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Volume 139, Issue 670
Timothy DelSole,
E-mail address: <EMAIL>
COLA, 4041 Powder Mill Road, Calverton, MD 20705, USA.
DOI: 10.1002/qj.1961 View/save citation
This article proposes a statistical test for whether a multi-model combination with unequal weights has significantly smaller errors than a combination with equal weights. A combination with equal weights includes the case of a no-skill model, in which all weights equal zero, and the multi-model mean, in which all weights equal 1/M, where M is the number of models. The test is applied to seasonal hindcasts of 2 m temperature and precipitation generated by five state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean models. The hypothesis of equal weights could not be rejected over 75% the globe for temperature and 90% of the land for precipitation, implying that strategies for unequal weighting of forecasts may be of value only over a relatively small fraction of the globe. The fact that the test does not require pre-specifying a specific strategy for weighting forecasts suggests that it should be useful for exploring a wide range of multi-model strategies. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The problem of combining forecasts has received much attention lately because of the availability of numerous forecasts from several modelling institutions. Virtually every article that has been written on this topic agrees that combining multiple forecasts leads to increased accuracy and reliability. However, there is considerable disagreement on the optimal method for combining forecasts. A question that arises repeatedly is whether weighting forecasts unequally yields significantly better predictions than weighting forecasts equally. Numerous studies have shown that equal weighting, especially the arithmetic multi-model mean, is a competitive method for producing accurate and probabilistically reliable forecasts (Kharin and Zwiers, 2002; Peng et al., 2002; Hagedorn et al., 2005; DelSole, 2007; Weigel et al., 2010). The consistently good performance of the multi-model mean also has been recognized in the economic literature, as documented routinely in the International Journal of Forecasting, Operational Research Quarterly and Journal of Forecasting (Clemen, 1989). Nevertheless, many of these results are based on cross-validation experiments that lack a probabilistic statement as to whether unequal weighting strategy yields significantly better cross-validated predictions than equal weighting. In addition, cross-validation requires the definition of a specific strategy for unequal weighting, such as ordinary least-squares or ridge regression, with which to compare equal weighting. It would be desirable to test whether unequal weighting is significantly better than equal weighting without having to specify the specific strategy for unequal weighting.
The purpose of this article is to propose a statistical test for whether a multi-model combination based on unequal weighting has significantly smaller errors than one based on equal weighting. The test can be derived from a standard framework for testing hypotheses in linear regression models. Accordingly, we first review the standard framework in section 2, and specialize it to our particular problem in section 3. To illustrate certain aspects of the test, the test is applied to an idealized example based on synthetic data in section 4. The test is then applied to a set of multi-model hindcasts of seasonal mean temperature and precipitation. The dataset is described in 5 and the results of the test are described in section 6. This article concludes with a summary and discussion of results.
In this section we review a standard framework for testing hypotheses in linear regression models. This review is selective in the sense that only material relevant to our particular procedure is discussed; more extensive coverage of hypothesis testing in regression models can be found in Graybill (1961), Neter and Wasserman (1974), Mardia et al. (1979), and Seber and Lee (2003). Multiple regression is concerned with identifying a relation between a predictand y and two or more predictors x. The N observed values of the predictand can be collected in the N-dimensional vector y, and those of the K predictors into the N × K matrix X. We assume the predictand is a linear function of the predictors plus random error. This assumption can be expressed mathematically as
where the dimension of each matrix is specified directly below the corresponding matrix, is a vector of independent and identically distributed random variables, and β specifies the regression coefficients for predicting y given X. The least-squares estimate of β is
where the hat indicates a sample quantity and superscript T denotes the transpose operation. The sum square error of the model is defined as
where we use the subscript F to indicate a quantity associated with the ‘full’ model, a distinction that will become clear shortly.
We want to test the hypothesis that the regression coefficients satisfy a set of linear constraints. The constraints considered here can be expressed in the form
where Q is the number of constraints, and C and c contain parameters specifying the constraints. We assume that the rank of C is Q ≤ K, implying that the constraints are linearly independent. The sum square error of the regression model (1) subject to the constraints (4) can be minimized using the method of Lagrange multipliers (Seber and Lee, 2003). However, for the kinds of constraints investigated in this article, it is simpler to impose the constraints directly, and then determine the values of the remaining coefficients by the method of least squares (examples of this will be given below). We assume that this step can be performed, so that the sum square error of model (1) subject to the constraints (4) is SSEC.
To quantify significance, the probability distribution of needs to be specified. A family of non-Gaussian distributions can be considered using the framework of generalized linear models, as discussed in McCullagh and Nelder (1989). However, the Gaussian case is attractive because of its simplicity and existence of closed-form estimates. Hereafter we assume the elements of are independently and identically distributed as a normal distribution with zero mean and common variance. In this case, Graybill (1961) and Seber and Lee (2003) show that the likelihood ratio test for the hypothesis that the coefficients satisfy (4) leads to the statistic
If the hypothesis is true, then this statistic has an F-distribution with Q and N − K degrees of freedom. Large values of F favour rejection of the hypothesis.
An important point is that the test statistic (5) can be interpreted as a comparison of two models. Specifically, SSEC − SSEF is a difference in sum square errors between the constrained and full models. The divisor SSEF can be interpreted as setting the ‘scale’ for measuring differences. If the value of F is ‘small’ (i.e. not significant), then the full model does not have significantly smaller errors than the constrained model. Thus, in this framework, testing whether two models have significantly different errors is equivalent to testing a hypothesis on the coefficients of a linear regression model.
It is worth recognizing that many hypothesis tests that are common in climate studies are special cases of the above test. As an illustrative example, the hypothesis that the correlation between x and y vanishes is equivalent to the hypothesis that a = 0 in the model
where, in contrast to (1), x is a univariate random variable, and a and b are scalars. In this case, the ‘full’ model is given by (6), while the constraint equation (4) specializes to
and the ‘constrained’ model is
It can be shown that the sample correlation is related to the error of the models as
which can be interpreted as the fraction of total variance in y explained by the regression model. It follows that the test statistic (5) can be written as
which is precisely the standard test statistic for the hypothesis that the population correlation ρ vanishes. Similarly, testing the hypothesis that any subset of coefficients vanishes can be formulated in the above framework. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be formulated in the above framework.
