Gert H. J. Kema1*, André Drenth2*, Miguel Dita3, Kees Jansen4, Sietze Vellema5 and Jetse J. Stoorvogel6
2Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
3Alliance Bioversity International and CIAT, Cali, Colombia
4Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
5Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
6Soil Geography and Landscape Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Different strains of this Fusarium species have affected banana production worldwide. Prior to the 1960s, the spread of FWB was primarily caused by so-called Race 1 strains that caused severe losses in the production and export trade in Latin America, which was based almost entirely on the highly susceptible cultivar Gros Michel. The failing management of FWB in Gros Michel eventually convinced the export companies to convert the business to resistant Cavendish cultivars.
TR4 first emerged in Southeast Asia (Ploetz, 1990) and its current rapid spread was analyzed by Ordonez et al. (2015). Subsequent studies showed that the TR4 strain is extremely virulent toward many banana cultivars, including Cavendish cultivars grown in large-scale monoculture plantations for export markets and many banana varieties important for food security and domestic consumption. There are no readily available solutions to manage this disease. Moreover, this global threat connects export trade, strongly dependent on the susceptible Cavendish cultivars, to local production systems wherein a range of banana varieties contributing to food security are also impacted.
This Research Topic aims to provide a platform for information exchange and knowledge sharing. The contributions demonstrate an active research community in search of effective control of FWB. Taken together, the papers provide an overview of our current understanding of the biology and epidemiology of TR4, its management and how integrated and innovative solutions are required and need to be embraced by all stakeholders in an effort to build a sustainable banana industry for the future.
Bananas evolved in Southeast Asia and are globally the most traded fruit, currently grown throughout the (sub-)tropics. Annual global production of banana and plantain combined is 155 million metric tons (FAOSTAT 2020; data for 2018). Over 400 million people rely on bananas and plantains for food security and for income. Banana and plantains are consumed as fruits or as a starchy food staple and are an important ingredient of local diets. Other uses include; beer brewing, packaging and food wrapping, fibers for clothing and handicrafts, transport pallets and animal feeds and dried sheaths for binding ropes, thatching materials, mulching material and traditional medicines.
Banana production takes place under diverse agro-ecological and social-economic conditions where disease pressure varies significantly. Approximately 84% of the crop is cultivated by smallholders and delivered to domestic markets. The international trade represents about 16% of the global banana production consisting of just over 25 million metric tons which are exported from tropical areas to mainly countries in the temperate zones (FAOSTAT 2020; data for 2018). The latter bananas are almost exclusively of the “Cavendish” variety grown in monoculture in large plantations for export. Cavendish cultivars are also important for domestic markets and represent ~50% of the global banana production. They are resistant to Race 1 strains, but susceptible to TR4. The threat posed by Race 1 was countered by replacing the susceptible Gros Michel with the resistant Cavendish, particularly in export-oriented production systems in tropical lowlands.
Refrigerated transport enabled the export industry to be developed in the 20th century based on the banana variety Gros Michel. This hardy and highly popular variety however turned out to be susceptible to FWB Race 1. After invading Central America Race 1 continued to spread to other banana growing countries and destroyed Gros Michel plantations putting pressure on the export industry in Central and South America (Simmonds, 1966). Despite large scale and expensive efforts to manage FWB in large monoculture plantations, effective control was never achieved. For the first half of the 20th century the industry tried to hold on to “Gros Michel” by shifting cultivation to escape the pathogen with great environmental and socio-economic consequences (Marquardt, 2001; Soluri, 2005). The banana export industry only gradually adopted Cavendish as a replacement for Gros Michel as it required changes to the logistic supply chain. The introduction of cardboard boxes enabled shipment of the more fragile and easily bruised Cavendish fruit, and improved temperature control through refrigeration and artificial ripening, enabled delivery of bananas to Western markets in an acceptable quality. The change in variety as response to Race 1 necessitated major adjustments in logistics and marketing, but the large-scale and uniform production systems based on one single cultivar remained.
Since the 1960's global banana production has expanded significantly due to increased global demand. Cavendish turned out to be highly productive in intensively managed plantations and acceptable to international and domestic markets resulting in contributing approximately 50% of global production and 99% of export markets. The downside of relying on a single cultivar at a global scale is genetic vulnerability which has become evident by the rapid spread of Race 1, and black leaf streak disease, or black Sigatoka (Marin et al., 2003; De Bellaire et al., 2010) in Central and South America and more recently by the emergence and dissemination of TR4. The TR4 epidemic started in the 1960s in Taiwan, and apparently expanded into South East Asia and China and subsequently emerged in the Middle East, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and most recently in Colombia (García-Bastidas et al., 2020). The spread of TR4 around the world has increased significantly and causes severe damage to the highly susceptible “Cavendish” cultivars planted in huge monocultures as well as backyard gardens.
The papers in this Research Topic cover a wide range of issues in an effort to capture the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen (Zheng et al.; Dita et al.; Warman and Aitken; Liu et al.; Pegg et al.), the impact and management of the disease (Montiflor et al.; Carvalhais et al.; Bubici et al.; Staver et al., 2020), identification and screening for resistance (Chen et al.; García-Bastidas et al.) and the socioeconomic approaches to engage all stakeholders in coordinated efforts to contain the spread and to exchange knowledge under circumstances of uncertainty and unfamiliarity (Montiflor et al.; Staver et al., 2020).
The export sector represents the more salient part of the worldwide banana sector; however, the consequences of TR4 for banana producers, traders and consumers in local food provisioning systems is also severe. Therefore, the Research Topic aims to connect the two distinct domains, of export trade and local food security (Oosterveer et al., 2014). This multiplicity enables spread of the pathogen and complicates tailoring of disease management to different circumstances. Yet, the truly global nature of TR4 may be conducive to linking the resources and knowledge of the export-oriented industry with the problem-solving capacities and livelihood strategies of banana producers in diverse agro-ecological and socio-economic contexts.
Infection and Spread of the Pathogen
The paper by Pegg et al. deals with the epidemiology of FWB. The paper provides a complete introduction to the FWB problem and this Research Topic. The authors review the body of evidence with regard to the origin, spread and infection of the pathogen and the mechanisms of colonization of the banana plant leading to expression of disease symptoms. The authors outline the evidence for the survival of TR4 in the soil either as chlamydospores or as an asymptomatic endophyte in a wide range of different non-host plants. Issues which prevent effective management of FWB, are discussed in detail. Some crucial points, such as the long incubation period, are highlighted which substantiate the observation that a lack of symptoms may not be a good indication of the presence or absence of the pathogen. In fact, it may be several years before the pathogen present in the soil infect the banana roots and FWB occurrence become evident.
Several fundamental epidemiological issues are brought to the forefront including the long established observation that all infections by Fusarium originate from the roots (Wardlaw, 1961). Banana root exudates stimulate the germination of chlamydospores present in the soil and the initial advancement of the pathogen through the roots is slow but once the pathogen enters the pseudostem it can spread rapidly through the formation of microconidia in the xylem vessels. The authors hypothesize that when Fusarium microconidia in the xylem vessels are confronted with a perforation plate they germinate and the resulting mycelium grows through the perforation plate to form microconidia at the other side, progressing the co-lonization of the pseudostem. In banana varieties resistant to FWB the defenses of the host arrest pathogen colonization in the rootlets, roots or at the root base while in susceptible plants the colonization of the xylem continues unabated. Symptoms expressed as wilting are a result of impaired water movement due to vascular clogging, significantly reducing the transpiration levels. In the final phase of colonization, the pathogen moves from the xylem into the parenchyma and cortex of the plant where an abundance of chlamydospores and conidia are produced in the degrading plant tissue. The paper also gives a pertinent overview of the areas that are insufficiently covered in contemporary research efforts such as; completing the disease cycle, investigating in detail the host pathogen interaction, development and application of effective containment measures, detection of affected plants, destruction of infected plant material, soil treatments to reduce the inoculum load, the process of colonization of the pseudostem and the nature of resistance in Cavendish to Race 1.
Warman and Aitken utilize in their paper a combination of a Subtropical Race 4 strain (SR4) labeled with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and confocal microscopy to visualize pathogenesis in a compatible interaction (Warman and Aitken). Their results show that colonization of the roots and pseudostem is quite advanced before external symptoms of disease become apparent. This GFP study confirms the direct penetration of the epidermal cells by the pathogen in the root tips followed by intercellular growth along the elongation zone and the initial colonization of the xylem vessels in asymptomatic fashion. The mechanisms of the movement of the pathogen throughout the pseudostem remains unresolved. Colonization of the pseudostem is followed by colonization of the leaf sheaths and production of chlamydospores in symptomatic plants. The authors provide some evidence that senescent leaf sheaths may be an important source of inoculum, particularly since decaying leaves also show hypha appearing from stomata on the outside of leaf sheaths, which could result in aerial dissemination of the pathogen and underscores the relevance of leaves in disease epidemiology and management.
The genetic differentiation of Fusarium species causing wilt in bananas is poorly understood and an analysis among Race 1, SR4 and TR4 reveals some interesting findings (Liu et al.). Evidence that R1 has a highly diverse genetic background while TR4 shows a monophyletic origin which was identified previously (Ordonez et al., 2015) is corroborated in this study. The evolutionary characteristics of 12 Fusaric Acid Biosynthesis (FUB) genes and three common household genes are analyzed. The authors find a significantly higher level of recombination among the FUB genes compared to the three common household genes which led them to suggest that horizontal gene transfer plays a role in the evolution of Fusarium species causing wilt in bananas confirming previous reports (Ma et al., 2013; Mehrabi et al., 2017; Czislowski et al., 2018). FUB genes are postulated by the authors to be functionally relevant and the presence of negative selection on these genes provides circumstantial evidence that Fusaric acid may play a role as a virulence factor associated with symptoms expression. However, thus far sexuality in Fusarium species causing wilt in bananas is hitherto unknown, and hence, alternative hypotheses need to be tested for the occurrence of recombination in this pathogen (Drenth et al., 2019) and mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer need to be elucidated to gain an understanding of the evolution of new strains and/or species (Zheng et al.).
Containment, Control, and Coordination
The important question of how much yield loss is avoided by preventing the entry and delaying the spread of the TR4 is addressed by Staver et al. (2020). They show that resources allocated to reducing the spread of TR4 make a very good investment and back-up earlier findings which enumerated the exclusion benefits of keeping TR4 out of Australia (Cook et al., 2015). The authors specifically highlight the danger of touted, but yet unproven, successes such as the use of somaclonal variants and genetic solutions through gene-editing. They argue that such claims may even be a contributing factor to further spread of the disease as they may put the investment in exclusion and containment at risk. The paper clearly shows that investment aimed at reducing the impact of TR4 provides highly positive results. Different scenarios such as improved exclusion, integrated crop and disease management, breeding resistant cultivars and developing genetically modified resistant banana cultivars all significantly reduce future yield losses and provide a high internal rate of return on investment. The paper provides compelling evidence for increased research concerning the management of TR4 in bananas.
Effective implementation of quarantine and containment measures depends on early detection of the pathogen through reliable diagnostics. In addition to morphological identification and vegetative compatibility analyses several molecular diagnostic assays are routinely used to identify TR4. However, since there are multiple races and species of Fusarium causing wilt in a wide range of banana varieties producing similar disease symptoms, a high level of specificity of these tests is paramount. Evidently, one cannot differentiate a Race 1 infection from a TR4 infection in a banana variety susceptible to both and one should not rely on visual symptoms only. To overcome this dilemma Carvalhais et al. developed a molecular diagnostic assay based on Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes which can reliable detect FWB strains and species, and is able to reliable identify a Race 1, Subtropical (SR4) or TR4 strain. Another important aspect of this paper is the rigor in which the validation was conducted to develop a specific, sensitive and robust diagnostic assay. Reliable detection of different races and species causing FWB enables informed decision making and suitable control measures by banana industry stakeholders in case of an invasion.
Expansion of the geographic distribution of TR4 has been rapid and the disease has spread across Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa and more recently to South America (García-Bastidas et al., 2020). Although the pandemic of TR4 is caused by a single clone there are small differences appearing among strains of this clone due to mutations. In a detailed analysis using DNA sequencing to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) among TR4 strains, the occurrence of slightly different lineages was demonstrated. Zheng et al. provide a detailed insight into the phylogeography of TR4 by comparing strains collected from various invasions around the world. Using this technology the authors demonstrate that strains from recent incursions in Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar are genetically similar to the one from Yunnan, China. They also show similarity of strains between the Philippines and Pakistan and a close link between the strains in Lebanon and Jordan. This study shows that genomic analyses of the pathogen can identify individual strains which then can be used to shed light on the origin and distribution of TR4 around the world.
The global distribution of R1 and TR4 and the importance of research on surveillance, exclusion and containment to slow down and limit the spread of TR4 is emphasized in the review of Dita et al. It highlights that research on cropping systems is needed to increase the durability of new resistant clones. The authors outline that Race 1 susceptible varieties such as “Prata” and “Gros Michel,” still can be profitably grown in some regions if combined with rigorous cultural practices. To do this, cultural practices need to significantly reduce the inoculum load in the soil. Hence, information on pathogen survival in the soil and the infection process becomes highly relevant as previously outlined (Warman and Aitken; Pegg et al.). Soil management, including both biotic and abiotic factors, to control FWB is discussed in detail. Factors affecting symptom expression such as weather, temperature, developmental stage of the plant and aspects of different soil components are outlined. However, despite considering all the cultural practices available to us today the authors conclude that control of FWB has not been sufficiently achieved in large scale monoculture systems based on Gros Michel or Cavendish using practical biological, chemical or cultural methods. It is clear that host resistance to FWB has an important contribution to make in sustainable cultivation of bananas.
Resistance to TR4
Although it is now well understood that “Cavendish” cultivars are susceptible to TR4, it has also become apparent that resistance occurs in other Musa germplasm. The paper by Chen et al. describes resistance to TR4 in the diploid AA banana subspecies Musa acuminata spp. malaccensis and M. acuminata spp. burmannica. Some polyploid FHIA hybrids, such as FHIA-18 and FHIA-25 are reported to be highly resistant to TR4. Their data reveals that there are different resistance mechanisms present across the 34 Musa cultivars they tested and that the resistance response also depends on the inoculum load. They furthermore observe that the resistance response mainly takes place in the rhizome and the outcome of this interaction plays an important role in inhibiting the fungus from colonizing the rest of the banana plant.
The success of plant breeding is largely defined by our ability to select for traits of interest. Therefore, the paper by García-Bastides et al. is fundamentally important as it describes the development of a standard operational procedure to screen germplasm for resistance to TR4, including an inoculum production protocol and additional methodologies underpinning a “high throughput phenotyping system.” In addition, the paper describes how visual scoring is complemented with more objective data capture involving image analysis, contributing to overall reproducibility. A glasshouse-based screening method under controlled conditions using specific pathogen genotypes enables reproducible results in a short period of time, thereby speeding up progress in breeding (Smith et al., 2008; Rebouças et al., 2018).
In the absence of a market acceptable banana variety with a high level of resistance to TR4 it is not surprising that many efforts have been directed toward finding an effective biological control agent. An overview of articles investigating the prospects of biological control is contributed by Bubici et al. Although there are many studies showing promising leads with efficacy under controlled environmental conditions, none have been taken to the next step to achieve effective control of TR4 in the field. The paper outlines many of the knowledge gaps which exists in this area and the authors make a point that biocontrol should not be considered as an independent tool, but rather as a module of an integrated management framework. Indeed this links back to the paper by Dita et al. who state that a number of integrated cultural practices are required to significantly reduce the inoculum load in the soil to allow Cavendish production in TR4 infested soils.
Efforts aimed at reducing the impact of any disease are not merely technical but also have substantial social dimensions. The paper by Montiflor et al. looks at the TR4 problem through a different lens and underscores the need to involve all stakeholders in order to contain the disease. The authors argue that efforts should move beyond technical issues and look into how all industry stakeholders in the periphery of the growers, such as industry organizations, researchers, extension workers, exporters and traders, can be involved to partake in the solution (Vellema and Jansen, 2018). The authors investigate issues related to decision making, shared responsibilities and look at how tasks are coordinated and shared at local levels, thereby highlighting the importance of cross-sector collaboration in responding to disease outbreaks and the development of effective partnerships to mobilize local action.
The emerging theme of this Research Topic is the reminiscence of the decline of “Gros Michel” due to FWB Race 1 and the current threat of TR4 to global banana cultivation overly dependent on Cavendish cultivars. TR4 affects Cavendish cultivars grown in large scale export-oriented plantations and confronts major banana companies with a recurrent disease problem. However, TR4 also impacts food security and local trade because it affects many other common banana varieties grown for domestic markets. Quarantine and containment may have reduced the spread of TR4 in some regions at a local scale but did not prevent international nor intercontinental dissemination (Drenth and Kema, in press). The application of cultural and biological control options can slow down the development of epidemics, but alone do not provide effective control, thereby merely contributing to gain time. The only long-term option proposed in several papers in this Research Topic is to deploy new varieties with effective disease resistance. This option quenched the Race 1 epidemic once Cavendish replaced Gros Michel. Hence, finding productive and consumer accepted varieties to substitute Cavendish is a key component of strategies to enhance resilience of the export-oriented banana industry as well as many local and regional production systems aimed at domestic markets. Research on genetics, breeding and selection for disease resistance should be accompanied by diversification of the genetic foundations of the banana industry and be combined with other types of solutions, such as soil management or integrating banana with other crops. Changes in the banana industry to control FWD require the involvement of local and international industry stakeholders and consumers to reduce the current extreme level of genetic vulnerability and avoid making the same mistakes once more.
The chair of Tropical Phytopathology held by GK at Wageningen University was supported by grant <DIGITS> of the Dutch Dioraphte Foundation. AD received funding from Hort Innovation through grant BA16005. GK, KJ, JS, and SV received funding from the Interdisciplinary Research and Education Fund (INREF) of Wageningen University. MD received funds from the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) and The São Paulo Research Foundation—Fapesp through grant 2015/03625-7.
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Keywords: TR4, Panama wilt, disease management, research priorities, pandemic
Citation: Kema GHJ, Drenth A, Dita M, Jansen K, Vellema S and Stoorvogel JJ (2021) Editorial: Fusarium Wilt of Banana, a Recurring Threat to Global Banana Production. Front. Plant Sci. 11:628888. doi: 10.3389/fpls.<PHONE>
Edited and reviewed by: Dirk Albert Balmer, Syngenta, Switzerland
Copyright © 2021 Kema, Drenth, Dita, Jansen, Vellema and Stoorvogel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


