Building the Case for Collaborating, Learning and Adapting
For knowledge and learning specialists in international development, it's very common to get questions about what works within this practice area and what evidence might exist to support claims of effectiveness. To answer these questions for ourselves and others, theconducted a learning agenda to systematically address: what do we know about how CLA affect? The CLA Evidence Collection in this section starts to fill the evidence gaps and synthesize existing evidence from a wide range of disciplines around the practices and approaches associated with collaborating, learning and adapting.
The formal evidence gathering and analysis effort started in 2015, and although the structured learning agenda concluded in 2019, this space continues to act as a living collection of evidence and analysis that sheds light on CLA and its Some key learning questions that still remain include (among others): what do we understand about resourcing collaborating, learning and adapting?, and how can we measure CLA's contributions, both at the level of individual activities and especially in the aggregate? If you or your organization are doing work in this area, please contribute your findings! Find out how (link to Call to Action below).
Research on the impact of spproaches to international development is relatively scarce, scattered and disparate. While methodological challenges have made it difficult to identify solid evidence, and in many cases have prevented researchers and practitioners from even attempting to collect it, two studies provided strong evidence of CLA's contribution to better development outcomes. Both of these studies were deep dives into cases that initially came through the CLA Case Competition, for which we gathered significant additional evidence to explore whether our initial assessment that such evidence might be available was valid. They are:
Global Communities' Ebola Response in Liberia / CLA Case Analysis: Deep Dive
Most of the strongest evidence developed through this Learning Agenda relates to CLA's contributions to organizational effectiveness; and the evidence of contribution to better development outcomes, aside from that obtained through the deep dive cases, is weaker and more difficult to get at. A review of academic and gray literature revealed a variety of relevant studies on specific aspects of CLA that begin to build an evidence base.
Browse Full Evidence Collection
Click on one of the six components of the CLA Framework below to view a summary of the evidence and a list of all of the articles and studies we've compiled on that topic. There, you can filter by more specific CLA approaches.
Collaborating Learning Adapting Culture Process Resources
In this effort, USAID examined evidence in order to either identify direct impacts or establish plausible contributions of CLA efforts - given that identifying direct contributions is not always possible. As such, a variety of methods have been used to conduct this research, including literature reviews, internal and external learning networks, case analyses and additional studies.
For example, USAID's LEARN Project undertook a qualitative analysis of case studies submitted through the 2015, 2016, and 2017 CLA Case Competitions to answer two questions:
To answer the first question, researchers looked at a sample of 83 cases to uncover patterns of contribution emerging from an analysis of results across these cases by using a blended deductive and inductive analysis approach to code the sequence of events and underlying assumptions about how change happened in each case. To determine under what conditions CLA contributes to improved organizational effectiveness and/or better development outcomes, the researchers thematically coded the enablers and barriers that contributed to the specific outcomes of each case. For both questions, they then developed more general results chains by synthesizing the evidence around these contribution patterns.
In a second example, researchers from the LEARN Projectto answer three questions:
One method included identifying FEVS items that best represented elements of the CLA Framework and then using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess whether the hypothesized relationships among CLA variables held up and therefore whether the hypothesized model of CLA fit the observable data in FEVS. SEM was also used to analyze the factors associated with organizational effectiveness, such as staff Empowerment, Engagement, and Satisfaction, and to what degree they are associated with CLA.
CLA Fosters Local Ownership and, Ultimately, Better Results…
Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting to Improve…
d…
Contribute to the Evidence Collection
Maintaining and expanding the value and relevance of this evidence collection is a community-wide effort! If you have evidence or analysis that surfaces learning on how collaborating, learning and adapting contributes to organizational effectiveness and/or development results, please submit your content Learning Lab!


After dropping out of high school in 12th grade, Alfred got his GED but couldn't hold down a job. So when his basketball coach told him about SCAN New York's Young Adult Internship Program (YAIP), Alfred decided to give it a shot. After completing three weeks of intensive employment training he began a paid eleven week internship at the Mt. Sinai Medical Center. Alfred impressed all of his supervisors and was offered a full-time position at Mt. Sinai, which he accepted. He says, "Programs like YAIP are extremely important because they help the young adults in our community realize we have thousands of opportunities available to us."


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Posted in NFL | Tagged Duke, Jets, Michael Carter, north carolina, UNC
Posted on 23 November 2020 | by Field Level Media
A week off might have been good for No. 2 Notre Dame, but the Fighting Irish must return to action ready for more challenges.
“There are still some things out there for us that we need to get better,” coach Brian Kelly said. “Get ready for this stretch drive because it’s going to be a tough one. A lot work left for this football team.”
With three games remaining, Notre Dame (8-0, 7-0 Atlantic Coast Conference) still has work to do to qualify for the ACC championship game. Clemson and Miami, both with one loss, are in the mix, while North Carolina (6-2, 6-2) can stay in contention by defeating the Irish.
In its most recent game, North Carolina wiped out a 21-point second-half hole to overcome visiting Wake Forest 59-53 on Nov. 14. Later that day, Notre Dame followed its conquering of then-No. 1 Clemson by winning 45-31 at Boston College.
H.
“If you look at them, certainly the first thing is the big-chunk plays,” Kelly said. “… Eliminating the big-chunk plays, making them earn it down the field, I think is job (No.) 1. They have schemes for everything. We have to do a good job of keeping them to minimum gains. They’re going to move the ball.”
“We still have to work a rotation to get a pass rush,” Kelly said.
“Wn,” Howell said. “We are going to have a really good plan.”
Posted in College Football | Tagged north carolina, Notre Dame, UNC
No. 5 UNC likes view atop ACC, Florida State plots takedown
North Carolina climbed in the national rankings again, reaching rare real estate that could prompt the Tar Heels to pause to admire the view.
“The guys are excited,” Brown said. “It’s fun to win. … I’m proud of the guys. I’m proud to be 3-0.”
The Seminoles, who’ve also lost to a Miami team that has spent time in the Top 10, is getting accustomed to these mighty tasks.
North Carolina has faced just one ranked team — running away from then-No. 19 Virginia Tech in last week’s 56-45 victory. The Tar Heels begin a stretch against five consecutive opponents who, entering this weekend’s games, haven’t been ranked at any point this season.
“Now we have to go back and figure out what went wrong on defense,” Brown said.
Florida State plans to start redshirt sophomore quarterback Jordan Travis, who compiled 204 passing yards and 96 rushing yards against Notre Dame in his first career start. The transfer from Louisville displayed playmaking skills.
“I’m excited to see him build upon that,” Norvell said.
This is the 20th meeting between these teams, and only the third time that Florida State doesn’t hold a national ranking.
For the third straight meeting, the teams will collide in Tallahassee. North Carolina won on trips in 2010 and 2016, both by 37-35 scores.
Posted in College Football | Tagged florida state, FSU, north carolina, UNC
North Carolina suspends athletic activities for 24 hours
Nofor 24 hours amid a growing number of COVID-19 cases on campus.
The university announced the suspension until Thursday at 5 p.m., at least, including the campus recreation facility.
Posted in College Football | Tagged athletics suspended, coronavirus, north carolina, UNC
Trio of DBs opt out at North Carolina
Three North Carolina defensive backs will sit out the 2020 football seasoschool confirmed Friday to The News & Observer in Raleigh, N.C., that D.J. Ford, Bryce Watts and Javon Terry will skip the season, leaving the Tar Heels lacking depth at the position.
Posted in College Football | Tagged Ford, tar heels, Terry, UNC, Watts


A special talent....
Home Forums GarryP's Trojan Huddle A special talent....
Fortunately, Harrell didn't put to much pressure on Slovis with these comments. Geez!
There have been comments to the contrary, Erik, but JT has filled out a bunch, in a good way. Looks much more fit, not a lot of fat. Do you agree?
Matt Fink was #3 dual threat while Jalen Hurts #13 from the same class. Can you trust this ratings on QBs?
What recruiting site are you referencing for this?
The cream shall rise to the top!


On a dynamic website, content is stored in a database and published according to the requirements of site visitors. Such sites are frequently used by businesses thatway, e.g. news organisations. However, (within the terms of the definition used here) it should be noted that a Dynamic site does not allow transactions, i.e. there is no ability to “log on” or to “buy.”