We apply the above framework to multi-model combinations. If multiple ensemble members are available from each model, then only ensemble means from the same model should be used as predictors in a linear multi-model regression. To see this, note that ensemble members from the same model are exchangeable, hence the weights attached to these members must be equal. It follows that the multi-model regression can depend only on the sum of forecasts from the same model, which in turn is proportional to the ensemble mean forecast. (Recall that proportionality constants do not affect predictions from a regression.) Incorporating additional ensemble information, such as error or spread, presumably requires more probabilistic or Bayesian approaches. Also, if the number of ensemble members differs between models, it is unlikely that equal weighting of ensemble means is the best strategy for the population.
An important unsolved problem is whether a subset of model forecasts should be removed before constructing a multi-model combination. For instance, if one model is clearly inferior to all the others, perhaps it should be eliminated; if the model forecasts are highly correlated, perhaps some of them can be removed without adversely impacting overall skill. A key difficulty is that using the same data to select the subset and test hypotheses leads to selection bias. In this article, we assume that the pool of models is defined independently of the data (for instance, by agreement among operational forecasting centres) and that our task is to test hypotheses for the given pool.
Let the ensemble-mean dynamical model forecasts be xn1,xn2,…,xnM, where M is the number of models, and let yn be the predictand, for n = 1,2,…,N. The General Linear Model (GLM) is defined as
where β1,β2,…,βM are (generally different) weighting coefficients. The coefficient μ is included to account for model biases. This model can be expressed in the form (1) with the identifications
Note that the dimension of X is N × (M + 1), implying K = M + 1. The sum square error associated with the GLM model will be denoted SSEGLM.
The above mathematical specification involves certain assumptions that are worth stating explicitly. First, our multi-model combination is a linear combination of forecasts, hence nonlinear combinations, such as might be taken into account using neural networks, are not considered. Second, our multi-model combination is univariate in the sense that it is applied individually and independently at each grid point, and hence ignores spatial correlations that might be advantageous in developing more comprehensive multi-model combinations. We consider the univariate analysis developed here as a useful first step. Third, the regression residuals are assumed to be independent and drawn from the same normal distribution. This assumption is always open to question in practical application and hence will be tested in the examples presented in section 6. The proposed procedure is sufficiently general to account for non-stationary behaviour, as long as the nature of the non-stationarity is specified (e.g. linear, sinusoidal, etc.). However, the basis of any regression model is that ‘past patterns will persist into the future’, so extreme, unpredictable departures from stationarity would invalidate all multi-model approaches.
Various hypotheses suggest themselves in the context of multi-model combinations. For instance, the arithmetic mean of forecasts has proven competitive relative to more sophisticated strategies, as mentioned in the introduction, which suggests testing the hypothesis that the weights equal 1/M. Another common test hypothesis is that the weights vanish, implying that the forecasts have no skill. These two hypotheses are special cases of the general hypothesis that the weights are equal. Moreover, if the hypothesis of equal weights is true, then the M weights for the forecasts reduce to a single weight, resulting in a multi-model combination with fewer parameters to estimate. These considerations lead us to propose that the first step in developing a multi-model combination is to test the hypothesis that the weights are equal. If the hypothesis of equal weights is rejected, then developing an unequal weighting strategy seems defensible. In contrast, if the hypothesis of equal weights cannot be rejected at a prescribed significance level, then this fact would call into question whether an unequal weighting strategy can be justified.
3.1. Test hypothesis of equal weights
Our first question is whether a multi-model combination based on unequal weights produces significantly smaller errors than a multi-model combination based on equal weights. To address this question, we test the hypothesis
The hypothesis (13) can be expressed in the form (4) with the identifications
In this case, C is a (M − 1) × M matrix and c is an (M − 1)-dimensional vector, implying Q = M − 1. These expressions could be used in the Lagrange multiplier method, but it is easier to impose constraint (13), which leads to the scaled multi-model mean (SMMM) model
where α parametrizes the common weight implied in (13), such that α = 1 corresponds to a multi-model mean. This model has two regression coefficients, namely α and μ, which can be estimated by the least-squares method. The sum square error corresponding to this model will be denoted SSESMMM. The test statistic for hypothesis (13) is therefore
If hypothesis (13) is true, then this statistic has an F distribution with (M − 1) and (N − M − 1) degrees of freedom. We reject the hypothesis of equal weighting if the observed value of F exceeds the appropriate critical value. Rejection of the hypothesis implies that the model with unequal weights has significantly smaller errors than the model with equal weights.
3.2. Quantitative thresholds
We would like to gain a sense of how much smaller the errors of the GLM model need to be relative to those of the SMMM model to be considered significant. To define this measure, it is helpful to define the climatological model
The only regression coefficient in this model is μ. It can be shown that the least-squares estimate of μ is
and that the corresponding sum square error is
SSECLIM is proportional to the sample the variance of y.
An intuitive measure of the errors of the GLM model is the squared multiple correlation
As is well known, the squared multiple correlation is a measure of the variance explained by the predictors. As such, its value is between zero and one. Similarly, the variance explained by the scaled multi-model mean model can be quantified by
This parameter equals the squared correlation between the multi-model mean and predictand. As such, it is bounded between zero and one and measures the amount of variance explained by the SMMM model. It can be shown that , consistent with the fact that an unconstrained linear regression model explains more variance than a constrained regression model. A measure of the difference in variances explained by the two models is
The parameter δ is bounded between zero and one, and gives the amount of additional variance explained by the GLM model beyond the variance explained by the SMMM model, relative to the unexplained variance of the SMMM model (i.e. relative to ). Standard algebra shows that the F statistic defined in (16) can be written as
For a given significance threshold for testing equality of weights, this equation can be inverted for the corresponding value of δ. The result for different sample sizes N and number of models M is shown in Figure 1. The figure shows that the fractional difference in variance increases rapidly with the number of models M, for small sample sizes. For example, for a sample size of N = 20, the fractional difference must exceed 34% and 79% for a two- and ten-model regression, respectively, while for a sample size of N = 50, the fractional difference must exceed 14% and 35%, respectively. This strong dependence on sample size may explain why studies based on relatively short periods (e.g. 20 years) of seasonal forecasts almost never conclude that weighted combinations are superior to equally weighted combinations.