dd/yyyy. It should print the date in the form March 12, 2012on; int day; int year; string month //the array is for another part of the program that i have not worked out yet cout << "Enter a date in the form MM/DD/YYYY: "; cin >> mon >> day >> year; cout << mon << "/" << day << "/" << year << endl; system ("pause"); return 0; } my output when i enter date 12/12/2009: Enter a date in the form MM/DD/YYYY: 12/12/2009 12/-858993460/-858993460
Edited 2 Years Ago by chubbyy.putto </s> Santoshi Maa 19th April 2016 written update, Santoshi Maa, Santoshi Maa 19th April 2016 Written Update Review, Santoshi Maa 19 April 2016 Written Story.
Santoshi Maa 19ir April“The Memory Card”
The realistic passage of time is something surprisingly ignored in the world of videogames. In most cases, it is handled in one of two ways. Either it is ignored entirely, as in almost all games, with an adventure sometimes taking multiple hours without time ever changing within the game.
Or, in the cases of most role-playing games, a day or night cycle will be established, with some characters even sleeping in inns to pass the time, but, still, no indication of how much time has actually passed comes into play. Characters never change clothes; they never age. Regardless of how many nights you sleep or days you journey through the world, nothing really significant changes.
Hit the jump to witness one of my favorite videogame moments of all time -- an affecting, profound moment that was years ahead of its time.
Short conclusion: They do.
The game begins, literally, during the birth of the main character, a child known only as the Hero until the player names him. After he is brought into the world, the game fast forwards many years to when the Hero is six-years old. At this point, the Hero and his father, Pankraz, begin a journey, visiting many different places around the world.
At one village, the Hero meets a girl named Bianca, a tough-talking tomboy and daughter of the local innkeeper. The two become close friends and go on multiple mini-adventures together. Eventually, the Hero and Bianca part ways, with Pankraz and his son departing on a rescue mission to save the mischievous Prince Henry.
After finding the Prince, the Hero and Pankraz are attacked by an evil being. During the attack, Pankraz is violently killed in a moment that is most likely going to be a Memory Card moment of its own someday.
Devastated, the Hero has no time to mourn the death of his father, for he and Prince Harry are immediately captured by Pankraz’s murderer and sold into slavery.
Ten years pass, and the game picks up with the Hero and Henry escaping from a massive temple they have been tasked with building. After escaping, the Hero flees to the village of Mostroferrato where a wealthy man hires him to locate two magical rings.
After completing this task, the wealthy man offers the Hero the chance to marry his rich, beautiful daughter.
At this point, the game does something really cool. (See? Another Memory Card moment!) Instead of marrying the wealthy man’s daughter, the Hero can instead marry another girl or his old friend Bianca, who has come to town and been reunited with him after all these years. The choice is entirely up to the player.
For the sake of this article, let’s say the Hero chooses to marry Bianca. (And, really, why wouldn’t you? She’s the Tifa of the Dragon Quest games.)
Once he is married, the Hero and his new wife Bianca travel back to his hometown. Here, the Hero is shocked to learn that his father was once a king and, being his heir, he has now been given the throne. With Bianca by his side, the Hero accepts his new royal position in memory of his dearly departed father.
In a rather shocking and scandalous twist, Bianca announces she is pregnant shortly after the Hero becomes king. Jumping forward another few months, the game shows Bianca giving birth to twins -- a boy and a girl.
With two beautiful new babies and an entire kingdom at their bidding,the Hero and Bianca.
More days pass, and the Hero and Bianca’s statues start to gather dust. The few torches illuminating the tower have since been extinguished, leaving the room they stand frozen in dark and cold.
Dragging the statues out, the two explorers set up an auction to try and sell the Hero and Bianca, not knowing that the things they are selling are not carved creations of an artist, but the petrified bodies of a loving husband and wife.
At this point, the game begins a brilliant montage, showing the Hero’s statue as it silently sits in the front of the wealthy man’