Spring is a time of year that often brings out different types of pests. These spring bugs may include ants, spiders, mosquitos, and wasps, which may be found anywhere from the garden to inside the house. These pesky creatures can be hard to exterminate with non-toxic methods, so it's important to be informed on their habits and common hiding spots so you can take appropriate action.
At DIY Pest Warehouse, we bring you a wide selection of DIY spring pest control products at your disposal to help combat common pest problems in Springtime. We have the latest resources about spring insects you might find in your home this time of year.
Ants - Carpenter and pavement ants are the most common home-invading ant species during spring. Ants can damage woodwork or electrical wiring in your home with their nests, attract other pests like roaches, and contaminate food.
Spiders- Spiders become more active when springtime temperatures begin to rise, and they often make their way indoors in search of a mate or for shelter from the elements. These creepy crawlers can be found just about anywhere inside your home, though you're most likely to find them in dark, damp places like basements and crawl spaces.
Cockroaches - With warm weather comes the increased possibility of a cockroach infestation as they thrive during springtime temperatures. These spring bugs are amonginvade a home or business, so it's best not to let them come inside in the first place.
Bed bugs - Spring is an unfortunate time for bed bug infestations, as they are more active during warmer weather and, once indoors, will reproduce faster than other times of the year. A single female can lay up to 500 eggs over her lifetime, leading quickly to a full-blown infestation if left untreated.
Mosquitos - Not technically a pest, but mosquitos are most active during springtime and can carry harmful diseases like malaria and Zika virus. They're not usually found indoors except for in extreme cases where the population becomes too large to control, though they may become trapped inside if doors or windows remain open while their numbers outside drop off.
Bees and wasps - Wasps and bees become more likely to build nests in spring as they prepare for their reproductive cycle. If a nest is located within or near the home, it can cause serious damage to property if left untreated and cause safety issues.
Fleas - While fleas are commonly associated with warm weather, they can be found all year long. As springtime brings on warmer temperatures outside, it helps these spring insects thrive indoors, which is whyunmanageable.
Houseflies - Houseflies are also a common spring bug found in homes when outdoor temperatures begin to rise, especially during the spring. They're known for leaving their droppings wherever they go and can quickly become a nuisance with large populations indoors.
Termites - Many homeowners don't realize that termites pose an issue until it's too late because these pests live below ground where they can go undetected. As springtime temperatures rise, they become more likely to seek water sources in the home and begin eating through wood, leading to costly structural damage if left untreated.
Rats and mice - Rats and mice are more common in springtime as the weather begins to warm up. They can cause significant damage inside homes by contaminating food or chewing through walls, insulation, wiring, or furniture.
Spring pests don't always pose a serious threat on their own but become concerning when they begin breeding rapidly indoors or outdoors due to increased activity during warmer months outside. Prevent spring insect and pest infestations by keeping your home clean and clear of food sources, and properly sealed. Then get the right DIY pest control products at DIY Pest Warehouse.
We carry a wide range of brands that are effective against different pests while being environmentally friendly to your family and pets at home. Our spring bug control solutions will Order now and enjoy fast, free shipping in the US and low prices. Have any questions? Call us today and get answers fast.


You’ve seen some great dune buggies on the beach lately, and you’ve decided that owning and driving a dune buggy looks great. So you want to build a dune buggy because you’re good with your hands and want to save some money.
Before you do anything though, you need to know where you want to be driving your buggy, and what you need it to do. Basically there are 3 places that dune buggies are driven, and each requires a different build.
Firstly is the road. Yes you can drive a dune buggy on the road. But of course it needs to be street legal, and doesn’t need many of the things that other dune buggies can have, like 4 wheel drive.
There are some very good fiberglass street legal buggies that look great, and these are usually based on a vw frame and body and built up from there.
Then there’s the classic place for dune buggies, the dunes. Sand driving is probably about the most fun that you can have in a buggy, but it needs a buggy with specific characteristics. For example very light, with a good power to weight ratio. Huge sand tires on the rear, and small smooth tires on the front. Front brakes not necessary, but good quality rear brakes.
Then there’s the off road buggy designed for the dirt. Steep hills perhaps, mud and trails. They need a stronger frame and roll cage because a rollover can be more severe, (ie hitting a tree for example), The tires are different, front brakes are much more important, and the frame needs to be stronger. The driving surface you’ll be on will be rougher and will require better suspension, longer travel and mud and dirt tires.
So if you’re intending to build your own dune buggy, then you need to work out your exact requirements first. Frame, motor, tires, suspension, brakes, roll cage, body, if you want one.
So is it hard to build your own buggY? Well of course that all depends on your level of skill. If you’ve spent a lifetime repairing cars, restoring cars and rebuilding cars, for example, then you might be well placed to build your own buggy. However if you haven’t done much work with cars before then yes, building a dune buggy isn’t easy. It takes skills, it takes money and it takes time, and be prepared for many hours of frustration.
My first recommendation if you thinking of building your own dune buggy for the first time? Buy a dune buggy kit or at the very least some high quality dune buggy plans to work from. Now a kit doesn’t provide everything you need. You’ll need to supply your own motor, for example, but it does supply you with some of the basics that are hard to build yourself. For example if you’re wanting a figerglass buggy the fiberglass body isn’t easy to make at home, so you can get a kit with a good body already supplied.
But my number one recommendation if you’reDon’t. Not unless you’re supremely confident in your own skills. It isn’t easy, and usually takes way longer than you imagined it could, and costs more, and while you’re slaving in the garage trying to build your buggy everyone else is out there on the dunes cutting it up.
 yourself a great dune buggy for sale (or even a good dune buggy kit) at a very good price. Usually much cheaper than you could build one for yourself.
So grab yourself a second hand buggy, learn all you can about it first, learn all you can about building a dune buggy for yourself and, if you really want to, build your second buggy once you know what you’re in for. At least you’ve got your first one there to drive when you get tired of building.


Beroe Browne, 1756
unaccepted (pre-Linnean)
Beroe Muller, 1776
none (type not designated)
Beroidae Eschscholtz, 1825
Browne, P. (1756). The civil and natural history of Jamaica :s826 [details]
Mills, C.E. Internet (1998-present). P. Beroe Browne, 17566331Beroe Browne, 1756. Accessed at:llins, Allen G.
original description basis of record van der Land, J. (2001). Ctenophora.  Collection Patrimoines Naturels 50: pp. 122-123. (look up in RoR) [details]
additional sourceGronov, L.T. (1760). Observationes de animalculis aliquot marinae aquae inatantibus atque in littoribus Belgicis obviis Acta Helvet. IV: 35-40, Tab. IV (look up in RoR) [details]
additional sourceFiches d'identification du zooplancton, 82. ICES: Copenhagen, Denmark. 5 pp. (look up in RoR)34778)


It's no secret that as New Englanders, we love our Dunkin'. But today, on #IcedCoffeeDay2014, your coffee order is doing more than providing a caffeine boost. In participating Rhode Island and Bristol County, MA restaurants, 50 cents from every iced coffee purchased will be donated to Hasbro Children's Hospital!
This year, Dunkin' Donuts franchisees started Iced Coffee Day with a visit to some patients at Hasbro – along with some very special guests!


Recovering the literary paradigms that the magazine collected and of which expression was made, the essay highlights a writing that is often based on the dimension of the self and for it is determined. The journalistic macrotext and the updating discourse on which it is based, although it welcomes the plurality of voices and visions, needs the immediacy and authorial responsibility on the part of a subject who in the present recounts from his own experience. These texts receive the updating pressure of the macrotext in which they are placed, the magazine, and teach an 'overload' of sociocultural and ideological references. This study offers some selected examples within a corpus, in both editions, in which the practice of 'self-referentiality' is modulated, that is, texts, ascribable to different textual typologies, linked to a Self, which is proposed as a testimony , reportage, reflection, narrative form including fiction.


RadioScape achieves listing in Sunday Times Microsoft Tech Track 100
The Sunday Times Microsoft Tech Track 100 ranks Britainâ€™ sales growth over a two-year period between January 2003 and 2005. In RadioScapeâ€™s case, sales for 2003 were Â£2.6 million and Â£9.2 million in 2005 giving an annual percentage sales growth of 89%. The league table is only open to companies that have evidence of significant technological innovation in a companyâ€™s product or service.Plc. All other trademarks are acknowledged.
Vortex PR
Nigel {at} vortexpr(.)com


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2 edition of Effects of land-management practices on sediment yields in northeasternErosion -- North Carolina -- Guilford County.
Statement by Catherine L. Hill ; prepared in cooperation t.


said: 'There were a number of hotel chains looking at Colvin House and Napier House, but it has been quiet recently.'
'We are putting visitor coach parking in the Little Roodee, that will start in the next couple of months.'
Is Chester Castle suitable for hotel development?