Fractional difference between and , as defined by (22), required to satisfy the 5% test for a difference between GLM and SMMM models. The numbers next to the lines indicate the number of models (M) in the multi-model combination.
3.3. Interpretation of the equal weighting test
As with any hypothesis test, the interpretation of the equal weighting test is subject to certain caveats and nuances. First, even if the equal weight hypothesis is accepted, some unequal weighting strategy could be significant. For instance, the particular unequal weighting strategy may involve fewer degrees of freedom than the general model, but significantly smaller errors than equal weighting. Also, if the predictors are correlated, then some of the predictors might be eliminated without significantly reducing the explained variances, whereas the reduction in degrees of freedom may increase the F-statistic sufficiently to reject the equal weighting hypothesis.
Second, the significance test can be conducted without pre-specifying a strategy for unequal weighting. More precisely, the significance test controls for type one error, which requires specifying only the null hypothesis, and does not require specifying the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, the test proposed here does not commit the user to a particular strategy for unequal weighting. Third, if the general hypothesis (4) is rejected, this result does not imply any specific value for the regression coefficients. In particular, the test does not imply that the least-squares coefficients derived from the sample should be chosen, even though these coefficients are used to define the test statistic (16). Indeed, experience shows that the least-squares GLM often performs poorly in independent samples (Kharin and Zwiers, 2002). All that can be inferred from rejection of the hypothesis is that the estimated coefficients do not lie in the range of values expected under the null hypothesis. If we find that the differences in weights lie outside the expected range, it does not follow that we know the value of the actual weights, or the best method for estimating them.
The fact that rejecting the hypothesis of equal weights does not imply a specific strategy for unequal weighting is both an advantage and a disadvantage: it is an advantage in that the result of the hypothesis test holds regardless of the unequal weighting strategy, but it is a disadvantage in that rejection of the hypothesis provides no hint as to which unequal weighting strategy should be selected. That the test does not require pre-specifying a specific strategy for weighting forecasts makes it useful for exploring a variety of strategies.
The outcome of the equal weighting test will be influenced by numerous aspects of the model forecasts. For instance, a typical rationale for the use of unequal model weighting is varying levels of skill and variance among models. To illustrate the effect of these factors, we apply the equal weighting test to an idealized example based on synthetic data. We note that other aspects of model forecasts, such as sample size or correlations between forecast errors, also may play an important role, but it is not possible to comprehensively survey all possible factors that could influence the test. Accordingly, we restrict our example to the case of forecasts with varying levels of skill and variance, but with independent and Gaussian errors. The parameters are chosen to mimic the ENSEMBLES data discussed in the next section–the number of models is five, and the number of observations is 46. In the first example, all models have the same population skill and variance. By population skill, we mean the population correlation between the individual model forecast and predictand. In the second example, the models are the same as the first, except one model has no skill. In the third example, the models are the same as the first, except one model has no skill and has twice the variance of the other models.
Clearly, if the population properties of the models were known, an optimized unequal weighting scheme could be used in examples 2 and 3 to reduce error relative to that of equal weighting. However, sampling variability makes it difficult to determine the weights with sufficient accuracy so as to give a significant reduction in error. Figure 2 shows the frequency with which the hypothesis of equal weights is accepted from 10 000 Monte Carlo trials for the three examples, as a function of model skill level. When the models are identical, acceptance frequency of the equal weights hypothesis is 95%, independent of skill level, as anticipated from theory. In example 2, where one of the models has no skill, the acceptance rate decreases as the skill of the other models increases. Nevertheless, for a skill level of 0.4, the hypothesis of equal weights is accepted over 60% of the time even though it is false. This result merely means that the typical errors of a multi-model regression with unconstrained weights are not significantly different from those of a multi-model regression with equal weights. This result is not unreasonable in light of the fact that a model with skill level 0.4 explains only 16% of the variance and probably will have a weight close to zero, in which case including the no-skill model (with small weight) has little effect on the errors. However, as the skill level increases, the difference between the skill and no-skill models increases, thereby increasing the errors of the scaled multi-model mean model relative to the unconstrained model (which tends to apply small weight on the no-skill model). In the third example where one of the models has no skill and twice the variance as the other models, the acceptance of the equal weights hypothesis is further decreased. In essence, the greater the discrepancy in skill level, the more likely the hypothesis of equal weights is rejected. Finally, when the no-skill model also has large variance, the discrepancy in skill is the same as in example 2, but a discrepancy in variance exists, leading to lower acceptance of the equal-weight hypothesis.
The acceptance frequency of the equal weights hypothesis for the three examples (see text) as a function of skill level. The dashed line marks the 95% level.
For a more realistic application, we apply the equal weighting test to the seasonal hindcast dataset from the ENSEMBLES project. This dataset, reviewed by Weisheimer et al. (2009), consists of seven-month hindcasts by five state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean models from the UK Met Office, Météo-France, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University, Germany, and the Euro-Mediterranean Centre for Climate Change in Bologna, Italy. All models include major radiative forcings and were initialized using realistic estimates from observations. Only hindcasts initialized on 1 May and 1 November of each year in the 46-year period 1960–2005 were used. Each model produced a nine-member ensemble hindcast. These were averaged to construct an ensemble-mean forecast for each model, as explained in section 3. Further details of these data can be found in Weisheimer et al. (2009).
The variables considered in this study are 2m surface temperature and precipitation. These variables were provided on a 2.5° × 2.5° grid. We examine the three-month mean hindcasts for November–December–January (NDJ) and May–June–July (MJJ), initialized in November and May respectively. These periods are representative for ‘winter’ and ‘summer’ conditions and the chosen hindcasts correspond to forecast leads of one to three months. The hindcast skill generally decreases with lead time, so the skill at longer leads are expected to be smaller than those found here. The systematic bias of the hindcasts were not removed because this adjustment is performed automatically by the regression models.