Nature Hop promises a weekend of outdoor fun
Lexington is hosting the 4th Annual Nature Hop the weekend of Sept. 18 and 19. Nature Hop is a series of events focused on connecting people with green spaces throughout Fayette County.
Every Nature Hop activity is open to the public. Some events require prior registration. To view up-to-dat(if required), please visit lexingtonky.gov/NatureHop.
Nature Hop was inspired by the Long Day of Urban Nature, an event that Beate Popkin attended in Berlin in 2017. “From Saturday afternoon to Sunday evening, conservation and gardening groups joined city officials in hosting more than 500 events, from bird walks to poetry readings,” she said. “My husband and I participated in two events and enjoyed them tremendously. An obvious question occurred to me: would such an idea fly in Lexington?”
The answer has been a resounding yes thanks to the variety of individuals and organizations who volunteer to host events. This year’s Nature Hop includes 24 events. Examples include:
a self-guided scavenger hunt,
tagging butterflies,
a history tour,
a picnic with ukuleles,
nature-inspired embroidery, and
Residents are invited to kick-off Nature Hop by watching A Bug’s Life at Shillito Park’s Babe Ruth Baseball Complex parking lot. Bring lawn chairs and blankets or watch from your vehicle. The movie will begin at 8 p.m. on Saturday, Sept.18, with food vendors and activities happening at 6:30 p.m.
Kee, Twitter


. You can match 1's and 2's with each other, the white tiles can match cards that are multiples of: 11+ year-olds
Developer: @Ppy 7
Release Date: 08/11/2019, updated in 2020
Accessibility: 25 features: 4+ year-olds 4-14 year-olds
Genres: Action, Fighting, Physically Active, Racing and Sports
Release Date: 14/07/2017: 05/04/2019, updated in 2020...
Platforms: Amazon Fire,: 17/09/2020
Genres: Action, Open World and Puzzle
Developer: @InnerslothDevs: 16/10/2020
Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit (Mario Kart Live, MarioKart Home Circuit) is a kart racing game with a difference. You play on the Switch but use it to control a real life Mario kart that races around......
Platforms: Mac and iPhone, iPad: 23/05/2018.
Genres: Action, Adventure and Fighting: 04/08/2020: 15/12/2020
Developer: @RavnStudio
Genres: Action and Shooting: 06/11/2020
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This article was written by Dafna Linzer, Michael Grabell, and Jeff Larson. Additional reporting by Quinn Norton.


It turns our back on children and families who are fleeing persecution and it undermines our long-term security.


Q: git: detach head and force overwrite I normally work my way around git but this time it's bugging me! I am on a certain branch which had lets say 3 commits since its creation (i.e. 001, 002, 003). So as I was on 003 I checked out to 002 and made some changes which I then commited to 002 now I want to overwrite my branch with the new commit, making it the head of the branch.
I tried to push and I got the following git push origin HEAD:<name-of-remote-branch>. So I then tried to git push origin HEAD:my-branch and it got rejected (without even being sure if this is what I should be doing).
Any ideas on how to work around it?
A: Perhaps your push got rejected because you had already pushed 003 to the server repository and your local branch had changes on top of 002 with 003 removed (if I understand correctly)
You can try to force the push and overwrite the remote (if that's REALLY what you want to do) with the --force option to git push.  ie:
I recommend making the appropriate backups if you are going to use the --force option if you're not sure of what you're doing...
A: git push -f origin HEAD:<name-of-remote-branch>
will override your remote branch with your local one, setting tip to your current detached HEAD.
A: State of local repo after git clone:
001----002----003 HEAD/master
When you checked out 002 and made some changes and committed it, the state is:
001----002----003 master
         +----004 HEAD/detached branch
What you want is either this: (a)
001----002------005----003 HEAD/master
         +----004 detached branch
Or, this: (b)
   001----002----003----004 HEAD/master
In above case 005 will be a merge commit.
I assume it is NOT (b) because the point of checking out 002 makes no sense in that case. If it's (a) you have to:
*checkout master from detached branch.
*merge the detached branch in to master.
If you rebase, instead of merge in step 2, then history will be linear and, IMO, clean, like this:
   001----002----004----003 HEAD/master
Will this solve your concern?


Related Stadia Boss Vows to Never Release a Console, 4K/60fps Only Requires a 30mbps Connection
GoCheaper Pixel 3 Lineup May Not Include the Term ‘Lite’, According to Latest Leak


"As long as the South's conservatives deal [with] inter-Korean relations [with] hostility and abuse ...s"


AUTHENTIC ART DECO 14k WHITE GOLD FILIGREE, 3 DIAMOND/2 BLUE STONES BRACELET. Flaunt a fabulous vintage piece on your wrist! This authentic 14k white gold bracelet is an exquisite family heirloom, owned by my grandmother, who lived in Queens, New York. She probably got it when she was married in 1923. So this piece is almost 100 YEARS OLD! Bracelet features an ornate filigree design: the striking center piece is one large diamond, flanked by two blue stones and two smaller diamonds. The bracelet is made of seven links on one side and eight links on the other side. It is seven (7) inches in length. The closure is a tongue-style box clasp with a side safety hook. My mother had special safety chain added later. According to the appraisal done by a reputable Phoenix-based jeweler. Bracelet is 9 grams in weight with three (3) diamonds and two (2) blue stones. The center diamond is a round European cut diamond, H-I-J color, VS1 to S11 clarity, 3.12 mm and approximately. On either side of that are two smaller diamonds. The two European cut diamonds are considered to be I-J-K color, S11 clarity, 2.50 mm and approximately. The total diamond weight is approximately. There are two (2) trillion cut blue stones, bezel set (NOTE: THEY ARE NOT SAPPHIRE). I will include the appraisal letter with this piece. O & B was founded in 1879 in Rhode Island. Englehart Cornelius Ostby had immigrated from Oslo, Norway to the United States. On April 14 1912, Ostby & his daughter Helene sailed from Europe on the TITANIC. Sadly, he died with 1500 other passengers, but his daughter survived. Helene continued the family business with other family members. Ostby and Barton became famous for their signet rings, pendants, bracelets, etc. For the next four decades. Please check out all pictures to see details and craftsmanship. The last picture is a pendant I found at a Georgia antique store. That pendant looks exactly like my bracelet. Since pendant is a marked Ostby and Barton piece, I wanted to include PHOTO to demonstrate that my grandmother’s bracelet is probably by O & B. Thank you for looking. I hope this is a wonderful anniversary, birthdaMaybe even for YOU. This requires a signature & cannot just be left in a mailbox or at your front door. The item “ART DECO 14K GOLD FILIGREE, 3 DIAMOND/2 BLUE STONES BRACELET, APPRAISED at $1400aqualauralu7.