We are now Certified Plastic Neutral! We’ve partnered with rePurpose Global to fund the collection and ethical processing of as much nature-bound plastic waste as we use in production and packaging. That means for every organic hair care shampoo or conditioner you purchase, we remove that same amount of plastic from the environment.
rePurpose Global is a social enterprise dedicated to empowering innovators on the frontlines of reducing waste, reviving lives, and restoring nature’s balance. The plastic credit platform makes environmental action accessible for purposeful companies worldwide. Their one-stop solution empowers businesses like ours to go plastic neutral by financing plastic waste management and mitigation projects.
Since inception, rePurpose Global has created environmental impact for people across 26 countries and 100+ purposeful brands and provided benefits to 9,500+ marginalized waste workers and community members worldwide. Innersense Organic Beauty’s mitigation project provides ethical wages for marginalized waste workers in Aurangabad, India.
PLASTIC NEUTRAL: REUSE, RECYCLE, REPURPOSE, EMPOWER
Innersense Organic Beauty’s partnership with rePurpose Global directly supports plastic waste clean up efforts in Aurangabad, India. Here’s why the Aurangabad project resonates with us:
The project is focused on collecting and repurposing hard to recycle plastic waste. Low value plastics, like the plastic packaging found in chip bags or granola bar wrappers, are the most likely to be littered or burned. Why? Because there is no economic incentive to collect them. These flexible plastics and plastic products are often made of several layers of different types of plastic (and even aluminum!) and are extremely difficult to separate for recycling. The Aurangabad project incentivizes the collection of these low value plastics so less ends up polluting our natural environment.
The Aurangabad project uses the collected waste to power a cement plant, using waste as an alternative to coal, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and toxic chemicals that cause climate change.
The Aurangabad project not only reduces the amount of plastic waste in the community but also transforms the lives of 700+ residents, including women waste pickers and their children, by providing education, electricity, insurance and health and sanitation facilities.
The Aurangabad project has diverted 44,795 kg of plastic from nature. That’s equivalent to 2,986,333 plastic bottles or 3,732,917 pouches. The project aligns closely with our clean beauty values, and we are proud to empower women and communities in need while working to build a more sustainable future.
First Step: Plastic Neutral. Next Step: Lasting Impact
By contributing a revenue percentage of our clean beauty products to rePurpose Impact Project Aurangabad, we recognize the dire need for funding to be diverted to this ongoing emergency. We are proud to have taken our first step to facilitate long-term holistic impact.
Thank you for being at our side as we continue to mitigate our environmental impact, bottle by bottle. And know that your healthy hair journey is helping to reduce waste and restore Mother Earth’s balance.
July 27, 2021 at 8:10 pm (Edit)
I am so excited to hear this company is plastic neutral, as plastic consumption is a large concern of mine. Do you think Innersense will ever offer a refillable service to avoid plastic altogether?
July 28, 2021 at 12:28 pm (Edit)
Shay, thanks so much for your comment! And yes! Come mid-August of this year, we’re unveiling refillable packaging for our hairbaths and conditioners… stay tuned! Wishing you much hair love.
Ours Is A Love Story. So Is Our Commitment To The Environment


Who here is actually good at expanding information about websites like this? I really wish more people would show up.
I am really good at spreading the word you can count of Obito!
Thanks man! We're really lucky to have you!
WAFFLES! WAFFLES! WAFFLES! WAFFLES! WAFFLES!
Why? Because I can't get at them that's why.


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Famous artists have illustrated college football programs periodically over the years. One of the better known was Russell Patterson. APatterson’s art deco magazine i.


Rocksteady Studios and Warner Broopen world title, Batman: Arkham Knight.
Originally confirmed to arrive on June 2nd, 2015 the superhero game has been slightly delayed, and will now make its way to stores on June 23rd, 2015 worldwide.
The developers provided no further comment on the reasons for the delay7205.


crime is a hate crime.
This is a supposed FREE country and if you hurt another American because of their religion, color, sex, sexual orientation, or hairstyle or whatever, you need your head examined. Senator Hatch is openly supporting discrimination.
The "We don't have the votes" excuse is getting old. Ms. Pelosi should resign as completely incompetent. Mike Gravel should take over as speaker. I don't believe a word Pelosi says anymore.
Come-on, you have to leave the right somebody to hate....how can they get elected without easy scapegoats?;) </s> The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia Trial (TIMI III) focused otrial was designed to determine by coronary arteriography the incidence of coronary thrombi in these conditions and the response of these thrombi to tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in TIMI IIIA and the effects of thrombolytic therapy and of an early invasive strategy on clinical outcome in TIMI IIIB. There was also a registry with two components. A roster enumerated allenrolled at cooperating hospitals. From the roster, a study population of 1,893 subjects was selected and followed prospectively for the year to determine incidence of death or myocardial infarction.
Men and women, ages 21 to 76,</s> Starting weight 235
Current weight 222
Goal weight 175-180
I have lost 13 pounds! That still leaves around close to 50 pounds to lose total but I am on my way. Also it has been a long time since I weighed what I need to so I am not sure what weight will feel right. I am 5 11. I am mostly going to be by how my clothes fit and how I feel and look than by the scale.
mirrorworlds's Life List
Starting weight 235
A few years ago I moved all the way across the country and now the only friend I have is my boyfriend. He is an amazing man and a great friend but I miss having girl friends so much. I want a best friend besides my boyfriend. It feels pretty darn lonely sometimes. I want a friend that I can call when I am feeling down, when I have good news to share, when I just need to vent. I want a friend that I can share a comfortable silence with and not feel awkward. I want a friend because I want to be a friend again.
The wonderful place my boyfriend and I use to buy hummus closed and no other hummus I found can compare. I must learn to make hummus. </s> There was very little in the background of Elizabeth Maconchy to account for her musical genius. Her father played the piano a little, her mother was quite unmusical. Of her two sisters one was tone-deaf, the other only mildly interested. Although she had piano lessons from an early age, her first experience of a concert was hearing the Hallé in Dublin when she was fifteen. But at six she began, unprompted, to write pieces for the piano.
Although both parents were Irish, the family lived in Buckinghamshire, visiting Irish grandparents only at holiday times, until she was twelve. Then came four years in Dublin, with piano lessons from Mrs. Boxwell. She continued to write piano pieces and had a few lessons in composition fron Dr. Larchet. Her father died when she was fifteen and in the following year her mother brought the children back to England. There was now no mistaking Elizabeth's talent and she was sentfirst with Charles Wood and then with Vaughan Williams. She won the Sullivan and other prizes, the Blumenthal Scholarship and, after six years, was awarded the Octavia Travelling Scholarship. She visited Vienna and Paris and spent two months in Prague, where she studied with Jirák and had one memorable encounter with Suk. None of this affected her style of writing, but the tremendous interest which her music aroused must have been very stimulating. She returned to Prague in March 1930, when her Piano Concertino was played by Schulhof and the Prague Philharmonic. It was very well received and the Press was enthusiastic. That summer her suite The Land was introduced by Sir Henry Wood at a Prom. Her Marriage to William Le Fanu took place the same week. She was then twenty-three and well on the road to success.
In 1932 tuberculosis, which she must have contracted years before from her father, suddenly flared up and was discovered. Characteristically, she refused to be sent off to Switzerland. Instead she went to live in Kent, where the fresh air and her own determination eventually cured her, but from then on it meant a complete withdrawal from the musical life of London and this caused a serious interruption of her career.
She continued to write, and won a prize in the Daily Telegraph Competition in 1933 with her Oboe Quintet. Donald Tovey invited her twice to Edinburgh for performances of her music and Sir Henry Wood introduced further works at the Proms. Her name appeared regularly in the programmes of the MacNaghten-Lemare Concerts (1932-36) and broadcast performances increased steadily. She was twice represented at the I.S.C.M. Festivals (Prague, 1935 and Paris, 1937). Interest was growing abroad, as shown by the Cracow and Warsaw concerts of her chamber works in 1939.
In the autumn of 1939 the elder of her two daughters was born and this, together with the condition of the war years, made continuous work very difficult for some time.
Since the war Elizabeth Maconchy has become increasingly recognised as one of our outstanding composers. Concert and broadcast performances have grown. Her work was chosen for the Copenhagen International Festival in 1947. She won the Edwin Evans Prize with her Fifth String Quartet (1948) and the L.C.C prize in Coronation year with her overture Proud Thames. 1955 brought the broadcast series of her six String Quartets on the Third Programme. She is at present working on her seventh.
There have only been two real influences - Vaughan Williams and Bartók. It is not easy to trace Vaughan WIlliams in her music but he must have played a very important part in her develpoment, giving confidence and inspiration, helping to stimulate her individuality and pursuit of intrgrity. Introducing her Sixth Quartet at the I.C.A. in February 1952, she said, Writing music, like all creative art, is the impassioned pursuit of an idea ... The great thing is for the composer to keep his head and allow nothing to distract him. The temptations to stop by the way and to be side-tracked by fecilities of sound and colour are ever present, but in my view everything extraneous to the pursuit of this central idea must be rigorously excluded - scrapped.
Elizabeth Maconchy is severe with herself and pursues her ideas relentlessly. An enormous amount has to be worked through and scrapped before she achieves what she wants. Once this point is reached the music flows and takes hold of her. Above all she maintains that music must be the expression of emotion. For me the best music is an impassioned argument. I can find no satisfaction in the coldly reasoned discourse. on.
Her best work is to be found in her String Quartets, her Symphony, the Donne Motets and the recent Symphony for Double String Orchestra. In many other works, such as the Concertinos for various solo instruments with strings, the Nocturne for orchestra, the Duo for violin and cello and the Yeats settings for soprano and women'


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We’ve all probably heard about art being subjective but have you ever given thought to why you may be attracted to particular styles or colors? One person liking or disliking a particular piece of art doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s right or wrong for everyone. I think we can all think back to the struggle of Van Gogh only to realize that what was popular at the time simply didn’t fit into his post-impressionist style. Clearly, his work was not bad; it just wasn’t the preference of the people. Enjoying a particular piece of art is influenced by our personal taste, our feelings, and our color preferences.
At Pinot’s Palette Bricktown we like to be sure to include a variety of colors, sizes and subject matter on our schedules because we know that art isn’t ‘one size fits all,’ what I like may be entirely different than the next. When we go through the selection process for our calendars we like to take a number of aspects into consideration; style, subject matter, and color are just a few of the things that we consider when choosing our paintings. As we were working on the perfect painting schedule we started to get *ahem* a little too philosophical and started to wonder about what liking particular colors says about us as people, so down the color wheel rabbit hole we went to find out our (and hopefully yours too) color story. So what does your favorite color say about you??
 With green being in the center of the color spectrum, it’s generally thought to be a color of balance and restoration.
Obviously, this is a compressed summary of what these colors symbolize and mean to us. But it’s interesting to realize that our preferences in art may be dictated more by our personality and emotions then we realized. So many aspects go into our color preferences at a given time, for example, come fall I may switch my preference from black to orange. Keep in mind that surrounding yourself with colors outside of your favorite allows you to change your décor in a way that may end up changing your outlook at the same time.