The observation-based surface temperature dataset used for verifying the 2 m temperature hindcasts is the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis (Kistler et al., 2001), which is provided on the same grid. The observation-based precipitation dataset used for verifying precipitation over land is the NCEP/Climate Prediction Center data of Chen et al. (2002).
The procedure discussed in section 3 was applied to hindcasts of 2 m temperature generated by five models from the ENSEMBLES dataset. Grid points for which the hypothesis of equal weights were rejected at the 5% significance level are shown as blue shading in Figure 3. About 22% of the global area falls in this category. In other words, the hypothesis of equal weights cannot be rejected in about 78% of the globe.
Results of testing the hypothesis of equal weights on hindcasts of 2 m temperature from five models in the ENSEMBLES dataset over the period 1960–2005. Blue shading (‘UEW’) indicates regions for which the equal weighting hypothesis is rejected at the 5% significance level for (a) November–December–January and (b) May–June–July. Grey shading (‘EW’) indicates regions where the hypothesis of equal weights could not be rejected. The fraction of global area for which the equal weighting hypothesis is rejected is 22% and 23% for NDJ and MJJ, respectively.
The weighting coefficients for the areas favouring unequal weighting were examined, but no simple conclusions could be drawn. For instance, 75% of the weights for the ECMWF model were positive whereas only 50% of the weights for the Météo-France model were positive. One might conclude from this that the weights for the Météo-France model are ‘small’ and therefore that this model can be dropped from the pool. However, we find that dropping any single model from the multi-model pool yields virtually indistinguishable results. Indeed, as is well known, small or negative weights do not necessarily imply that the model should be dropped from the multi-model pool. All that can be concluded when the hypothesis of equal weights is rejected is that at least one of the weights differs from the others.
The unequal weighting strategy is selected most often in the Tropics and in summer polar regions. One plausible explanation for why unequal weighting may be preferred in the Tropics is that the hindcasts have high skill–hence differences in skill are easier to detect–but also have large differences in variance. For example, a map of the standard deviation of hindcast variances (not shown) has a local maximum along the Equator. Casanova and Ahrens (2009) suggest that unequal weighting is preferred when there are large differences in skill, but this explanation may not apply here because a map of the standard deviation of correlation skill exhibits its smallest values in the Tropics (not shown). The summer polar regions also are characterized by large differences in hindcast variance, and these differences probably contribute to a preference for unequal weights.
The analogous results for precipitation, shown in Figure 4, differ dramatically from those for temperature. Specifically, the hypothesis of equal weights is rejected for about 10% of the global area, in small-scale regions randomly distributed over land. Since the test for unequal weights is applied at the 5% significance level, at least 5% of the area would be selected even if the weights were not equal. These results suggest that unequal weighting strategies are unlikely to produce significantly better precipitation predictions than equal weighting strategies over much of the globe.
As Figure 3, but for precipitation. The fraction of land area for which the equal weighting hypothesis is rejected is 12% and 10% for NDJ and MJJ, respectively.
Recall that the equal weighting test assumes that the regression model residuals are drawn independently from the same normal distribution. To check this assumption, we performed several diagnostic tests on the residuals. First, we performed the Lilliefors test for Gaussianity. In the case of temperature, we found that the Gaussian assumption was rejected for about 9% of the globe in both seasons, which is more than expected at the 5% significance level. However, the rejections occurred at small-scale regions distributed randomly throughout the globe, suggesting that departures from normality were not field significant. In the case of precipitation, the Gaussian assumption was rejected for over 20% of the globe in both seasons. The results of this test, shown in Figure 5, reveal that regions for which the Gaussian assumption is rejected tend to have arid climates. In other words, the Gaussian assumption is a poor approximation in regions where there is little to no rain. If we ignore arid regions, then the Gaussian assumption is found to hold surprisingly well. Second, we examined the linear trend and autocorrelation function of the residuals. In the case of precipitation, the number of significant trends and lag-1 autocorrelations did not exceed the number expected by chance. In the case of temperature, significant trends and autocorrelations were found over a large fraction of the globe (not shown). Examination of individual points with significant trends or autocorrelations revealed that the residuals followed the observations closely, and that the observations themselves exhibited trends, low-frequency variability, and even apparent discontinuities (e.g. a cold spell over one or more years). Although the existence of trends and significant autocorrelation implies violation of the stationarity assumption of the residuals, it also suggests that the effective number of degrees of freedom may be smaller than has been assumed, which would make it more difficult to reject the hypothesis of equal weighting.
The p-value of the Lilliefors test for Gaussianity applied to the residuals of the general linear model for precipitation during (a) NDJ and (b) MJJ.
This article proposed a statistical procedure for testing whether a multi-model combination based on unequal weights has significantly smaller errors than that based on equal weights. The procedure is derived from a standard statistical framework in linear regression theory. Remarkably, the test does not require pre-specifying a strategy for unequal weighting in order to conclude that unequal weighting can give significantly better predictions.
To appreciate the importance of the proposed test, it is helpful to place it in context. Many studies have previously addressed the question of whether specific unequal weighting methods improve upon equal weighting methods, e.g. the multimodel mean. The typical procedure is to estimate model weights using one dataset and to compare the skills of the two methods using another independent dataset. The first difficulty with such an approach is that the skills of both methods are functions of the data, and are therefore affected by sampling error. This means that, even if the skills of the competing methods are equal, one method will, by chance, prove superior in a given sample. By attaching a statistical significance to differences in skill, the hypothesis testing approach presented here avoids conclusions based on differences that can be explained by chance. The second difficulty with the usual approach is that, when a particular weighting method is observed to be inferior to equal weighting, there is the possibility that some other method may prove superior. In fact, to arrive at the conclusion that unequal weighting does not improve on equal weighting would require testing all possible weighting methods. On the other hand, the hypothesis testing method presented here is able to answer whether any unequal weighting method gives significantly smaller errors than equal weighting. The obvious drawback of the hypothesis testing method is that it is non-constructive, and when unequal weights do give significantly better skill, we do not know the specific method for estimating those weights.