I posted this in the Boating Section, however its already been pushed to Page 3 and Im hoping the NE forum will be a better place for this.
I am replacing my fuel tank in my '98 Hydrasports 24' WA.
Old tank has been removed, New tank has been fabricated and Im getting ready for the install.
What do you use for sealant on the thread to thread connection. Is Teflon tape OK to use? Pipe dope? Is there a special sealant?
Besides that I will be grounding the fill cap to the ground tab on the tank and then to the grounding plate in the hull.
All new fuel lines and a new sender are also being installed.
if anyone has additional pointers on installing a new tank?
there is an interlux product that can be used to paint the outside of the tank to protect from corrosion, the tank will then outlast the boat.
I would think the threaded connections would be compression fittings that don't need any sealants....pipe dope and Teflon tape will melt away in the presence on gas.
you also need to foam in the tank to support it's bottom so the bottom doesn't flex.
When I replaced the tank on my Mako, I was advised to use fittings of aluminum to avoid galvanic corrosion for the pickups. If tank is aluminum, you might check out how the SS could react with it. Aluminum fittings can be tricky to find, but often can be found at automotive performance shops.
Also, in terms of tape white tape won't hold up to ethanol or straight fuel. Some guys use the yellow tape and leave it off the first three threads. A better option would be type 3 permatex aviation sealant.
If the tank is not already coated, coat it in Coal tar epoxy. You only really want to do this job once.
Location: CT / SWFL
Fittings are generally pipe thread, NPT. Google aviation permagasket, I think it's good as thread sealer, otherwise you can find one good for gas. Avoid dissimilar metal fittings like brass / bronze, aluminum is best followed by stainless. Support tank on neoprene or similar strips to allow some
Circulation below and avoid rubbing. Some say to use starboard to eliminate carbon from neoprene. I would not foam it unless that's the method of containing it. Change all hoses while you're in there. Fill slowly first time to calibrate your sender. Google installations, some good info and write ups.
I will look at getting some aviation permagasket. Not foaming in the tank.
Def changing everything while im in there.
not foaming in for bottom support creates the "oil can" effect, bottom of tank will flex unless your using some super thick material for the tank.
just stringer contact or a few contact pads on the bottom is not the right way to reinstall tank.
good tank builders put tabs on the tank edge to screw tank to boat so foam doesn't force tank up while foam expands.
Location: E. Falmouth, MA
I replaced my Fiberglass tank years ago with a Stainless tank. Although I was nervous about corrosion and electrolysis, I haven't seen any evidence of it and that is since 2006 when ethanol came out. For the fittings, I used Tefgel. Great stuff, but you really need to wear nitrile gloves while applying.
Also, automobile rust preventer on the bottom of the new tank is a goof thing to do.
Originally Posted by bottom drift
tabs are on the tank. I like the idea of foaming the bottom to prevent the "oil can" effect.
foam traps moisture however, so I feel there is a balance here.
Use PVC strips along the bottom to form a "Rib Cage" for support. Use rubber weatherstripping on top of PVC/below tank as a nice, soft bed for it to sit on. The rubber will never see sun, so it should stay intact for a long time. You are right, foam is a really bad idea down there.
Originally Posted by bertrick
funny, I was thinking of taking 2" PVC and cutting it in half for supports under the tank. I like the idea of weather stripping for extra padding.


I have sold a property at 4 2662 RHUM & EIGG DR in Squamish.
Privacy & location! If you've been searching for a home in the Highlands with a suite, look no further! This beautiful home is perched high above the trees and has stunning mountain views from your kitchen, living & dining rooms, master bath and the large west-facing deck. Inside, you'll enjoy an open plan kitchen, living & dining rooms with a separate family room. 3 beds and 2 baths up (including a zen-like ensuite bathroom with heated floors) plus a den, double garage, & lots of storage down. Registered 1 bed suite with separate entrance for the in-laws or a mortgage helper. Heat pump with A/C for the hot summer months & a fireplace for winter. Ample parking & a lushly landscaped yard for the whole family to enjoy. Walking distance to two schools and world class hiking & biking trails.


"I would like to personally thank Art Modell for all that he has done, not only for me, but also for the passionate people of Baltimore. Mr. Modell brought football back to the city and restored fans' pride in cheering for their home team. Out thoughts are with Mr. Modell as he mourns the passing of his wonderful wife Pat. I would also like to not only Steve Biscotti for his great leadership of the Ravens organization, but also all of those within the organization who have been like family to me. I have played with so many great Ravens teammates over the years, and am honored and proud to have stepped on the field with you. Asu...the fans. I am so blessed to do what I do for a living. And I know that this great game is what it is because we have you supporting us.  "Heeeap." Ravens fans, you are tremendous!
. Certain that I have a few good years of football left in me, I'm excited about my future withe the Arizona Cardinals. But the city of Baltimore will always be special to me and my family. Thank you for so many wonderful memories."


What is Internet Upload and Download Time?
What is internet upload and download time? The speed at which a connection receives information from a server is called the upload speed. It is measured in Megabits per second, while the download speed is measured in milliseconds. The FCC published its Broadband Speed Guide in February 2020. It will also outline how the speed differs between different providers. Howeveeeds more people are working from home, the need for faster download speeds has been rising. As a result, the demand for fast internet connections is on the rise. To conduct business, send work files or school projects, it is necessary to have higher upload and downloading speeds. In addition, the average internet user is more likely to download data than to upload. This is because most people use the computer for short videos, pictures, and other purposes.
When talking about download speeds, it’s important to keep in mind that the speed of the connection itself is not the only determinant. The size of the file and the connection speed between the two devices determine the download time. The faster the connection, the smaller the file, and the longer the upload time will be. The faster your download speed, the smaller the file will be. It is therefore important to choose an internet connection that will allow you to transfer as much information as possible. See this article.
How fast your internet connection is depends on the size of the file you are downloading. Typically, yourThis unit measureypically, a typical internet connection has a speed of one to eight Mbps, but it can vary depending on your location. The higher your upload speed, the faster your download time will be.
The download speed is the time it takes to transfer a file from the internet to your local device. Both will determine the download time. When you’re downloading a large file, you will need to wait a long time. The internet speed is a measure of how fast your connection can send and receive data. It’s important to know the speed of your connection.
Download speed is the amount of data transferred per secondbe measured in Megabits per second (Mbps). Generally, you’ll need a connection that allows you to download a file of 150 MB/s, but you should also be aware of the size of your file. If you need to send a large file, you should try to find a slower connection. Visit this link.


Ton on Monday in Hamburg, Germany next week. After the largely peaceful rally, some protesters clashed with police and 21 were arrested. The rest, however, were totally free.
The New York Times (Tues., May 29, 2007): A3.


Jd, congested and most of all, contested. Cars, taxis, buses, pedestrians and cyclists - all competing for space and none of them happy.
When Janette Sadik-Khan was appointed Commissioner in 2007 in Mayor Michael Bloomberg's administration, there was plenty that bothered the fit, bike-riding New Yorker, "Congestion bugged me, the streets seemed very dangerous and unorganised," says Sadik-Khan. "So making our streets more accommodating to cyclists, making our streets more accommodating for people walking was important."
At the end of last year, when her term ended, she brought about something like a revolution. The city's more pedestrian friendly, with 60 new public plazas including one at the once traffic choked Times Square. There are 600 kilometres of new bike lanes, a hugely popular bike sharing program and rapid bus lanes to complement the city's subway system.
All this in a city of 8.4 million people where half of the residents don't own cars.
Janette Sadik-Khan's had to fight for all this, but as she tells Sunday Profile's Richard Aedy, she says the city was ready for change.


Dennis McKinley took to Instagram yesterday to let his followers know that he was allegedly racially profiled by a police officer. The police department has responded and it seems like they are brushing the incident off.
Dennis told fans that he was at Emory Healthcare for a simple check-up with the doctor when he decided to buy something to eat. That’s when a white female officer accused him of stealing the food that he just purchased and handcuffed him so aggressively that he had markings on his wrist when she took them off.
For Dennis, it was not as simple as that.
The Real Housewives of Atlanta star previously said that he has hired Michael Sterling to represent him in a possible case against the police department. Judging by their nonchalant statement, McKinley will likely be going through with his plans for legal ramifications.
 And they aren’t even actually police . . .
Screw this, those two officers need to be in jail for kidnapping and assault.