Abstract: The skill to take part in and to contribute to debates is important for informal and formal learning. Especially when addressing highly complex issues, it can be difficult to support learners participating in effective group discussion, and to stay abreast of all the information collectively generated during the discussion. Technology can help with the engagement and sensemaking of such large debates, for example, it can monitor how healthy a debate is and provide indicators of participation’s distribution. A special framework that aims at harnessing the intelligence of - small to very large – groups with the support of structured discourse and argumentation tools is Contested Collective Intelligence (CCI). CCI tools provide a rich source of semantic data that, if appropriately processed, can generate powerful analytics of the online discourse. This study presents a visualisation dashboard with several visual analytics that show important aspects of online debates that have been facilitated by CCI discussion tools. The dashboard was designed to improve sensemaking and participation in online debates and has been evaluated with two studies, a lab experiment and a field study in the context of two Higher Education institutes. The paper reports findings of a usability evaluation of the visualisation dashboard. The descriptive findings suggest that participants with little experience in using analytics visualisations were able to perform well on given tasks. This constitutes a promising result for the application of such visualisation technologies as discourse-centric learning analytics interfaces can help to support learners’ engagement and sensemaking of complex online debates.
Keywords: learning analytics, collective intelligence, argumentation, online discussion, information visualisations, online deliberation, sensemaking, learning analytics, dashboard.
Resumen: La habilidad para participar y contribuir en los debates es importante para el aprendizaje informal y formal. Especialmente cuando se abordan temas altamente complejos, puede ser difícil apoyar a los alumnos que participan en una discusión grupal efectiva y mantenerse al tanto de toda la información generada colectivamente durante la discusión. La tecnología puede ayudar con el compromiso y razonamiento en debates tan grandes, por ejemplo, puede monitorear cuán saludable es un debate y proporcionar indicadores sobre la distribución de la participación. Un marco especial que pretende aprovechar la inteligencia de grupos de pequeños a muy grandes con el apoyo de herramientas de discurso y argumentación estructuradas es la Inteligencia Colectiva Controvertida (CCI). Las herramientas de CCI proporcionan una fuente rica de datos semánticos que, si se procesan de manera adecuada, pueden generar un sofisticado análisis del discurso en línea. Este estudio presenta un panel de visualización con varios análisis visuales que muestran aspectos importantes de los debates en línea que han sido facilitados por las herramientas de discusión de CCI. El tablero de instrumentos fue diseñado para mejorar la creación de sentidos y la participación en los debates en línea y se ha evaluado con dos estudios, un experimento de laboratorio y un estudio de campo, en el contexto de dos institutos de educación superior. Este artículo informa sobre los resultados de una evaluación de usabilidad del panel de visualización. Los hallazgos descriptivos sugieren que los participantes con poca experiencia en el uso de visualizaciones analíticas pudieron desempeñarse bien en determinadas tareas. Esto constituye un resultado prometedor para la aplicación de tales tecnologías de visualización, ya que las interfaces analíticas de aprendizaje centradas en el discurso pueden ayudar a apoyar el compromiso de los alumnos y su razonamiento en debates en línea complejos.
Palabras clave: análisis de aprendizaje, inteligencia colectiva, argumentación, discusión en línea, visualización de información, deliberación en línea, razonamiento, análisis de aprendizaje, tablero de instrumentos.
Social constructivist ideas are prevalent in educational research. They postulate that social interactions, such as group discussions and debates, are important for learning as meaning is constructed mainly socially through the interaction with other individuals (van Merriënboer & de Bruin, 2014). Contested Collective Intelligence (CCI) (De Liddo, Sándor, & Buckingham Shum, 2012), a specific discourse-centric form of Collective Intelligence (Malone & Klein, 2007; Malone, Laubacher, & Dellarocas, 2010), is an upcoming research area that focuses especially on structured discourse and argumentation, which makes it also a viable area of research for education. Mostly facilitated by argumentation-based online discussion tools (Scheuer, Loll, Pinkwart, & McLaren, 2010), CCI aims at supporting collective sensemaking of complex societal dilemmas and seek to improve our collective capability to face complex problems by talking to each other and debating online. One of the key issues shared by most common platforms for online debate, also used in formal and informal education context, is poor summarization and visualization (Klein & Convertino, 2014; Smith & Fiore, 2001). In fact, online debate is still heavily dominated by text-based content, while most online users nowadays wish to have access to easy-to-understand image/video-based content that they can grasp rapidly and share easily with their peers. Even though, conveying results of online discussions with effective visualization methods is an open challenge. How would you visualize what happens in an online discussion community? How can we make ideas and arguments more tangible so that they can be easily grasped, understood and shared? This paper presents research work aimed at answering those questions by describingdashboard for Collective Intelligence (CI), namely the CI Dashboard. The CI dashboard is a new Visual Analytics service which supports debate summarization, understanding and sensemaking by providing a variety of alternative visualizations of the state, content and results of an online discussion, as well as of the participation dynamics of the people involved.
In the last decade, Visual Analytics have been subject of a large corpus of research in the Learning Analytics community. In particular, the study of learning analytics dashboards aims at raising awareness and reflection about learning (Kravcik et al., 2017) by visualising learner traces (Verbert et al., 2014). In this context, the CI dashboard can be conceived as a learning analytics service, which visualises the traces that learners left in structured group discussion (namely learners’ ideas, questions, and arguments) in a variety of useful ways to improve sensemaking and quality of participation.
This paper presents the CI dashboard concept and preliminary results of user testing carried out to assess usability and usefulness of five CI dashboard visualizations. We conclude with lesdiscourse-centric collective intelligence technologies and reflect on the implications of applying such xt.
Nowadays online debate is dominated by social media platforms and it is widely text-based. At the same time, we are witnessing a continuous shift toward multimedia devises and interfaces. This is both a result of users’ need for more intuitive and ‘quick’ ways to grasp complex information (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008; Harasim, 2000), and a way to also bridge issues of digital literacy and even translation barriers which can hinder international collaboration and collective intelligence at large scale.
The importance of text-based information is diminishing and the importance of symbolic information, interactive images and multimedia information is increasing, which are considered to enhance lay understandings in fields such as health, patient communication, and individual decision-making processes (Adams, 2010). As an image can capture 1000 words, interactive visualizations can compress and convey advanced data analytics and provide intuitive instruments for users to explore and make sense of online debates in new interesting ways.
Previous research demonstrates that important discussion’s dynamics are lost when online debate is predominantly constructed in textual forms and represented with linear interfaces and suggests that analytics and visualizations can improve community understanding of the online discussion by making these dynamics visible (De Liddo, 2014).
The research literature documents the advantages, and challenges, of making the structure and status of a dialogue or debate more visible (Buckingham Shum, 2003). Following Concept Mapping (Novak, 1998), research on computer supported arguments visualization (CSAV) focuses on making users’ lines of reasoning and (dis)agreements visually explicit. Network visualisation of arguments, otherwise called argument maps, are semantic networks of discourse elements and can provide computational intelligence to what has been defined Web 2.0 Argumentation technologies (Buckingham Shum & others, 2008). This semantic augmentation has also brought to the proposal of semantic web standards for an Argument Web (Rahwan, Zablith, & Reed, 2007), which aims to enable new levels of advanced large scale and across platform online discussion data analytics that are powered by recent developments in Arguments Mining research.
In the field of online discussion within common social media (such as for instance forum, blogs, and news commenting), recent findings suggest that argument network visualizations can effectively improve online debate by facilitating higher- level inferences and by making the debate more engaging and fun (De Liddo & Buckingham Shum, 2014). At the same time some researchers argue that a bigger number of participants to the discussion and a higher complexity of the discourse ontology may make graph visualizations too clumsy to be usable (Hair, 1991; Scheuer et al., 2010). Argument visualizations have proved both advantages and limits, it therefore remains unclear what are the main factors influencing the suitability of graphical representation of arguments to support online discussion. Expanding on this research gap, even less in known on what alternative visualisations can be designed to effectively convey results of online deliberation.
Currently, the sense-making and the interpretation of complex data is usually left to analytics experts (Rienties et al., 2017). However, the users of debate applications are not primarily experts in making sense of visual analytics. Their primary aim is to participate in online discussions and therefore we cannot assume that they have the knowledge nor the skills to use analytics visualisations to understand the underlying conversation. If we want to empower users with sophisticated visualisations, we need to understand whether relatively unexperienced users can use these visualisations to solve debate related tasks.
assessment not only of argument network visualisations but of a variety of different graphical representations of an online debate’s content, and it investigates what are the advantages and affordances of these visualisations to support online discussion and large scale Contested Collective Intelligence.
To conduct this study, we designed and developed a visual analytics dashboard for collective intelligence1, which provides and can be embedded to any IBIS-based online discussion tool (De Liddo et al., 2014b). In the following we describe the main concept and components of the CI Dashboard and presents initial insights on the users testing.
Ther argumentation-based CI platforms (otherwise called CCI systems; De Liddo et al., 2012). These are online systems, such as ideation, discussion, knowledge mapping and co-creation tools, which use a modified IBIS argumentation data model to structure online users’ interaction (De Liddo et al., 2014b). Some examples of argumentation-based CI systems are DebateHub2 and Assembl 3.
DebateHub is an online discussion tool which has a ‘forum like’ user interface but behind the scene allows discussion data to be structured in terms of IBIS elements, such as issues, answers, pro- and contra arguments. Assembl is a collaborative solution building tool which allows to mobilise large number of people around tackling complex problems. Similar to DebateHub, Assembl supports different stages of a collaborative problem solving process (from ideation, to discussion to idea selection and synthesis) and uses various forum and wiki-like interfaces to gather users’ contributions along this collaboration process. In the back end Assemble also uses a simplified IBIS data model to structure users’ data. This common data structure enables the automatic development of advances visual analytics and semantic visualisations (Nazemi et al., 2009; Ullmann et al., 2009) which are provided by the CI dashboard service.
The CI Dashboard was designed and developed in the context of CATALYST4providing new argumentation-based CI technologie in a social innovation context. As part of the project we conducted an initial user’ requirements analysis. The main result of this analysis has been the definition and prioritisation of 10 pain points of existing social media platform thate through structured online discussions (see page 7 of the Catalyst deliverable5De Liddo et al., 2014a). The top three ranked problems identified by the community were poor commitment to action, poor summarisation and poor visualisation page (see page 25 of the Catalyst deliverable De Liddo et al., 2014a).
80 percent of the 50 consulted social innovation experts indicated that poor summarisation and visualisation are a key issues of current online discussion platforms. Users report that common online discussion spaces do not provide a useful overview of an online debate and this undermines the participation and quality of contributions, from both the perspective of newcomers and community manager. The task of the community managers is to monitor the community, keep it up to date on the state of a debate, detect problems and communicate progresses. They reported a lack of appropriate visualisation tools to monitor the online community and summarise debate outcomes and dynamics.
The CI dashboard has been designed to directly address these last two challenges of poor visualisation and summarisation of the state and progress of an online debate. The needs expressed by the users were converted in a higher-level goal and system requirements for the CI dashboard.
• highlight hidden content, social, behavioural and discourse patterns in the debate.
The CI dashboard was then designed as an online visualisation service. The CI dashboard website (available at cidashboard.net)available to the users, allows viewing them individually with a demo and own data, allowsargumentation-based discussion platforms.
The CI dashboard is an aCI and online discussion platform providers, like Assembl - a large scale co-production system, DebateHub - a hub for structured debates, or LiteMap6 - a debate mapping tool (example community platforms in Figure 1)- the CATALYST Interchange format 7D (see Data Layer in Figure 2). Itm a metric service (Figure 1). This serviced (Klein, 2014; Parent et al., 2015; Ullmann et al., 2014). Other services, such as for instance a Social Network Analysis (SNA)(Sie et al., 2012) service (see example Services in Figure 1) can be also built from the CIF data to provide additional analytics to the CI dashboard.