The procedure was applied to multi-model hindcasts of seasonal mean 2 m temperature and precipitation from five models in the ENSEMBLES dataset. For temperature, equal weights were selected for about 77% of the globe. For precipitation, equal weights were selected over about 90% of the land area. These results suggest that strategies for unequal weighting of forecasts are of value only over a small fraction of the globe.
It should be recognized that deciding that a model should have unequal weights does not imply that the model with least-squares weights is preferred. In practice, the least-squares model tends to perform poorly in cross-validation experiments, especially when the number of forecasts being combined is large (Kharin and Zwiers, 2002; DelSole, 2007). When the hypothesis of equal weights is rejected, the only conclusion that is justified is that at least one of the weights differs from the others. This conclusion leaves a wide range of possibilities open, including the possibility that one model is ‘bad’ and should have relatively small weight. The possible scenarios are not easily distinguished by examination of the weights since weights generally cannot be interpreted as indicators of relative model reliability (Kharin and Zwiers, 2002).
The fact that equal weighting often yields competitive forecasts suggests that alternative strategies should constrain the weights to be ‘close’ to each other. DelSole (2007) proposed a Bayesian multi-model method that incorporates this kind of prior information.
The procedure assumes that the residuals between predictand and multi-model combination are independent and normally distributed with identical variances. The Gaussian assumption was found to be reasonable nearly everywhere except for precipitation in arid regions or during dry seasons. Significant winter-to-winter or summer-to-summer autocorrelations were found over a significant fraction of the globe, but accounting for these autocorrelations by decreasing the degrees of freedom would make the equal weighting hypothesis even more difficult to reject. It also should be recognized that the procedure was applied point-wise whereas a more comprehensive procedure would address the field signficiance of the unequal weighting (DelSole and Yang, 2011).
A question that often arises in multi-model combinations is whether the original set of forecasts should be screened such that ‘poor’ models are excluded before combining the forecasts. Unfortunately, the concept of a ‘poor’ forecast model has a subtle dependence on other models, since a model could be nearly useless by itself but very useful when combined with other models (e.g. by cancelling errors). Strategies for screening models prior to combining them would seem to be an important next step.
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (ATM0332910, ATM0830062, ATM0830068), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNG04GG46G, NNX09AN50G), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA04OAR4310034, NA09OAR4310058, NA05OAR4311004, NA10OAR4310210, NA10OAR4310249). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these agencies.


Rice pudding with detailed step by step photos recipe. Rice Kheer or Chawal ki Kheer is one among the foremost and popular dessert in North India. It is a traditional Indian rice pudding which is quite long process but it's really easy to make.
Made by simmering rice and milk in heavy pot or big vessels for a long time, this kheer has a rich, creamy taste and attractive pink colour that comes out of the natural thickening of milk.
Krishna Janmashtami is a Hindu festival that celebrates the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of lord Vishnu. Krishna devotees all around the world celebrate this festival with great joy and enthusiasm.
Various dishes are made on this day to offer to the deity. We made chawal ki kheer as a bhog (prasad). Rice Kheer or Chawal ki Kheer is a milk based sweet and this creamy dish that is offered to lord Krishna on the auspicious occasion of Janmashtami.
This tradition is going on my mom side, so I followed the same tradition. As we all know the story goes Lord Krishna was very fond of butter and all dairy products. So dishes using milk, or milk products like dahi, white butter are included in the prasad(bhog).
I am praying for your happiness and prosperity
May Lord Krishna bless you today and forever
Wish you a Happy Janmashtami 🙏🙏
Kheer is an Indian pudding where rice is cooked with milk until creamy texture. Traditionally kheer is seasoned with cardamom and saffron.
Kheer is an all time favorite Indian dessert. All of us, in fact have grown up, enjoying it with the family and for all festivities, it's a must sweet at our home. Rice Kheer also brings back many memories of my childhood. I've learn this thick & creamy texture rice ki kheer from my papa(dad). Whenever we visit to my hometown, my dad make chawal ki kheer for us(for all siblings) and that will be finished in same day only. 😜😋😋
Kheer is a rice pudding, originating from the Indian subcontinent, made by boiling rice, broken wheat, sabudana or vermicelli with milk and sugar; it is flavored with cardamom, raisins, saffron, cashews, pistachios or almonds.
Rice Pudding is typically served during a meal or after a meal as a dessert. It is also known in some regions as payasam, payasa, and phirni, while in Bengal the payesh is a variation of Kheer.
Let's see how to make Chawal ki Kheer recipe with step by step photos
Total Time : 1 hour 10 minutes
Rice - 3 tbsp (Washed and soaked for 30 minutes)
Cardamom Pods/powder - 4-5 / 1/2 tsp
Chopped Almonds - 1/4 cup (Washed and soaked for 30 minutes)
1. Wash the rice properly and soaked it for 30 minutes.
2. Heat milk in a pan. When it comes to a boil, add drained rice.
3. Cook on low heat till rice is cooked. Add saffron strands in between.
4. Keep stirring in between. It will take 45 minutes to an hour for the kheer to thicken. Scrap all cream from the sides.
5. Add cardamom pods (seeds as well its skin also) that gives natural flavour to dish or you can use the cardamom powder too.
6. Add sugar and cook for another 5 minute.
7. Add chopped almonds or any dry fruits like pistachio or raisins.
8. Garnish with almonds. Serve hot or chilled.
When it is cooked, checked using your finger it is easily mashed or not.
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MySpicyKitchenDecember 7, 2019 at 3:31 PM
Such a creamy and delicious kheer!! Though it is time consuming, it is worth the time and effort. Nicely done.
Mayuri PatelDecember 8, 2019 at 6:59 AM
A creamy and thick kheer is the ultimate satisfying Indian dessert. What I like about it is that it can be served cold or hot.