Caradon Hill (Cornish: Bre Garn) is on Bodmin Moor in the former Caradon district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The summit is 371 metres (1,217 ft) above mean sea level. Caradon Hill is on the southeastern edge of the moor; it is between the villages of Minions (northwest), Upton Cross (northeast), Pensilva (southeast) and Darite (southwest).
Quarry waste and cattle on Caradon Hill
The hill was once famous for its copper mines but these are now closed. The South Caradon Copper Mine, 1 km to the SW of the transmitter, was the biggest copper mine in the UK in its heyday in the second half of the 19th century. Other disused copper and tin mines are scattered around the base of the hill, including the Wheal Phoenix, well known among mineral collectors. The ruins of the Prince of Wales engine house are prominent at Wheal Phoenix. Granite was also quarried nearby. The mining area around the southwest base of the hill form part of Crow's Nest SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest).
The Caradon Hill transmitting station television mast is near the summit of Caradon Hill at .
Caradon Hill Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


a little dry? We’ve got several ways to save it! </s> S
If I can agree with Krugman on this, and many of our past leaders from both major parties used low-interest bonds to build American infrastructure, what is the problem with Congress?
I do disagree with Krugman that this is an entirely Republican issue. People have lost faith in government's ability to execute well. The GOP contributed to this lack of faith with their own spending insanity, so I don't trust them to be good stewards of the budget. But, maybe a new national transportation bill would be a good start to demonstrate we can and will repair roads and bridges within sounds budgeting practices. Maybe. </s> Why would one of the most powerful men in Congress, elected in 1968,.You may remember that we were talking about the Obey/Duffy face-off a few days ago, in the context of the problem of Republicans having a big advantage looking toward November but needing real candidates. Duffy is real. (And he was on "The Real World.")
Unless there are extenuating circumstances (e.g. health) we know he doesn't have the courage to debate what he and his party are doing to this country. It's too bad, because I think he has a responsibilty to do so.
I appreciate his long service to the country and western WI, but I think he was there a little too long, so his retirement is good news for DC.
It boggles my mind that he was first elected 40+ years ago. And that he succeeded Melvin Laird (whom I thought was dead, but consulting wikipedia, apparently not!)
Wisconsin could easily end up in November 6-2 (Baldwin, Moore) GOP in its house representation. Not saying it will happen, but its very possible.
Dems in Madison and Milwaukee don't realize that Dems in outstate WI are not as enamored with liberalism as they are.
Alex, let a Republican-leaning idiot help you out a bit.
I'm certainly in a "throw the bums out mood". I loved Scott Brown's quip - this is not _____'s seat - this is the people's seat.
The arrogance, corruption, lack of responsibility is hurting the country, imo.
Alex, if public spending brought economic success, the Soviet Union would have won the Cold War.

I want my country back! To when it was losing 750k jobs per month and the DOW was at 6k. Those were good times
wv: "slyhoota" -- A selectively bashful female nudist.
As it should be. Whatever Monty, garage, and FLS believe, the Democrat majority in Congress fundamentally gave a great, one-fingered salute to the American middle class with their lack of attention to job creation and their foolish, internally self-contradictory, utterly dysfunctional, healthcare bill (no one sane calls it a "reform").


Last year, I used a package of charms to make 3 inch drunkard’s path blocks.
Hmmm – I might use them to make scrappy Churn dash blocks…. i think those would be pretty.
I would cut them up to be able to spread the color around more.
I have some patterns for charm squares, and I love fossil ferns!
I would use them in my scrappy quilt
I have found charm squares very useful when I machine applique. That way I don’t have to cut from larger pieces and there isn’t much scrap to toss. I’ve also used them to add detail to tote bags when stitched together in rows. Love them!
I’m really into split patches. Lately though I have been making Granny Square Blocks and Wedding Dress’s Film at Five pattern. I just love her patterns. Then there is Jenny Doan who has a million uses for charms.
Cut them up to make a scrappy nickel quilt.
If and when I ever get charm packs, I don’t want to waste any of it, so I have used them whole.


myelogenous leukemia is a rapidly spreading form that originates in certain bone marrow cells. The disease ers. Little is known about what causes such diseases in children, how parental chemical exposures affect their offspring, or potential environmental risk factors for kids, the report notes.vSome of the evidence reviewed by the committee came from evaluations of U.S. Air Force and Army troops who worked with herbicides. Most information, however, was from studies of civilians who were exposed to herbicides on the job or in industrial accidents. Althougho worked with theo higher levels.
A review of current literature, which included two major studies published last year, supported the new finding about AML, the committee said. Although the two key studies lacked direct measures of exposure, the research was persuasive for several reasons. For example, both studies were conducted with Vietnam veterans, and the associations were specifically with AML -- and not other forms of childhood leukemia. In addition, the strongest links, a pattern that suggests that the cause of a disease stems from a parent. A third study found that the development of AML was more likely in the children of men who used pesticides or herbicides in their work
0.