Figure 1. CI dashboard integration context. The figure shows the CI Dashboard communication with external platforms and services. Specifically, the CI Dashboard (central column) receives input data from a series of community platforms (right column), pass the data onto various external analytic services (left column), which return relevant metrics, that are finally used by the CI Dashboard to produce the Analytics Visualisations (central column).
The architecture of the CI Dashboard Service (Figure 2) was designed to receive CIF structured data from community platforms, which is then analysed by various analytics services and finally produce visualisations. This architecture enables easy improvement and collaborative development of new powerful analytics and visualisation on top of argumentation data.
Figure 2. Architecture of the CI Dashboard. The Architecture consists of three layers: 1) The Data Layer, which requires the data from discussion platforms to be formalised in the CIF standard, designed by the Catalyst’s development team to capture discourse data, 2) the Transformation Layer, in which the data is filtered, aggregated and mapped into the visualisations that the user has selected, 3) finally in the Visualisation Layer the visual analytics are packaged in a dashboard widget that can be embedded in any website.
At present the CI dashboard contains a growing list of analytics visualisations (Ullmann et al., 2014). This paper reports parts of the results of the evaluation of five CI dashboard analytics visualisations.
Five of the visualisations of the CI dashboard are evaluated. Each visualisation is designed with a specific analytical task in mind and highlights a particular aspect of a debate. For example, the debate network visualisation focuses on the content of the conversation. It aims to show how well issues have been divided into several ideas and how these ideas have been supported or countered with arguments (Figure 4). The conversation nesting visualisations focuses on the structure of the conversation. It gives a sense of the distribution of the conversation types, without focusing the viewer on the actual comments as does the debate network visualisation (Figure 5). The user activity analysis visualisation provides a sense about which users influence the conversation (Figure 6) and the activity analysis visualisation shows the evolution of a conversation over time (Figure 7). These four visualisations focus on a specific aspect of a conversation, such as the content, the conversation structure, the conversation participants, and the conversation evolution. The overview visualisation on the other hand provides an aggregate of many analytics in one view, such as an indicator of the health of the conversation, its users, its evolution over time, as well as other information (Figure 3). Here, we want to test both types of analytics, aggregate as well as focused visualisations.
This visualisation (Figure 3) provides an overview about important aspects of a conversation. It is structured in several sections. On top are three traffic lights. Each traffic light indicates the health of a conversation. The first traffic light indicates the degree of participation, the second traffic light viewing activity, and the third traffic light shows the degree of contribution. A green traffic light symbolises that everything is okay, orange indicates that there might be problem and red flags a problem.
The traffic light indicators help focusing on the difference between lurking and active participation to the debate. It also allows to distinguish between active participation with simpler activities, such as voting on other people idea, and adding new contributions, which represents a more advanced form of participation to the debate. With this visualisation the community moderators, or the tutors or teachers in case of application to the educational context, can monitor participation within the online group and take remedial actions where unhealthy participation is taking place.
The second section shows a mini bar chart, each bar shows frequencies of contribution types. It shows the amount of issues, ideas, supporting and counter arguments, and the number of votes of the conversation. The third section shows the viewing activity over time with a sparkline. It follows three sections that point out textually the most voted entry, the most recently voted entry, and a list of new entries. The texts are clickable and lead directly to the entry. The last section provides word count statistics.
Figure 3. The Quick overview provides various ‘small’ visualisations, which helps focusing only on emerging patterns or picks in summary statistics; such as for instance: trends in users contributions (contribution histogram), distribution of users actions (spike line of viewing activities), highlights of the most voted ideas, most recent contributions, etc.
This visualisation shows the network structure of a debate (Figure 4). It is basically an argument map, which can be defined as a network graph similar to a social network visualisation8, but which instead of displaying actors and their relations, it shows the connections between different types of contributions to the debate, semantically labelled as: issues ideas and arguments (pro and con). Figure 4 shows an enlarged area of the conversation network showing in the middle the central issue under discussion. Several ideas are contributed to this issue and each of the idea received either support or opposition. Users’ can zoom out to see the whole debate network or all networks that are part of the conversation. By clicking the nodes of the network user can navigate to the actual entry of the conversation in the native online discussion tool were the conversation took place.
This visualisation9 shows an entire conversation as zoomable nested circles of contributions. Each type of contribution is colour coded. The conversation visualised (see Figure 5) shows three issues (light purple). One issue received several ideas (dark purple), while the other issues displayed at the bottom did not contain many ideas. Supporting arguments are displayed with green circles and red circles represent counter arguments. A click on a circle zooms into the circle and shows the aspect of the conversation in detail. Hovering over a circle displays the title of the contribution.
The Conversation Nesting Visualisation provides at a glance information such as: what issues are most debates (these are the biggest light purple circles, with the highest number of embedded circles), which ideas have been most opposed to or supported by participants (this can be identified by looking at the dark purple circles with the highest number of red or green circle embedded). The overall idea behind this visualisation is that, as the conversation becomes larger, this visualisation will help to focus on emerging discussion patterns that would otherwise difficult to detect.
This visualisation 10shows the user’s activities in form of an ordered bar chart (see Figure 6). On the left side it shows the user with most activity and on the right, it shows the user with the least activity. Each bar is stacked. A stack represents a specific contribution type. Light purple represents the amount of added issues, dark purple the amount of added ideas, green the amount of added supporting arguments, red the amount of added counter arguments, and yellow the number of votes made by this user. The bar chart below the user bar chart shows the overall amount of contributions by type. Both parts of the visualisation are interconnected and offer dynamic and cumulative filtering. A click on a user updates the lower horizontal bar chart and shows only the contribution types of the user. Several users can be selected, which is instantly reflected in changes of the lower bar chart. Also, the interaction with the horizontal bar chart automatically updates the user bar chart. Not displayed here is a table that represents the information of the bar charts in tabular form (Figure 7 shows such table).
Figure 6. User activity analysis visualisation. The top histogram shows the users ordered by contribution frequency, from the most active (U1 with 16 contribution) to the least active (U11,12,13,6,8) with 1 contribution. The bottom histogram shows the most frequent contribution type (in this case supporting arguments were contributed the most, with 20 contributions overall in the group).
example is that a user can select one or more bars of the middle area in order to change the timeline visualisation on top and the table at the bottom.
The evaluation presented in this paper is based on two studies. The first study was conducted as a field experiment in the open, while the second study took place in a usability lab. The main difference between the two study’s conditions is the presence of a facilitator. Our aim is both, to test the visualisations in terms of readability and usability, and also to understand to what extent the presence of a facilitator affects readability and usability of the visualisations.
The participants of the field experiment were group members of the DebateHub 11 ‘Design community 2014’ group12. This group used DebateHub to discuss group issues, to come up with ideas and to weight the ideas with supporting or counter arguments. The groupvaluation via Email. Participation was voluntarily. The lab experiment participants voluntarily agreed to take part in the evaluation study. They followed the advertisement of the evaluation study distributed through several channels of the Open University.
The general setup for both studies was the same, while the concrete implementation differed in order to adapt to the context of the study. The building blocks of the general setup consisted of a background questionnaire, an introduction to the scenario, a phase were the participants explored the visualisation on their own time, a task, and a questionnaire to evaluate the usability of the visualisation.
The participants of the field experiment received an Email with links to a questionnaire 13 for each visualisation. The questionnaire guided the participants through all building blocks of the evaluation.
In the Lab context, the facilitator of the study guided participants along the testing. Participants were asked to fill out the background questionnaire, they were verbally introduced to the scenario, had time to explore the visualisation on their own, they could ask questions, they were asked the same task questions, and they had to fill out the same usability questionnaire.
The scenario consisted of asking the participants to be part of a large online conversation. This conversation being so large that manual inspection of the contributions is neither reliable nor effective. Instead participants should use the analytics visualisations to make sense of the conversation.
Each visualisation contained a small task. Participants had to answer three to four questions for each visualisation. The participants could find all solutions to the task by using the visualisation. For example, two of the four questions for the user activity analysis visualisation were: ‘How many times did the most active user contribute to the debate?’ and ‘How many counter arguments have been made in the whole debate?’. The data for the visualisations were taken from the CIF file generated from the conversation of the ‘Design community 2014’ group. The data were the same for both groups.
In the following we describe the background information of the participants, their task performance, and the usability scores for each visualisation. The field experiment participants as well as the lab participants could stop the task anytime. In the case of the field experiments, the participants were not required to fill out all questionnaires. During the lab study on average two visualisations were evaluated per participant14.
Field experiment: On average 7.4, mostly female, participants filled out the questionnaire for each visualisation (40 questionnaires filled in). Most of them visited DebateHub between two to ten times. Most participants made one contribution, and a few made more than 10 contributions. Analytics dashboards were mostly new to them, they had slightly more familiarity with visualisations to explore data.
Lab experiment: 12 participants evaluated the visualisations (5 female and 7 male). Each visualisation was rated by five of them. Their familiarity with analytics dashboards ranged from novice to advanced, they were mostly novices with visualisations to explore data, but also all levels of familiarity (from novice to expert) were present.
All visualisations have been designed with the aim to help participants to make sense of large-scale online discussions. Still, in this evaluation we do not aim to assess sensemaking of the online debate but, in the first instance, we aim to test users’ capability to read and make sense of the visualisation. Which means their capability to extract and understand the information the visualisation was designed to convey. Each visualisation focuses on a specific perspective of the discussion highlighting certain data over other information. Participants were therefore given the task to read and make sense of the visualisations correctly. To test how well the participants perform in making sense of the visualisations, we constructed tasks that are meant to capture the essential workings of each visualisation. The appendix lists all these tasks. For example, participants using the overview visualisation should be able to tell how many people participated, to have a sense about the state of the debate (i.e. how many counter arguments have been made, and to understand how much attention that debate received (i.e. what has been the viewing activity). Participants using the debate network visualisation, should be able to quickly understand which are the popular issues (issues with many responses), what are the ideas that have been challenged, and which are the ideas that are well connected. The conversation nesting visualisation should provide a quick sense of the amount argumentation as well as to highlight solutions without any argumentation. The user argumentation visualisation shifts the analytical focus on the participants of the conversation. The visualisation should quickly provide a sense of who is dominating the discussion, who is contributing most with ideas, etc. The activity analysis visualisation provides a view that considers the evolution of the conversation over time. Users of that visualisations should be able to quickly determine peak times of activity as well as to get a sense when the conversation is over.
Table 1: Task performance shows the performance of the participants on the tasks for each visualisation. It shows the number of participants (N), the number of questions (Questions), and the percentage of correct answers. For example, saying that the field experiment group answered in 90% of the cases correctly means that out of 40 answers 4 were answered incorrectly.