Lata LalaDecember 11, 2019 at 1:32 AM
Rice kheer is the first sweet that i always wanted to make if given an option. It's my favorite and your kheer looks so yummy that i want to pick it up from my screen.
jayashreeDecember 12, 2019 at 2:06 AM
This is a lovely sweet recipe, apt for all occasions. It is one of the favourites at home. Yours looks so delicious Jolly
PavaniDecember 12, 2019 at 3:36 PM
Such a creamy and delicious looking rice kheer. Perfect to make for festivals and for dessert as well :-)
PadmaDecember 13, 2019 at 12:33 AM
This delicious kheer is a must during every single festival....and also for sudden sweet cravings as it's easy to whip up anytime!! Yours looks gorgeous...Yum😋
HayleyDecember 13, 2019 at 9:00 AM
One of my favourite Indian dessert which I devour with poori. Such a creamy and rich that it is ideal for any occasion.
VandanaDecember 15, 2019 at 5:29 AM
No Indian celebration is complete with kheer. I can't eat kheer which is white in color it has to be slightly brown and yours look perfect. I really want to have a bowl of kheer now.
SasmitaJanuary 15, 2020 at 6:52 AM
Anykheer is a must in most Indian festival. This rice kheer is one of them and I love the creamy and thick kheer here. Whether in cold or warm condition, one can surely enjoy this dessert.
preethi'scuisineMarch 1, 2020 at 5:19 AM
Rice Kheer looks scrumptious. I love to treat myself with this delicious Kheer sometimes.
Priya VjAugust 8, 2020 at 6:49 AM
Absolutely delicious and the slow patient cooking is the key to a creamy kheer . Loved the pinkish color 😍
Home Cooked foodAugust 8, 2020 at 6:50 AM
It's just perfect bowl if happiness
Home Cooked foodAugust 8, 2020 at 6:52 AM
ShobhaAugust 9, 2020 at 5:17 AM
Rice kheer looks delicious.I liked the decorations of your Kanha ji
Superduper kitchenAugust 9, 2020 at 11:02 AM
This is such a versatile kheer and my fav too. Yours look creamy and loved the colour of the kheer too.
Give Me Some SpiceAugust 9, 2020 at 1:04 PM
The kheer looks creamy and delicious. I can eat it hot or cold. Your pictures of kheer remind me of home as my mum made lovely kheer.
Sarika Gunjal (spice zone )August 10, 2020 at 7:30 AM
Your Kheer looks so creamy and delicious. Love Kheer and for me it has to be cooked all the way to like it. And I love cold kheer.
Priya Srinivasan - I Camp in My KitchenAugust 12, 2020 at 7:16 AM
Such a delicious and creamy kheer, i love to make it this way. though it is a bit time consuming, It is totally worth the time and effort!!!
NarmadhaAugust 13, 2020 at 5:03 AM
Rice Kheer looks so inviting and mouthwatering. I make it exactly the same way and perfect for celebrations.


"We increased numbers recently just to better serve the community," Maldonado said. "Having a big staff makes it nice to sort of allocate evenly the burden on each of our staffers."
"We have a lot of training on [the] basics of peer counseling. We are trained to handle any issue," Maldonado said. "Anyone can call ECHO with any sort of concern, nothing is too small."
"We get all different types of people, and we make a conscious effort as we put together our staff to have a sort of a diverse range of perspectives," Houlahan said. "One of the things we really value about our staff is we have a lot of different experiences, which I think helps us be better counselors."
"It's the only extracurricular I do now because it feels real to me in a way that often times a lot of other work at Harvard doesn't," Kim said, "It's a way of getting engaged with mental health that's very personal and direct."


UK guard Quickley has no regrets coming back for second season
“I’ve said that multiple times, I’m so glad I came back,” he said. “Even at the start of the season coming back into my sophomore year, not even basketball-wise, but it’s great because now I really know where all my classes are. I know time management, I know when I need to be places and just simple things like that. I’ve just gotten more comfortable on and off the floor, which is beneficial to me and my teammates. I’m able to look out for everybody.”
“(He is) super hot,” Kentucky forward EJ Montgomery said. “.”
Alabama coach Nate Oats said Quickley’s long-range shooting makes Kentucky a “completely different team.”
“If he shoots 5 of 6 from three, I am not sure who is better than that in the country,” the Alabama coach said. “You know, he goes 5 of 6, there is probably a reason he played 34 minutes (against us.)”
“Iwd’s been great,” he said. “I like playing on the road, too, but it’s always good to be home.”
“Tyrese (Maxey) is still learning — he still makes high school plays,” the Kentucky coach said. “? ‘’:30. TV/Radio: SEC Network, UK Radio Network


Paternal grandparents: Weymouth Harris Cole (Jan 14, 1879 – Nov 19, 1973) & Edeth Belle Waterhouse Cole (Sep 1, 1880 – Jan 15, 1979). Married Dec 25, 1902, they lived to experience their Platinum Anniversary – 70 years together.
With the exception of the last double portrait of Harris and Edeth, the timing of their photographs above is approximate: 1. Late 1890s, high school graduation portraits when both were in their late teens. 2. Married in their early 20s in 1902, this snapshot is probably from the late 1910s when they were in their mid-to late-thirties. 3. Snapshot from the 1930s when they were in their 50s. 4. These datable portraits were– the Golden – Christmas Day 1952; Harris was about to turn 74 twenty days later in the new year, and Edeth had turned 72 the prior September. He would live another two decades, whereas she would live almost twenty-seven more years.


Search 8 cases of new tick-borne disease are identified 12/7/2011
Swedish scientists identified a new tick-borne illness in a total of eight patients worldwide after a 77-year-old man underwent recurrent waxing and waning symptoms for a year. The disease is caused by the bacterium Neoehrlichia mikurensis, first identified in ticks and rats in Japan in 2004, and causes diarrhea, fever and deep vein thrombosis, but can be treated with appropriate antibiotics.