← Land Grabbing in Northern Ghana: How Fair Were The Deals Signed?
The main sources of livelihoods in the district are family farming, fishing, and mining. According to contracts registered at the Registrar General’s Office in Freetown, seven of twelve chiefdoms have leased large portions of land to investors, mainly for oil palm plantations. This represents 60.46 % (248,218.9 ha) of the total area and 81.5 % of all arable land in Pujehun District. The land has been leased for 50 years with possible extensions of up to 100 years. Lease areas range from 6,575 hectares to 47,568 hectares. Annual rents per hectare vary from 1,000 Leones (USD 0.23) to USD 12 (with 50% of that for landowners), leaving losing their land and economic trees. There are signs that some of the leases are speculative, acquired by a handful of foreign investors whose intentions were only to sell the companies off and the leases with them. In January 2014, only two of the foreign investors were actually operating: Socfin Agricultural Company (SL) Ltd in Malen Chiefdom is already implementing and is building their oil mill, while Biopalm Energy Limited (SIVA Group) in Panga Kabonde, Kpaka and Gallines Peri Chiefdoms is still at an early stage of operation.
The company intends to invest USD 110 million. This includes a processing factory at the cost of USD 26 million with an output of 30 tonnes per hour in the first phase. The company calculated it needed 12,000 ha of plantation to make the oil mill profitable. SAC started its operations in April 2011, shortly after a signing ceremony was held the 5th of March 2011 in Sahn Malen, the chiefdomthe Resident Minister South and armed security. On that occasion USD 40,000 were paid as annual rent and distributed amongst landowners. The estimated workforce is 2,414, calculated with 12,000 ha planted area. The lease area is affecting 24 villages with approximately 9000 inhabitants.
The lease agreements: On 15 October 2012, (registered in Volume 8, page 128 at the Registrar General’s Office) with the Malen Chiefdom Council for 16,248.54 acres (approx. 6,475) hectares for over 50 years (commending on 5 March 2011) with two possible extensions terms of 25 years each, and subleased the land on 5 March 2011 to Socfin Agricultural Company (SL) Ltd (SAC). It is not clear how the sub-lease can predate the original lease, or why the sub-lease refers to an original lease signed on 5 March 2011 and how the original lease was signed after SAC began operations. A legal analysis of the agreements undertaken in 2011 by Patrick J. Johnbull, a land rights expert and lawyer, revealed several contradictions with regard to Sierra Leonean law.
Kassay is a small village in Malen Chiefdom. It is one of 24 communities located in the Socfin operations area.
Today the village is surrounded by oil palm plantations and by a small buffer zone, the so-called Green Belt, which is supposed to protect the community from some of the negative impacts of the plantation and to provide for the gardening and firewood needs of the 350 villagers as well as to permit them to carry out their traditional cultural practices. A small rice swamp at the entrance to the village has been left intact and still serves for rice farming. In the opinion of the villagers, it is not enough land to feed their families, to supply enough firewood, or generate income to pay school fees or to improve their lives. The jobs offered by the company can’t compensate them for the loss of land. Employment opportunities are not sufficient, temporary and only paid with 10,000 Leones (USD 2.30) a day. It is mostly young men that are hired for brushing (clearing) new areas and women for planting seedlings at the nursery and weeding around the planted palm trees. Since they can’t farm anymore and there are not enough jobs for everyone, surviving in Kassay has become very difficult.
Youth in Kassay have huge responsibilities but are left with no option but to try to cope. “I am now the only one working [in my family] for the company,” says one 29-year-old who is now supporting seven family members. “My whole family is depending on me. If I don’t work we are not eating, we are not dressing, even the small ones going to school.” Young Socfin workers say they have to get up well before dawn and walk for hours in the dark to start work at 6 AM. If they are late, they have to go home to their villages and lose the day’s wages. They earn between 200,000 and 250,000 Leones (USD 46 and 58) a month but only receive the full 10,000 Leones (USD 2.30) per day) if they complete all their tasks. In December 2013, they felt at first happy about the Christmas bonus of more than 100,000 Leones (USD 23.05) and the increase in salary from 10,000 to 11,500 Leones (USD 2.30 to 2.65) per day. But when they learned the bonus money was being split between December and January, and only paid if you worked a full month, they became frustrated.
Kassay resident, 42-year-old Hawa Mattia, was greatly reluctant to sell off her plantation but she felt pressured to do so. “I argued to the last minute,” she says. “My plantation was right in the middle of other plantations belonging to other landowners. They all gave up their land and mine was left in the middle of the land the company had acquired. I could not do anything about it. So I sold off mine too.”  Although she has little land left, she calculates that she is still better off with her gardening than she would be working for the company for 200,000 Leones (USD 46) a month and having to buy all her food.
The population of Kassay has not felt meaningful improvement in their lives with the presence of SACschool building was painted and two latrines were built. A professional teacher was sent from the District Council, but the two volunteer teachers left to work for the company. Their rice farming has not improved. The community complains that the company has not respected the 500-metre buffer zone mentioned in SAC’s Environmental Impact Assessment between the last building of the village and the plantation.
The Maleni River, one of the main water and fish sources in the chiefdom, has been polluted by chemicals used by the company, something confirmed by a SL). Diarrhoe, vomiting, head ache, skin itching has been described as some of the effects on human beings coming in contact with the polluted water. The report said that it was caused by “SAC operations in the area of pump stations installed in the Maleni River, no waste water management and knowledge of gap.” The report recommends relocating the pump stations 150 meters from marine ecosystem in compliance with EU standards. Media in Sierra Leone reported that the company accepted the contamination of the river through their chemicals. But workers were also alleged to have stolen and dumped the chemicals in the river. Some reports alleged that MALOA members deliberately polluted the water quoting former MALOA members who are now working for Socfin.
But not all landowners’ protestors succeeded in saving their own plantations and land.
Fassie Vandy “I have hope in MALOA. One day, one day we must succeed”.
In Kortumahun, where SOCFIN set up their nursery for 750,000 oil palm seedlings, communities blocked the company’s operation in early October 2011 in an attempt to defend what they called their own land. They accused the company of trespassing. On the 18th of October 2011 the number of arrests climbed up to 40. Fifteen were charged to court accused of unlawful assembly, riotous conduct and threatening language, but the case was never ruled.
Civil society groups such as Green Scenery, with their local and international partners, became MALOA’s strongest ally. Green Scenery undertook fact-finding missions, cooperated in international research, published reports and involved the media. They drew international attention to the issue of large-scale foreign investments in Sierra Leonean farmland. Although their reports were dismissed by investors and some government officials as “biased” or “not validated”, it was due to the civil society efforts that the roots of the conflict – the loss on the sides of communities who were not part of decision-making – were understood and not misinterpreted in simplistic pro- or anti-government arguments. Civil society organizations built trust with communities and supported them with capacity-building on issues such as advocacy, legal aspects of contracts, best practices and guidelines for agribusinesses. They provided legal support and advised on how to go about handling membership and registering an association.
In Libby, the trouble was not ever yet. According to people interviewed in the community, on the night of the 9th of December, police entered the village for several hours. They shot tear gas and live bullets, broke doors, beat people up and looted their property. The next morning on the 10th of December civil society representatives from Pujehun were heading for the village for a fact finding mission. They said that they found the village desperate. There were photographs showing women who had fled the chaos returning carrying loads on their head, women with injuries, broken doors, scattered rooms and proof of tear gas and bullet shells.
The determination of the population in Upper Malen, where Socfin is trying to lease land to fulfil its need for 12,000 ha to make its oil mill viable, seems to stem from knowledge of the experiences of their neighbouring communities in Lower Malen where Socfin leased land and is already operating. “Those who sold their ‘bush’ not very long ago came to us for food,” says Sheif Abubakar Fomba, “We did not drive them away. So, if we have witnessed that then we go ahead and sell our own ‘bush’, it means we brought trouble on our heads ourselves.” His statement is supported by that of the Chairlady of Libby, who says, “When they purchase the ‘bush’ here, then they will drive us away. And then we will go to our sisters and brothers who also have nothing. So if that’s the case, let them leave it (‘bush’) as it is. That is what we have planned.” A position that seems to widely shared amongst communities from Upper Malen.
The police commander in Sahn Malen says that the Poro held their meetings for over a week without informing the Chiefdom authorities and that the police interrogated the purpose of their gathering. In a letter dated the 9th of December 2013, the Chiefdom Speaker, who works closely with the Paramount Chief, informed the police that Poro Society was meeting in four sections of Upper Malen “thereby harassing and suppressing the movement of innocent people”. He blamed MALOA members for this and asked for “immediate action please”, copying several stakeholders, amongst them the Local Unit Commander from Pujehun, the Human Rights Commission in Bo, and the Chairman of Civil Society Forum in Pujehun, who received the letter on the 10th of December 2013 after the arrests had already been made. The MALOA secretary, Sima Mattia, denies any involvement in such activity.
The difficulties surrounding SACs investment reflects, in the opinion of civil society actors in Sierra Leone, the rush ofattract foreign investment without having done the requisite preparations, with regulations and monitoring mechanisms to ensure communities’ right to land. They also highlight the conflict of interest in which the government finds itself. It promoted thisunlike other land agreements, the Government of Sierra Leone is the lease holder that sub-leased the land to the company. It has to fulfil its obligations. But at the same time, the government’s responsibility is also to protect its own people. The chiefdom authorities in Malen have also failed to protect the local population, particularly the Paramount Chief, who has decided to interpret the role of “custodian” of the land in his own way and in his own interest rather than that of his people. Communities see him as biased and looking out only for the interest of the company. The whole issue is compounded by the fact that for some high-ranking politicians that brought Socfin into the country and helped locate land for them, it is crucial that they continue to portray this investment as a success story; to admit to the enormous problems it has caused would damage their reputations.


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Oh my God. It was a real hassle, just organizing all the things, like the double shots of the vaccine, then I had to renew my passport, and I had to go back to Stockholm to get a work visa, but the embassy was closed. . And I had to validate my vaccination certificate, then another COVID test…
Didn't your problems end when you got here?
Hmmm. Yes, I wrote so many songs. And I started writing songs in Swedish, and now I've finished maybe 20 or 30 for a Swedish solo project. And that doesn't change my singing, but I'm from the south, in Sk̴ne, and our s Рtic even in my native country !


While in Florida, we decided to try and visit a friend we met playing Dungeons and Dragons online many years ago. Though we stopped playing a while before we set out on your wanderings, I’ve maintained contact with a large number of players through facebook. Back in Seattle, we spend nearly all our time with friends who shared our interests in all things Geeky and Gaming. On the road, we spend a lot more time with folks who have never even heard of Dungeons and Dragons, much less played it. So it is always a treat for us to get together and talk geek with folks.
Speaking of Geekdom, of course they have one of these, and of course, I had to sit in it for a picture.
Twas a Fair Fair to be Fair
We checked in with David who was working as a barker for the mermaid booth where fair guests could get their pictures taken with mermaids. I asked him in character as to what type of offspring I could expect were I to take a Mermaid as a wife. Apparently, it was the first time in his memory anyone had thought to ask so he didn’t have a ready answer for me. Inquiring minds want to know David! We made arrangements to meet up after the show and asked which were best performances to catch. He suggested the Washer Women, and if we were not easily offended, the Bastard Monks.
Most Ren fairs have an in-house staff, volunteers, and then traveling performers. The in-house staff tends to divide into “courts” that run parts of the fair and perform there. The queen’s court travels the whole of the fair and glues together the other courts. Most fairs have a group of commoners who do comedy performances, a fairy court that does face painting and the like, a group of pirates to man the tavern, and so forth. The Washer Women and Bastard Monks were traveling performers who make their living doing shows at fairs. Usually, the park pays them a bit, but they make most of their money on performance tips by passing the hat after the show.
This tree was walking around the fair grounds collecting “seed money” and generally being very cool.
Bastard Monks was an adult only show, the first I’d seen during normal hours at a fair. At the Baron’s fair, we put on some shows like this after the public weren’t home for our own amusement so I was happy to check it out to see what mischief they would get up to. Mind you, the adult content here was all in the words spoken, not nudity. Bastard Monks is two friars discussing their love life and their understanding of God. One brother is cynical and brash, the other trying to play the innocent and faithful despite the usual passions of a young man. Their show was far more about the clever material and the two actors carried the weight of it but still got the audience to feel connected to the performance. Well done Bastard Monks.
By the time the fair closed up and we met up with David and his wife Monica the four of us were thick with clinging dust, something of another classic fair tradition. Everyone was a bit worn out but also hungry so we hit up a local Chinese food buffet to refuel and get to know one another face to face. We had a great time chatting about the Ren-Fair life and our travel adventures while scarfing down all you can eat Chinese standards. The food was decent, the company was wonderful. A big thanks to them both for the adventure and camaraderie!