The lowest amount of correct answers where given to the Debate Network Visualisation (Table 1: Task performance) with a 67% of correct answers in the Lab group. While the highest performing visualisations were the Quick Overview and the Conversation Nesting with 100 percent of correct answer respectively in the Lab and Field test.
Therefore, we can conclude that most users could effectively read and make sense of the visualisations and the specific debate information that they were designed to highlight (with a lowest score of 33% of wrong answers. Nonetheless, users found the network like visualisation (Figure 4) hardest to read and make sense of, when compared to circle packing (Figure 5), histograms (Figure 6, 7) or other types of alternative visualisations such as ‘red light’ and general table views (Figure 3).
‘Usability’ shows the results of the usability questionnaire. The table shows the calculated SUS usability indices and the average of the ratings to the question ‘Overall, I would rate the user-friendliness of this visualisation as [worst, awful, poor, ok, good, excellent, best]’. The usability of all visualisations has been rated between ok and excellent. The participants of the field experiment rated most visualisations as good, with the exception of the quick overview visualisation, which was rated as ok. Similarly, was the lab group, which rated all but the debate network visualisation as good.
From a usability perspective, we can therefore confirm similar results as from the task performance analysis. Debate Network where considered less usable while the Conversation Nesting visualisation was considered the most usable from both Field and Lab groups.
Interestingly enough, even though the Quick Overview was considered readable by the users in the task performance the usability scores for this visualisation where overall the lowest, for both field and lab groups.
Visualisation N SUS Over. N SUS Over.
Overall, the participants performed well on the task independently from the two testing conditions (in the field and in the lab).most of the participants were novices regarding analytics dashboards and visualisations to explore data. This implies that the effective use of the visualisations does not require specific learning or facilitation. This finding is particularly important for online distance education settings in which face-to-face facilitation cannot be provided. The visual analytics’ usability and readability is not affected by the presence of a facilitator in the room.
Both groups performed very well on the task of the quick overview visualisation and conversation nesting, and both groups made mistakes in less or equal to one third of the questions of the debate network visualisation. More or equal to 75% of the questions got answered correctly for all other visualisations.
Most visualisations were rated as having a good usability. Overall, the lab participants rated the usability as higher than the field experiment group. Differences have been found in the quick overview visualisation and the activity analysis visualisation, which was found more usable in the lab group. This may imply that these visualisations are more complex to read and therefore facilitation has improved task performance. All other three visualisations have been on the same level. The participants had more problems with answering the tasks for the debate network visualisation. The low ratings, relative to the other ratings, of the usability may indicate usability issues that need to be followed up.
Ourhave been able to use very different interactive visualisations and successfully performed various information-seeking tasks, independently from the presence of a facilitator (in the lab vs in the field experiment context). These findings confirm that visualisations can be intuitive also to non-experts and can help summarising online debate content by conveying complex information in a compact and usable interface. Future research steps should focus on assessing to what extent these visual summaries can improve the emergence of Contested Collective Intelligence and most specifically to what extent they can improve sensemaking of complex debate dynamics.
From the perspective of research on Argument Visualisation, our findings also indicate that alternative visualisations of tree-like argument structures, such as for instance the circle packing visualisation (Figure 5), are considered more usable and readable by users. Of course, these findings need to be checked against cases in which the online discussion content is larger. In these cases, in fact, argument network visualisations have proved to perform better than linear visualisations in information seeking tasks (De Liddo & Buckingham Shum 2014). We speculate this is due to the fact that large conversational data y relevant content. Therefore, the network structure, even if harder to read, it indeed helps in identifying relevant information when data increases. It would be interesting to compare alternative, more usable and readable, visualisations of arguments (such as the ones suggested in this paper) with common linear interfaces for online discussions to find out to what extent these visualisations can also improve large-scale information seeking tasks.
The CI dashboard provides a wide range of useful and usable visualisations (over 30 visualisations between large and small visualisations and over 20 analytics alerts) readily available for their application to analyse a multitude of different facets of online discussion. In this paper, we tested 5 of these visualisations, for which users with no training and little facilitation rated the usefulness and usability from good to excellence. This suggests promise for the application of advanced visual analytics as a mean to improve quality participation of online users to large scale discussion and deliberation processes.
Online discussion and deliberation are key components in informal and formal learning. Socio cultural approaches to learning have clearly pointed out the importance of quality dialogue for successful learning (Mercer, 2004). Therefore, providing technologies for better learning dialogue is a key challenge to be addressed. In previous research, we have argued that ‘if learning dialogues and their outcomes are representative indicators to better scaffold the learning process, then argumentation theory and argumentation tools can improve the ways in which those processes can be analyzed and understood’ (Page 2, De Liddo et al, 2011).
In this paper, we have provided some prove to this claim, in that we showed how visual analytics built on argumentation data provide usable and readable aids to the exploration of online discussion data, also with low training and no facilitation.
Visual Analytics for learning are at the core of research efforts in learning analytics, and in particular discourse-centric learning analytics (Knight and Littleton, 2015; De Liddo et al, 2011). These are analytics built from discourse data, produced through dialogue and discussion processes, in formal and informal learning contexts. Learning Analytics research have evidenced the importance of providing usable understandable learning analytics interfaces (Lukarov et al, 2015; Ferguson 2012). In this context, the CI dashboard can be applied as visual learning analytics service to improve the quality of learners’ participation in structured group discussions. The Dashboard provides visual summarisation and analytics of the structure and content of the debate, as well as of the learners’ participation to the debate (see for instance the traffic light visualisations at Figure 3). These visual analytics have proved usable and readable to untrained users.
Still, in order to facilitate large scale deliberation, one of the key challenges is users’ participation and technology update. Users are often reluctant to try new technologies, even when there are ‘promised’ advantages. This is a fundamental issue, since research has indicated that main stream online discussion technologies (social media such as blogs, forums, Facebook, Twitter, and so on) are not good at supporting informed dialogue and quality discussion, they do not support knowledge co-creation but rather promote dividing discourse and platform island within online communities.
Alternative technologies for online discourse aim to use Visual Analytics interfaces as a mean to promote quality debate and informed deliberation. Visual Analytics have an element of ‘fun’ (De Liddo & Buckingham Shum 2014), which can play a key role to trigger users’ engagement, especially from young and more digitally native learners, but visualisations may be too complex. This complexity can scare participants away. Additionally, much raw data from analytics can be hard to interpret without training. This creates a tension in the user interface design of visual analytics technologies, which must have the right balance between obtrusiveness and discoverability of the information about the online deliberation and Collective Intelligence process.
This paper shows promising results of the usability and readability of visual analytics in both facilitated and non-facilitated setting, but still a lot needs to be understood about the reasons why certain visualisations are more usable and understandable than others, in specific contexts and tasks. Future Research should focus on finding viable solutions to the design of simple, usable but still highly explicative visualizations that can improve not only the quality of deliberation but also the level of participation to the debate.
This work was carried out as part of the CATALYSgrant agreement #6111188).
Collective Intelligence (http://catalyst-fp7.eu/open-tools/edgesense/).
9. This visualization is based on the D3.js library.
10. This visualization is based on the dc.js library.
14. The exact detail can be found in the project report of Ullmann et al. (2014)ies, 8, 29-40.
Buckingham Shum, S. (2003). . In P. A. Kirschner., S. J. Buckingham Shum, & C. S. Carr (Eds.), Visualizing Argumentationn, (3-24).
Buckingham Shum, S., others (2008). Cohere: Towards web 2.0 argumentation. COMMA 8, 97-108.
De Liddo, A. (2014). Enhancing Discussion Forums with Combined Argument and Social Network Analytics, in A. Okada, S. Buckingham Shum, & T. Sherborne, (Eds.), Knowledge Cartography(333-359).
De Liddo, A., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2014). New Ways of Deliberating Online: An Empirical Comparison of Network and Threaded Interfaces for Online Discussion, in E. Tambouris, A. Macintosh, & F. Bannister, F. (Eds.), Electronic Participation,(90-101).
De Liddo, A., Buckingham Shum, S., & Catalyst, C. (2014a). Analysis of Pain Points & User Feedback on Design Concepts (Deliverable No. D2.1), Catalyst - Collective Applied Intelligence and Analytics for Social Innovation. The Open University, Milton Keynes.
De Liddo, A., Buckingham Shum, S., & Klein, M. (2014b). Ars and Analytics for Civic Engagement, in 8th ISSA Conference on Argumentation. Presented at the Workshop: Arguing the Web: 2.0 , Amsterdam.
De Liddo, A., Shum, S. B., Quinto, I., Bachler, M., & Cannavacciuolo, L., (2011, February). Discourse-centric learning analytics3-33). ACM.
Klein, M. (2014). Deliberation analytics (No. D3.5University of Zurich.
Knight, S., & Littleton, K. (2015). Discourse- centric learning analytics: mapping the terrain. Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(1), 185-209.
Kravcik, M., Mikroyannidis, A., Pammer, V., Prilla, M., & Ullmann, T. D. (Eds.) (2017). Special Issue on: Int. J. Technol. Enhanc. Learn.,, 9.
Lukarov, V., Chatti, M. A. & Schroeder, U. (2015). Learning Analytics Evaluation- Beyond Usability. In DeLFI WOrkshops (pp. 123-131).
M. Manag. Rev., 38.AL, 1, 137U00F8e168.
Nazemi, K., Ullmann, T. D., & Hornung, C. (2009). Engineering User Centered Interaction Systems for Semantic Visualizations(126-134).. Concept MapsTM Facil. Tools Sch. Corp. Mahwaw Lawrence Erlbaum.
P. Catalyst -
Rienties, B., Cross, S., Marsh, V., & Ullmann, T. (2017). Making sense of learner and learning Big Data: reviewing 5 years of Data Wrangling at the Open University UK. Open Learn. J. Open Distance E-Learn, 32(3), 279-293.
Rub2 edition. Indianapolis: Ed. Wiley.
Ullmann, T. D. (2004). maQ- Fragebogengenerator. Make a Questionnaire.
Ullmann, T. D., Liddo, A. D., & Bachler, M. (2014). Catalyst - Collective Intelligence Analytics Dashboard Usability Evaluation (Deliverable No. D4.6.
Ullmann, T. D., Uren, V. S., & Nikolov, A. (2009). The SemSearchXplorer - Exploring Semantic Search Results with Semantic Visualizations. In S. Fischer, E. Maehle, R. Reischuk (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Informatics. Presented at the Informatik 2009: Im Focus das Leben, Gesellschaft für Informatik, Lübeck, pp. 3064-3076.
varch Paradigms and Perspectives on LNew York, New York, NY, (21-29).
1 Thomas Daniel Ullmann: Is   His detailed biography is available from http://qone.eu/ullmann.
2 Anna De Liddo: Is a Senior Research Fellow in Collective Intelligence Infrastructures and leads the Knowledge Media Institute’s IDea Group which investigates theories methods and tools accounting for the centrality of social interaction and discourse in public engagement, urban informatics, e-democracy and social innovation contexts. Anna’s research focuses on models of dialogue and argumentation; models of crowdsourcing and participatory representation; and the design, implementation and uptake of online systems that seek to increase collective environmental awareness,, such3 Michelle Bachler: Is a Software developer working primarily on collective intelligence, knowledge mapping, and blockchain technologies.
The questionnaires for the evaluation of tvisualisations consists of a general part, which was the same for all questionnaires, and a specific part, which is tailored to each visualisation. This annex shows these questionnaires. To save printing space first we show the questions for all participants and afterwards we show the specific questions for each individual questionnaire. The position of the individual questions within the general questionnaire is marked. Text in square brackets has not been part of the questionnaires. It has been added to explain them.
How often did you visit the discussion about ‘Designing Community 2014’ on DebateHub?
How often did you make a contribution tofamiliar are you with visualisations for analysing and exploring data?
It will take a short while until the visualisation is fully loaded. In the meanwhile, you might want to open the questionnaire in one window and the visualisation in another window of your browser. You now can easily switch between the visualisation and the questions of the questionnaire.
The visualisation provides an overview of important aspects of a debate.
Read the description above the visualisation. Afterwards familiarise yourself with the visualisation by trying out the points mentioned in the description.
Once you are ready proceed to the questions. You will be asked a few questions which you can answer by using this visualisation.
How many people participated in the debate?
How many counter arguments have been contributed?
What is the average word count over all contributions?
The visualisation shows contributions of users to a debate.
Zoom out to see all debate networks.
Thedebate as nested circles of posts. How many pro arguments can you see?
How many solutions do not have any pro or contra arguments?