ScienceDaily More Summaries: tick-borne disease Related Summaries
Babesiosis, anaplasmosis cases on the rise in N.J. 12/28/2015 Babesiosis and anaplasmosis are emerging tick-borne diseases in New Jersey, according to physicianr. Co-infection of the two illnesses and Lyme disease is becoming more common in ticks, which can make infections more difficult to treat in humans. Warmer weather and a heightened awareness of tick-borne disease among medical professionals may be factors in the increasing number of diagnoses.Okla. resident contracts rare, tick-borne Bourbon virus 5/28/2015 An Oklahoma resident contracted Bourbon virus, a tick-borne disease recently discovered in the U.S. that has infected only one other person in the country. The Oklahoma resident recovered. Symptoms of Bourbon virus are similar to those caused by other tick-borne diseases, including fever, aches and a rash.
tick-borne disease, Okla. Deadly bobcat fever: Another reason to protect pets from ticks 7/19/2013 Bobcat fever, a tick-borne disease that is carried by a number of wild feline species and transmissible to domestic cats, is becoming more prevalent, according to the Buddy Foundation in suburban Chicago. The disease can cause lethargy or fever in domestic felines or, more seriously, seizures or death. Owners can protect cats by ensuring they are protected from ticks with a veterinarian-recommended product.
tick-borne disease Recognizing signs of Johne's disease 12/7/2011 Cattle with Johne's disease, a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium, exhibit weight loss despite a good appetite and often have intractable diarrhea, writes veterinarian Eric Knock. Prevention is the best means of control including introducing only Johne's-free cattle into a herd, culling positive cows and preventing fecal contamination.
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Trucking Schools in West Virginia
Out of the 76 West Virginia Colleges, only 2 schools provide Trucking degree programs.
Salary projections for job positions within the Trucking field, like an owner operator trucking agent, are usually very high in comparison to median West Virginia salaries.
Trying to find schools close by is typically the first stage for lots of people in their school selection process, and we have listed local colleges and schools found in West Virginia offering the Trucking degree program.
Trucking degrees are extremely in demand by companies these days, and students who graduate in these degree programs find themselves with numerous opportunities waiting for them directly after they enter the job market.
Check an alternative detailed ranking of trucking schools in West Virginia at Best-Trucking-Schools.com.
West Virginia Trucking Schools
Affordable on-campus housing. Over 200 students enrolled. Safe campus.
We reviewed 16 automotive and mechanic schools and colleges in Charleston, Martinsburg, Buckhannon, Moorefield, Logan, Dunbar, Oak Hill, and 11 more cities. Around 100 automotive and mechanic degrees are granted each academic year. Average tuition price for automotive and mechanic degree programs in WV is about $4,400.
We reviewed 3 flight and aviation schools and colleges in Charles Town, Beckley, and Fairmont. Approximately 200 flight and aviation diplomas are awarded every year. Average tuition price for flight and aviation degree programs in WV is roughly $6,400.
Our directory contains 7 trucking schools and colleges in Lima, Piqua, Lake Milton, Medina, Cleveland, and Van Wert. Around 600 trucking degrees are granted every year. Average tuition for trucking programs in OH is around $8,900.
Read information about 8 trucking schools and colleges in West Mifflin, Pleasant Gap, Frackville, York, New Castle, Erie, and Lester. Around 1,100 trucking diplomas are granted every year. Average tuition cost for trucking degree programs in PA: $13,900.
Learn about 1 trucking school in Virginia Beach. Around 300 trucking degrees are granted every year. Average tuition for trucking programs in VA is around $12,600.


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Yes!! you are absolutely right green veggies and healthy fruits are important as an anti-aging food.
Really you have written such a wonderful article. And for healthy skin, everyone should visit your article. Along with that, try dry conditioner for healthier and softer hair look.


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ReviewA Howling Review of The Alpha [The Alpha]
by BenjaminK | updated 9 days ago
ReviewTrekking the National Parks Review [Trekking the National Parks: Second Edition]
ReviewScythe Review [Scythe]
4 likes | 35 comments
A Howling Review of The Alpha
BenjaminK
- My five-year-old can play it!
[The Alpha]
Trekking the National Parks Review
Throughout the game, players take turns doing two actions. Once their two actions are complete, play proceeds to the next player. This goes on until either one player has five Park cards, or all of the rocks are gone from the board.
If I had to pull a theme out of thin air (which I’m about to do), I’d go with nature. Or, more specifically, the national parks themselves. (But I like the overall theme of “nature,” personally.) There’s also a thT game:
Easy to learn and teach
The following isn’t “bad,” but it may be something to consider.
I enjoy Trekking the National Parks. In general, my personal preferences are games with a bit more depth, but don’t take that to mean this game isn’t good. This is a good game. It’s fun, it’s engaging, and there is most definitely a place for it on my shelf and on my table. I am, in the end, quite happy with this game.
It is well done with smooth and fun gameplay. The prime candidates for this game are those whose favorite games lean on the lighter side of the complexity scale. Still, I find the game to be quite engaging with some good strategic thought mixed into it. And I can’t help but fight for my favorite parks as they show up.
Trekking the National Parks will be a great game for my kids as well. They may be a little young at the moment (oldest is five), but in a year or two I think they’ll be able to enjoy it with a little coaching (at first). And, there’s always the cards to take out and look at when I feel trapped and need a getaway. There’s something to be said about pictures that capture the essence of a location, and that’s one of the things I love about Trekking the National Parks.
Looking at the box art, one might think that Scythe is a war game. And it is. Sort of. But war doesn’t happen as often as it might seem, because winning the game doesn’t necessarily mean destroying the other players. Rather, there are many objectives players try to complete, and once a player has completed six of them, the game ends. Winning battles is only one of the many ways to get ahead in the post-Great War era of Eastern Europe.
But before we talk about anything elseame itself. Scythe is an area majority, resource management engine-building game for 1-5 players. Each player has a unique faction (with unique abilities) and a unique player mat (all with the same actions, but the costs of actions differ). Players harvest resources, build buildings (for bonuses), recruit mechs, and engage in thematic encounters.