The latest update in the story of the Delaware Art Museum’s deaccessions is a quite unfortunate one. It was announced last week that an item from their prominent collection of Pre-Raphaelite paintings would be one of the four sold at auction.
The Delaware News Journal has reported on strong criticism from Mark Samuels Lesner, a senior research fellow in late nineteenth-century art history and literature at the University of Delaware, Mark Samuels Lesner. He has used the words “sacrilege” and “extraordinarily significant” to describe the painting and its upcoming sale. CEO Mike Miller, however, reportedly claimed it is “no more important than any others,” and was thus chosen for sale “b.”[3]
“Most museum directors I’ve discussed this with won’t go there. Some would like to sell contemporary art works they feel will not stand the test of time. But there are two problems: they don’t want to offend living artists — not only the ones whose works would be sold, but also others who might take offense at the practice. Second, they’re afraid that the works aren’t worth much — and that their sale would be a signal of an artist’s insignificance, depressing prices even more.”[6]
ArtWatch’s concern is that the steps now being taken by the Delaware Art Museum’s Board of Trustees confirms yet another added to the list of those who have compromised the integrity of their collection, and thereby their institutional history, in the face of financial crisis. As Stephen Salisbury at The Philadelphia Inquirer writes, Delaware has now fallen into the very same fate as others in the mid-Atlantic region. Former head of the Barnes Foundation, Derek Gillman, further prods the issue, as the Delaware Art Museum was founded as a collecting institution and the proceeds from these sales will not go, as the AAM regulates, back into the collections budget: “They’ve broken the rules…Their issue is, ‘OK, we accept that there will be costs to the museum.’ ” [7] There is a danger to this sudden disconnect between institutions and the works of art held on their walls for decades. Art is becoming increasingly commodified as a financial asset. What risk does this pose to the future of cultural stewardship?
*UPDATE* Monday June 9, 2014
“…it seems to have been overlooked that the full-size finished oil painting of this subject is in the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Delaware painting is only a later version, one third of the size of the original and begun by someone else; and only finished off by Holman Hunt. I believe the Delaware trustees are expecting somewhere in the region of five million pounds for the painting: but for the reasons given above, I can’t see it happening. But I do hope the painting will be described in the catalogue and offered for sale for what it really is.”
Alan Halliday, Ph.D. (Oxford)
Delaware Art Museum catalogue from 2004 exhibition “Waking Dreams.”
May 15, 2014 /0 Comments/by Nick
Rub has also conveyed disappointment that the Board failed to look into other options for recovering their finances: “The pery slope.” [4] Both the AAM and AAMD have issued strong statements against the Delaware Art Museum’s Board for their actions. President Ford Bell (of AAM) has not revoked their accreditation, but the finger wagging they received still has a good deal of potency:
“The Delaware Art Museum’s announcement that it will sell four works from the collection in order to pay its debts and support its endowment is a flagrant violation of the AAM standard for U.S. museums, succinctly embodied in this enduring principle of our field: the museum is there to save the collection; the collection is not there to save the museum.” [5]
CEO Miller has remained silent to recent accusations that a painting by landscape artist Winslow Homer, Milking Time (1875), might be one of the four to be sold. This piece is known to be one of the masterpieces of the collection. When it was noticed that the painting had been removed from the Museum’s wall as well as its online collection database, Miller told the press “You can make your own speculations.”[6]
A[8] laware Board’s action can open the floodgates for boards of other museums facing similar financial crises that do not see any other options in sight. Beyond neglecting to protect the artworks that do go off to auction, one must consider how this will impact the care given to the pieces that remain (for now) in the collection. Will a board’s responsibility to safeguard artistic heritage all too easily succumb to financial pressures when funds from other donors dry up? Does money come first, and art second? Is a museum no longer a cultural institution, but now a business to develop and streamline for efficiency? What will now be expected of the Delaware Board since the lines have been crossed? Even the giant Metropolitan Museum of Art allowed itself to recently balance out its $4.4 million deficit from 2013 with the sale of 3,290 artworks this very month.[9]
[1] “Press Statement: Delaware Art Museum Board of Trustees Vote to Retire Debt,” 26 March 2014. Delaware Art Museum. http://www.delart.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Press-Statement.pdf (last accessed 4 April 2014).
[4]Kennedy.
[7] Lee Rosenbaum, “Delaware Art Museum’s Deaccession Debacle: My Q&A with Its Former Director, Danielle Rice,” 2 April 2014. CultureGrrl. Arts Journal. http://www.artsjournal.com/culturegrrl/2014/04/delaware-art-museums-deaccession-debacle-my-qa-with-its-former-director-danielle-rXHaF+%28CultureGrrl%29 (last accessed 4 April 2014).
[10] Kennedy.
[12] Donn Zaretsky, “How to be ethical in the art world,” 27 March 2014. The Art Law Blog. http://theartlawblog.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/how-to-be-ethical-in-art-world.html
April 18, 20144/2014-04-18-Delaware-Art-Museum.jpg 268 424-18 07:50:352017-10-05 14:09:14's the Art that Pays.


Welcome to “Salary Journeys,” a series that reveals how significantly people have built in excess of their professions.
In this journey, a information architect shares how he wrote the work description for the job he is in now.
He could get paid a lot more money in other places with his skill set, but he values versatility and a secure money.
At any time because I was a kid, I’ve loved messing around on pcs — enjoying with code, teaching myself new plans, and diving into large info sets to see what designs I could discover. It is all a fun puzzle to me.
Which is why I feel grateful that I am able to make my dwelling undertaking it. I’m a white man in my 40s performing as a details architect for a substantial retail corporation. I live in the South, function remotely, and make roughly $150,000 a calendar year.
I am responsible for the technology guiding my firm’s promoting efforts. This features its client loyalty system, e-commerce advertising emails, and info evaluation. I’m the main breadwinner for my family — my spouse is a substitute trainer — and we have two school-age young ones.
Could I make more money in other places with my capabilities and expertise? Yes, but I’m aged adequate to know that there are trade-offs. I operate really hard at my work, but the hours usually are not grueling. My boss is supportive and the enterprise is steady, which I genuinely appreciate.
Most importantly, my job features adaptability. Household is my best priority. I only have a few several years still left with each young ones beneath the identical roof, and I want to make the most of it. Confident, some of my close friends have even larger houses, travel nicer cars and trucks, and go on fancier holidays. But I’m Alright where I am. I’ve lived in the exact property for 20 yrs — just down the avenue from my mother and father, and I have terrific associations with my wife and kids. I would not trade it for far more cash.
Here is my salary journey.
Editor’s note: Insider has verified the source’s pay out and identity with documents from their present-day or most the latest occupation.
I experienced a part-time position in college as a programmer, earning about $35 an hour, at a healthcare-details-solutions firm. As a college student, that was serious cash.
I initially began as a temp, but I obtained promoted inside of my initially couple months once my bosses observed what I could do. I intended databases, played all-around with new programming languages, and I even streamlined the company’s mobile phone routing technique so it could merge its call facilities. My manager place force on me to drop out of college and perform for him complete time, but I understood that wasn’t a clever go. I graduated with a diploma in arithmetic.
Math trainer, $40,000 element-time rafting guideline, $7,000
I then got a career educating math and laptop science at a middle school close to the place I went to higher education. I afterwards moved back to my hometown and taught at the substantial-college amount. Training, to me, is a calling: I appreciate doing the job with young ones and I really feel a effective want to unlock youthful people’s prospective by exposing them to math and science. As well as, I seriously click with other instructors they’re my people.
Regrettably, while, it can be tricky to help a relatives on a teacher’s wage. I labored every single summer months as a whitewater-rafting guide, earning one more $7,000, but it continue to was scarcely sufficient to shell out the expenditures. My wife and I wished to buy a house and have young children. At the time our very first child was born, I started to search for a higher-spending function.
Technology director, $80,000 element-time university instructor, $20,000
I found that higher-spending position thanks to my wife. She was a freelance photographer who labored with a true-estate organization having shiny pictures of homes for sale. In my spare time as a hobby, I commenced supporting the organization scale up its technologies and produce digital, 360-diploma home excursions.
The business requested if I would appear on full time as technological know-how director, managing its internet sites and info devices. The income offer you was double what I built as a instructor, so I leapt at the prospect. As well as, I started a facet gig educating continuing-instruction courses for the nearby college for a further $20,000 a yr. I was ultimately pulling in six-figures, and life felt much too good to be legitimate.
Turns out, it was. Not very long after I started, the housing sector crashed and the agency was bought to new entrepreneurs who instantly slash my income in half. I rode out the Terrific
at that organization contemplating myself lucky to even have a task.
Director of method, $100,000 plus $15,000 reward partwork-time university instructor, $20,000
As the overall economy improved, my career potential clients brightened. A colleague of mine was commencing a new digital-marketing company and asked if I would join. I informed him I desired to make a wage of $80,000. He stated, “Accomplished.” Potentially I should really have requested for a lot more in retrospect, but I was so exhausted from dropping dollars in my past task that I was information to get a raise. In addition to, I still experienced my side gig training grownup-ed courses at night. We felt at last secure adequate to have a 2nd baby.
A handful of yrs in, I was making a $100,000 wage as well as a $15,000 reward. I was also a lover who owned a compact proportion of the company. After a whilst, even though, I recognized I wasn’t taking pleasure in it. I was technically a associate, but I didn’t have considerably regulate above the company’s path. There was not transparency and colleagues have been commonly distrustful. I was happy to depart.
(And as a side observe: I have understood that owning shares in a company is intricate and pricey. I have not labored at that organization in yrs, but I nonetheless have to spend taxes on individuals shares when their price rises — even even though I have not built any money myself. It’s not really worth the inconvenience and I’m presently seeking to offer my ownership.)
Facts architect, $138,000 moreover $10,000 reward
Following my initially interview for the company I am with now, the employing manager instantly pulled the listing. I talked to the recruiter about what happened and he said, “You asked so quite a few detailed thoughts about the occupation that they recognized they didn’t know what they required.”
I took that as a obstacle. Primarily based on the data I’d gleaned from the selecting manager and some exterior study, I wrote a work description of what I believed the business needed. Some of what I wrote was aspirational and included abilities I wished to learn and use, but most of it came from what I’d heard in the course of the job interview. The recruiter dispatched it off, and I had a meeting with the company the upcoming working day.
The first offer you — for a technological marketing professional part — came in minimal at $115,000, but through the negotiation phase, I managed to make the job much more desirable for me. For example, the hiring supervisor authorized me to operate from property comprehensive time, even nevertheless I reside near to the firm’s headquarters. The corporation also agreed to fork out for me to get certifications.
A few yrs on, I have zero regrets. I’ve been promoted to details architect and my shell out is approximately $150,000 in all. I am on a great promotion path to getting an organization architect, which would be a director-level place and occur with a corresponding wage bounce.
But most importantly, I like my occupation: The perform is intriguing, my colleagues are good, and this firm is dedicated to its employees and its workers’ people. If I ever need to depart operate in the center of the day to select up my small children, my supervisor or coworkers address me.
If you are intrigued in submitting your wage journey, please e-mail wage [email protected] All submissions are held private.
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Love story on Twitter: Some Twitter users took offence at a woman who was re-evaluating her life’s choices on the social medium platform and one of them took her anger further by reporting the woman to her husband. A number of her followers have defended her tweets, saying it is normal for every individual to re-evaluate their lives every now and then and that the only difference between the rest and the poster was that she made hers public.