How often
The visualisation shows activity of a debate over time.
What day of the week shows most activity?
Between Thu 11 and Fri 19, how often was an idea created?
Each usability session in the usability lab followed a specific protocol, which is outlined here. The protocol was read out to the participants in order to standardise the usability session. The session protocol is based on the supplementary material of the Handbook of usability testing (Rubin & Chisnell, 2008). Our thanks especially go to Shailey Minocha from the Open University, who gave invaluable advice on the design of the usability lab session.
Ahead of the session the participants received three documents: Consent form, initial information request form and the project summary sheet. They were asked to read all three documents, and if possible to fill out the consent form and the initial information request to either bring them to the session or to send them.
All these documents and the session protocol are part of this annex.
Once you are ready we willCorrect answer is: What should the medium of our final class project be?
[Hand out closing questions questionnaire].
Please read each statement aloud and then circle the choice that most closely matches your answer and tell me what it is.
For the following usability questions we are interested in your immediate responses. Do not think too long about each question. If you feel that you cannot respond to a particular question, please mark the centre point of this question.


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“One recalls from old photographs,” they wrote, “. . .e, and history. Indeed, TV coverage of Desert Storm” — referring to the 1991 U.S. bombing campaign against Iraq — “vfield Shock and Awe.” medievalrt


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Since leaving the canoe-house we had scarcely exchanged a single syllable with one another; but when we entered a second narrow opening in the wood, and again caught sight of the ridge before us, I took Toby by the arm, and pointing along its sloping outline to the lofty heights at its extremity, said in a low tone, ��Now, Toby, not a word, nor a glance backward, till we stand on the summit of yonder mountain��so no more lingering but let us shove ahead while we can, and in a few hours�� time we may laugh aloud. You are the lightest and the nimblest, so lead on, and I will follow.��?
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��Young Men��s Own Book�������� a��taboo! taboo!�� giving me to understand that unless the canoe was removed I could not expect to have the young ladies back again. But to this procedure I was averse; I not only wanted the canoe to stay where it was, but I wanted the beauteous Fayaway to get into it, and paddle with me about the lake. This latter proposition completely horrified Kory-Kory��s notions of propriety. He inveighed against it, as something too monstrous to be thought of. It not only shocked their established notions of propriety, but was at variance with all their religious ordinances.
I beheld a man extended flat upon his back on the ground, and, despite the forced composure of his countenance, it was evident that he was suffering agony. His tormentor bent over him, working away for all the world like a stone-cutter with mallet and chisel. In one hand he held a short slender stick, pointed with a shark��s tooth, on the upright end of which he tapped with a small hammer-like piece of wood, thus puncturing the skin, and charging it with the colouring matter in which the instrument was dipped.  It is prepared by mixing with a vegetable juice the ashes of the ��armor��, or candle-nut, always preserved for the purpose. Beside the savage, and spread out upon a piece of soiled tappa, were a great number of curious black-looking little implements of bone and wood, used in the various divisions of his art. A few terminated in a single fine point, and, like very delicate pencils, were employed in giving the finishing touches, or in operating upon the more sensitive portions of the body, as was the case in the present instance. Others presented several points distributed in a line, somewhat resembling the teeth of a saw. These were employed in the coarser parts of the work, and particularly in pricking in straight marks. Some presented their points disposed in small figures, and being placed upon the body, were, by a single blow of the hammer, made to leave their indelible impression.   Altogether the sight of these strange instruments recalled to mind that display of cruel-looking mother-of-pearl-handled things which one sees in their velvet-lined cases at the elbow of a dentist..
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Roost, a provider ofhas partnered with New York-based Kingstone Insurance.
Kingstone does business only through independent retail and wholesale brokers and writesTexas. He currently offers goods and accident In order to increase policyholder participation and reduce compensation costs, Kingstone Insurance will launch a pilot program in September to offer a free Roost Intelligent Water Leakage and Freeze Detector ory holders.
When Kingstone begins to use its Roost smart sensors, policy owners will be able to better mitigate the costs and difficulties of claims regarding fire, smoke, and water leakage, according to Roost’s press release. Kingstone Insurance will also be able to strengthen its relationship with policyholders through Roost’s co-branded Kingstone Insurance mobile application, which has been enhanced with common weather alerts and home service professional access.
The Roost Smart 9V Battery converts existing smoke alarms into intelligent alarms. If the alarm sounds and no-one is home, a smartphone notification is sent. This designed to detect water leaks and, at the same time, moisture and freezing temperatures. It offers smartphone alerts through the joint branded Kingstone application to help minimize water damage and loss.
Swiss Re Weighs IPO for UK Closed-Bood Business; Pricing Pressures Hit...


