sleep with any kind of container that contains water below your bed.
Water that is stored in plastic containers should be filled to the very top so that there is no air space between the water and the top of the container. Water should also be stored in a location that is cool, dry, and free of petroleum and insecticide products, as well as foods with a strong odor or products that are perfumed. These compounds’ vapors have the potential to seep through the plastic and contaminate the water.
How can I store drinking water?
Wash plastic milk or soda bottles in warm, soapy water until completely clean.
Directly filling bottles or jugs from the faucet.
Typically, ps (PET). As of the year 2020, there is no convincing data to suggest that recycling PET water bottles increases the likelihood of pollutants seeping into the water supply. Bottles that have cracks or are displaying other symptoms of damage should, however, be thrown away immediately.
Containers for bottled water are secure.
The material used to package bottled water is likely ognized by the recycling code #1 on or near the bottom of the container.
Water that is going to be used often can be stored in bottles made of steel or glass. According to Dr. Bhavi, you should steer clear of using standard plastic bottles since toxins might leach out of the bottles and contaminate your water. 4.
Glass water bottles are the healthiest option since they do not contain any chemicals, they are made of natural materials, and they can be cleaned in the dishwasher.
When you apply pressure to a piece of plastic, the force moves along the polymer chains, forcing the molecules to squeeze together in order to keep their connections. The polymer chains will gradually crawl toward the pull and distort as a result of this movement. The term “creep” refers to this stage. Crazing or stress cracking can appear over time if sufficient power is applied.
Environmental elements such as temperature: A drop in temperature results in plastics exhibiting less mobility and, as a result, a more brittle behavior. Near the transition temperature, this transition is more pronounced in amorphous polymers.
Indeed, this seems to be a fairly alarming estimate. Let’s break that down so that it makes sense to you on a deeper level. To put that into perspective, the breakdown of just one single plastic bottle would take 5,400 months, 21,600 weeks, or 1,971,000 days. Now consider the number of plastic water bottles that are now in existence on our globe.
In a nutshell, heat can Because of this, you should not heat food or beverages contained in plastic in the microwave. Sorry about that. I
foods contained within Rubbermaid® containers. The container might be harmed if it is subjected to an excessive amount of heating or reheating. To prevent potentially harmful steam from building up within the container, remove the lid as well as any plastic wrap that comes into contact with the container.


Philebrity.com » Blog Archive » Recommended Reading: Aliya Z. Khabir's "True Liberation"
We are continuously shocked by the number of random acts of violence committed with automatic firearms, including assaults on our children in schools across the nation, yet we have not rescinded the Second Amendment. But so many are so willing to rescind the First Amendment (for Muslims only), literally stripping Muslims of our right to practice our religion, which includes a style of dress, in an effort to secure public safety. Seriously?
If we are to demand that Muslim women be prohibited from wearing the niqab, will we make the same demand upon Catholic nuns to abandon their habits?Or close parishes and Catholic schools for fear that all priests are child predators?I can't remember anyone demanding that we remove the veil of the Virgin Mary in all the various shrines and paintings of her. So, why is there such a disgust for Muslim women who wrap themselves in the protection of their garb with the purest intentions of showing reverence to their Lord?Clearly there is a double standard here."
Khabir's whole opinion piece can be read here, and it's worth your time. It's Friday anyway, what are you gonna do at work, work?


"If you don't have to, don't do it!"
Emma Stone truly had to suffer for (film) fashion while shooting The Favourite, all because of that corset she had to wear. The actress opened up about the crazy thing the garment did to her body on the Graham Norton Show this week — !"
Does Emma make a good lady in red?


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