Friends of the Earth Europe is calling for the measurement of Europe's resource use – and the subsequent reduction of consumption levels. We recognireducing Europe's resource consumption.
REdUSE
European Commission resources pages
Joint NGO position paper: bioplastics in a circular economy


Is your facility currently accepting visitors for the holidays?Yes, Williston Healthcare & Rehabilitation is accepting visitors for the holidays within our current health and safety regulations. Are y?
We're here to help our Residents!
Ev We take pride in our facility!


Jolie has topped a list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars Ever.
The 'Be".
She narrowly beat Natalie Portman, who finished in second position after "making baldness sexy" in 'V for Vendetta' and setting men's pulses racing with her raunchy pole dancing scene in 'Closer'.
James Bond actor Daniel Craig - who wowed women in 'Casino Royale' when he emerged from the ocean in a pair of tight-fitting blue swimming trunks - came third, while 'Fantastic Four' beauty Jessica Alba finished fourth.
'Volver' actress Penelope Cruz took 50th position and the entire list was rounded off by 'Die Hard 4.0' actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead.
Empire magazine's 100 Sexiest Movie Stars Ever top ten:


Maybe there *are* worse places….
Posted: August 28, 2012 in Stories from Other People
hpatients-treatment-at-north-texas-state-psych-hospital-2342229.htmlWell, maybe scaring the holy hell out of you with the threat of a longer-term stay at an even worse facility is a means of psychological terrorism to get you to stay in their facility longer?y).
My heart goes out to the poor woman from Wichita Falls 😦 Unfortunately, noone seems to know or care about what is going on at these facilities until they are forced to see it for themselves.
How did I end up there? Good question. I went to Baylor Grapevine Hospital with a CONCUSSION and they forced me to go to UBH against my will (in an ambulance). I had good insurance and was railroaded into this place. I had to fight to get out.  to me in this day and age. I ammany accomplishments in my life. Yet — that experience has scarred me forever. I wake up in the middle of the night, afraid that someone is going to break down my door and lock me up for no good reason.
Shoniqua’s Story


"It was horrifying:" Two firefighters injured while battling suspicious fire near 37th and Hopkins
Posted: Jul 18, 2017 12:10 PM CDT | Updated: Jul 18, 2017 1:27 PM CDT
According to the Milwaukee Fire Department Big Doug’s Auto on N Hopkins near N 37th Street.
The MFD saidreceived a shoulder injury, the other injured a leg.
Officials report that fighting the fire was difficult due to the construction of the building whichstructure.
A witness who called 911 said he used his car horn to try and wake up neighbors in the area because he was afraid that the fire was going to grow.
The Milwaukee Fire Department an.


, between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers on a peninsula known as the Northern Neck. Westmoreland County was a good neighborhood; Stratford Hall, the home of the remarkable Lee family, is also located there.
When George was three, his parents moved from Westmoreland County farther up the Potomac to the plantation at Little Hunting Creek. The plantation would later be renamed Mount Vernon by George's older half-brother, Lawrence, likely in honor of Admiral Edward Vernon, with whom Lawrence had served. A few a plantation, later called the Ferry Farm, in present Stafford County, on the left bank of the Rappahannock across from Fredericksburg. When his father died in 1743, George went to live with Lawrence at Mount Vernon, where he studied arithmetic, geography, astronomy, composition, the "rules of civility," and surveying. He did not attend college.
At age seventeen, George entered the workforce and the public service. Lawrence had married into the powerful Fairfax family, and his connections with Lord Fairfax helped secure George his first job as a county surveyor. On July 20, 1749, Washington presented to the justices of the newly formed county of Culpeper a commission that appointed him county surveyor, and he took the oaths of public office for the first time in his life. Surveying required Washington to traverse some of the roughest parts of the frontier. He slept on a straw mat (which once caught fire), and, when he was lucky, he slept in a tent (which on occasion blew away in the wind).
While surveying proved a useful and lucrative occupation, it was in defense of Virginia that Washington first honed the military skills that would later win him lasting fame. George Washington's early military career was marked by equal parts valor and ambition. On December 13, 1752, George, who was not yet twenty-one, was given the rank of major by Governor Dinwiddie and appointed adjutant of the Southern District of Virginia. In 1753, hostilities between the English settlers and the French, with their Indian allies, were on the rise. Learning of French advances in the upper Ohio Valley, King George II approved construction of a series of forts and ordered Governor Dinwiddie, if either Indians or Europeans should presume to hinder building these forts, to require them "peaceably to depart" and, if they paid no heed to his message, to "drive them off by force of arms." Of course, someone had to be chosen to convey this message to the French, and, as has always been the case, there was significant peril in being the bearer of bad tidings, not only because the recipient was likely to be hostile, but also because the delivery would take the bearer to distant Lake Erie. For this difficult task, the Virginia Council turned to George Washington, who immediately accepted. Washington performed superbly, making the arduous journey with celerity, gathering information on the disposition of French forces from friendly Indians and French deserters, noting in his diary the terrain through which he passed, and delivering the message to the captain of the French fort, Fort Le Boeuf. (The French declined to withdraw.)
Washington was rewarded for his excellent performance soon thereafter when Governor Dinwiddie commissioned him a captain of the Virginia militia. Then, when the time came to raise a force to defend Virginia's borders, Washington was named second in command, and made a lieutenant colonel. Washington saw his first battle at the age of twenty-two, when he led his troops in a surprise attack against French forces near present day Farmington, Pennsylvania. Washington's troops were victorious. Washington shortly thereafter learned how to lead in defeat, when his forces were attacked at Fort Necessity and defeated by a much larger French and allied Indian force.
Needless to say, Washington served Virginia well and at great personal sacrifice. Even though suffering from serious illness, Washington insisted on leading his Virginians in battle against the French during the disastrous campaign against Fort Duquesne conducted by Major General Edward Braddock in 1755. When, the regular British troops panicked and ran, Washington rallied the Virginia troops to make a stand. As he described the battle in a letter to his mother:
> The Virginia Troops shew'd a good deal of Bravery, and were near all kill'dere is scarce 30 Men left alive....I luckily escap'd [without]
Frustrated in their efforts to dislodge the French from the Ohio Valley, the Virginia Regiment returned home. As he had led them on the offensive, Washington, now a colonel at the age of twenty-three, led them in defense of the Virginia frontier.
When Colonel Washington later resigned from military service in 1758, he returned to Mount Vernon and immersed himself in family and the world of a Virginia planter. (Mount Vernon would not actually become George's until he inherited it upon the death of Lawrence's widow, Ann, in 1761; until that time, he paid an annual rent of fifteen thousand pounds of tobacco.) George was no exception to the rule that we all marry up. On January 6, 1759, right after he resigned his commission, George married the, by the standards of that time, quite wealthyMartha's holdings, which became George's, included about fifteen thousand acres, much of it prime real estate located near Williamsburg. But perhaps the most treasured thing that Martha brought with her were two stepchildren, John Parke "Jacky" and Martha Parke "Patsy" George, who never had children of his own, immediately became attached to these two and lavished affection upon them.
As a planter, Washington was in his element. By this time, that being the 1760s, he could boast of substantial estates, and he would continue to expand the borders of Mount Vernon throughout his life. Six days a week, he worked hard managing the farm, sometimes even rolling up his shirtsleeves and performing manual labor, and on the seventh he rested and attended church. (Washington was a devout Episcopalian.) As for his crops, he began with tobacco, but, when that proved less profitable than desired, he added wheat. He had his own water-powered flour mill, a blacksmith shop, brick and charcoal kilns, carpenters, and masons. He also had a fishery, which produced shad, bass, and herring. He experimented in cattle breeding, kept stallions at stud, and flirted with bison farming.
If Washington worked hard, then he played hard as well. He attended picnics, barbecues, and clambakes. He greatly enjoyed dancing, fox hunting, duck hunting, fishing, cockfighting, horse racing, boat racing, and card playing. Mount Vernon was a haven for guests, where tea and cards were always at the ready. In the seven years prior to 1775, it is estimated that some two thousand guests passed through Mount Vernon, many of whom stayed for dinner and overnight. On June 30, 1785, after the Revolution, Washington wrote"
The hospitality of Mount Vernon and the generosity of its master were not restricted to other planters or members of the Virginia aristocracy. Washington lent sizable sums to those in financial distress, even at the risk of his own solvency. "Let the Hospitality of the House with respect to the Poor, be kept up," he instructed Lund Washington, his second cousin and the manager of his plantations. "Let no one go hungry away," and let some "money in Charity to the Amount of Forty or Fifty Pounds a Year" also be given to assist the indigent and afflicted.
Though retired from military service for the time being, Washington continued to serve the people of Virginia. From 1759 to 1775, he served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, first as a burgess from Frederick in Western Virginia, and later as a burgess from Fairfax. In his first successful election in Frederick, Washington instructed his supporters to provide entertainment to the electorate, which was successfully accomplished through 66 gallons and 10 bowls of rum punch, 58 gallons of