Nishi-Shinjuku (West Shinjuku) is the futuristic area where the most wellknown skyscrapers of Tokyo can be found, often shown on postcards with Tokyo’s skyline. It is situated to the West of the tracks of the huge Shinjuku Station. Except wide roads, hotels, office towers and restaurants there are casinos, large department stores, malls and a very narrow pedestrian alley with pubs and night clubs called Omoide Yokocho. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, that includes the City Hall of Tokyo, is resembling both a computer chip and a gothic cathedral with its two towers. Here is a free observation deck that we visited, with impressive 360 degrees views of Tokyo. It was completed in 1990 and was designed by Kenzo Tange. Shinjuku Park Tower is the postmodern skyscraper where you find the Park Hyatt hotel with its skybar famous from the movie ”Lost in translation”. It is the tallest skyscraper in Shinjuku. Tokyo Hilton is nearby. Keio Plaza Hotel was the first skyscraper in Japan, built in 1971. It has 47 floors and is a luxury hotel with two modernist towers. In 1974 it was surpassed by the 52-storey Shinjuku Sumitomo Building, that has a free observation deck. The same year Shinjuku Mitsui Bldg became the tallest one. Tokyo Mode Gakuen Coccoon Tower, built in 2008, is one of the most significant skyscrapers since it has a curved deconstructivist design, unlike the other ones that are more boxy. The 50-storey glass building, designed by Kenzo Tange, has diagonal and curved lines. Other notable buildings are the Opera City Tower and the Sompo Japan HQ with its sloped base. The brown 54-storey Shinjuku Center Bldg was climbed by Alain Robert in 1998.


We enhance.
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We build and strengthen relationships by emphasizing collaboration with energy advisement and improvements by utilizing our extensive experience, broad knowledge base, and continuous education for our team.


Adrian Chiles 'horrified' at drinking 100 alcohol units a week
.
'We are the problem'
The TV and radio broadcaster – who sees himself as a social drinkerm.
For the documentary, called Drinkers Like Us, Chiles recorded how many units he was drinking.
He sThe doctor told Chiles: "You can't carry on like this. You're at risk of disease progression to cirrhosis, liver disease and failure – and death."
Chiles said it might be easier to "stop completely" rather than moderating his drinking, which he said requires planning.
Do you consider yourself to be a heavy drinker.
Tagged &#039horrified&#039, Adrian, Alcohol, Chiles, Drinking, units, Week
An experimental cocktail of viruses has saved the life of a teenager who had a deadly and seemingly untreatable infection. Isabelle'But doctors at Great Ormond Street Hospital attempted an untested "phage therapy", which uses viruses to infect […]
Next month, a report will be published the failureBBC's Michael Buchanan who helped uncover the problems examines why so many failures were allowed to happen for so long. It began […]. Just weeks after he mandated that federal workers get shotsor face rigorous testing […]


nt to share how we can come out with our very first even in the game or even in the company so far.
For the past couple of months, we are focusing on fixing the retention, getting the funnel better for the players. Our roadmaps are full with tweaking FTUE. We then tweak the chapter requirements, breaking down the core objectives of the game and making changes based on phases, starting from the simple tweak like changing the tutorial to match our reference (AdCap and Cash Inc).
Phase one was quite successful, the funnel showed that more people are converting to the core gameplay. Then we start to jump to phase 2, in which we will change the triggers for some bonuses like monkey whisper and intro to timewarp, we switch them to match our player playstyle, and yes phase 2 is showing an increase in retention and the funnel as well.
Shortly we still have phase 3 incoming, which we are going to incentivize players to reach chapter 2 quickly, but we then realize that it is almost Christmas and we didn’t even think of something for Christmas, we then quickly plan our next even along with those improvements, creating a pitch deck for Apple and Google altogether.
There are several visual changes that impact, like fireworks on the castle, lampions on each district, lotus flower on the river, and even red hongbao paper plane.
Players can login each day to get some rewards, just by listening to each mayors story, this will also help us pump up some retention and help them progress further through our chapters.


Wild animals in your driveway. Bricks through your windows. Emotions in bottles, and demons in your toys. All of this and mo...

James Verne and his crew have travelled almost a thousand years to visit life on a distant planet.
Stranded with dwindling supplies and no contingency plan, their morale is held up by only one redeeming fact: they are Conquerors, and they have made it this far. So they begin their search for life, and in doing so, discover that the people of this planet knew more about Earth than the humans knew about themselves, and that they might not be so alone in this world after all.
Gods and Conquerors is a story of redemption, survival, and the relentless search for hope in a seemingly hopeless world.


menu card food is not available. only availability of bread. food is also not good.
They are charging extra for cold rinks i paid 60 rs additional against dine out bill i had taken 03 vocher 01 and 02 vocher i took vocher for total bill fraud is happening in brown sugar
Bad Behaviour of Staff
Posted on 09 Mar 2021
qty of food is very low, quality is good.
they didn't gave me 10% discount specified by the dineout app.
amazing....????????


It is a nice campsite but the only issue I had was the showers. They didn't seem to get cleaned during my stay and the water pressure was abissmal (I know it's being sorted within the year) so that's... Read more.
 something that to look forward to.
I stayed there to see last of the summer wine stuff but other than that there isn't a great deal to do for free so it's unlikely I'll be staying in the area again.


Here is Julian Barnes doing what he does best, exploring the gigantic significance of small moments and the personal side of historic events. The power of group thing and the struggle against the weight of expectations fight within the breast of Barne's characters in Noise, bringing personal pain to 1930s, 20th century New York, and the Soviet Union. Caught between survival, artistic integrity, and family, Dmitri Shostakovic is at time aggressive, small, and always real.
Kobo eBook (May 10th, 2016): $11.99