Perhaps the most important part of this review is that of gameplay. Is it fun? Is it tough to learn? Is it worth investing in all of the expansions? (I’ll leave that last one for you to figure out on your own.)
The theme of an alternate history 1920s Europa wouldn’t have been my first pick—or top 10 for that matter. And yet, I like it. A lot. The design really helps you get into the feel of the world, through art, actions, and encounters.
Speaking of encounters, When your character (the human/animal duo) moves to a spot with an encounter token, you take the top encounter card from the deck. The card gives you three options, and you pick one of them. Some options include helping you gain free workers or mechs, and others give resources…at a price.
And then there’s the art. Actually, let’s make an entirely new section for that, shall we?
I can’t talk about Scythe without mentioning the artwork. It’s so good! The encounter cards show such a vivid snapshot in time that I find it difficult to choose an option because I’m too busy looking at what’s going on in the picture. They are top notch, and I highly recommend taking a moment to look at the images before choosing an encounter option.
But it’s more than just the encounter cards. The board itself looks wonderful, the faction boards are detailed, and everything is done with such quality that I’d be happy framing the cards and box for their art alone. It’s this attention to detail that helps the game stand out as it dScythe’s solo variant. The first solo game from Stonemaier Games I played was Wingspan, and I thought it was amazing. The same people that created Wingspan’s solo variant also created Scythe’s, so I had high hopes.
While I love playing with others, I do love a good solo game, and Scythe didn’t disappoint.
- Solo variant
- Smooth gameplay (solo and multiplayer)
- Option to battle or not as you choose
- End-game trigger
- Balanced at all player counts, including two players
Honestly, that’s really the only thing that I could see being an obstacle, and that’s just for solo play.e.
Fix a Bounty Game
es.


Eveas.
Whether you own the 3-quart or the 6-quart, the Duo or the Ultra, your Instant Pot is ripe for accessorizing. From sealing rings for the pressure function to extra pots and steaming essentials, there are tons of handy tools out there to take your multi-cooker to the next level. You've already read the Instant Pot cookbooks and mastered the beginner recipes, now turn your attention to the accessories.
Attempting to use a big cloth mitt to grasp the inner pot of your Instant Pot is an exercise in futility. With the ridged design, these silicone mini mitts make for a strong grip. The reviews on Amazon report many converts. As one says, "I bought the colander that fits inside the pot (with handles removed) and find these remove that too. They are easy to clean and cost less than other options. I was looking at the clamp sort of tool for removing the pot, but decided to try these instead and am very glad I did. Less money, longer life, and super reliable."
Not just for cakes, a springform pan can also be used when making meatloaf or lasagna in the Instant Pot. "This pan is da bomb," one reviewer says. "The ability to slide off the latch and open up the pan by peeling the sides off the product is brilliant! Brilliant, I tell you. Brilliant! Couldn't be more pleased." BPA-free and dishwasher safe, the specialty pan is a worthy purchase.
Even though the inner pot is easy to clean, sometimes you don't want to immediately transfer your meal to another container or you're busying making multiple dinners. We're fans of having an extra bowl for your stand mixer, so transfer that logic to your Instant Pot. You can also transport a dish to a potluck and not worry about getting it back immediately.
Though not made specifically for the Instant Pot, these colorful rubbery cupcake liners are  mini cakes and eggs of all kinds. The non-stick, flexible design makes it easy to release your finished cheesecakes or little frittatas. Plus, you can choose the exact number of servings. BPA-, PVC-, and phthalate-free, they're temperature-safe up to 500 degrees Fahrenheit. As one reviewer adds, "Besides being bright, fun colors, they stood up on their own just fine, no cupcake pan needed. We made sweet corn muffins and they released perfectly, so much easier than muffin papers or even pans. No prep needed. Lightly browned on the bottoms and golden on top. I'm sure I will find other uses in addition to my Instant Pot eggs!"
With 4.8 stars on Amazon, this stackable egg rack and trivet is a hit. One reviewer illustrates the glory perfectly: "I had a dozen new (large) eggs and was anxious to try my new Aozita stackable egg steamer rack trivet. I had already had some egg failures (Instant Pot learning curve) and thought what the heck, I'll put the whole dozen in. This time I didn't set it on 'Manual,' which at least one source recommended. I set it on steam and put the whole dozen in, leaving only the center spots free. I was a little cautious lowering the trivet and eggs into the Instant Pot, but there were no falls and no breakage. Not quite enough room for trivet plus fingers, so I dropped it in when my fingers couldn't reach any farther. No problems. I ended up with a dozen perfectly hard-boiled eggs. I probably should have taken them out before all the pressure was gone instead of falling asleep and remembering hours later, but they were great and super-simple to peel. Goodbye, old egg cooker. You'll be confined to the cupboard until I find something the Instant Pot can't do. The trivet was a great purchase."


Lady Gaga Singing "Bad Romance" on the Set of A Star Is Born Is Absolute Gold
It's the Ally-Mother Monster crossover we didn't know we needed.
A(Bradley Cooper) perform "Shallow" for the first time together.
"I saw some of the shots and my God, you look so beautiful," Gaga tells the extras in the clip. "So have a great night, okay?"
See a New Photo of the 'Star Is Born' Remake


2008's Flavors of Entanglement was an incredible, underrated album (see my original review when I was just a BabyMuuse!


https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/intr...
DPNR will continuet's...
Apr 08, 2021 · Mar 10 2021. Vi teams up with Disney+ Hotstar to offer its customers 1-year of LIVE sports & the world's best stories in their language. India'sr, on...
Government House - US Virgin Islands. 16 hrs ·. Government House staff participated in the annual Relay for Life in St. Croix this past Saturday to honor the memory of Virgin Islanders lost to cancer, and to celebrate the fight of survivors a...
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Our goal is to ensure that the items are delivered to our customers as quickly as possible.
All products sold on Atomstack.net are guaranteed to be delivered within 30 days. If you have not received your products after this time, you are entitled to a full refund after a postal inspection.
Any goods sent from our US warehouse or European warehouse are duty-free, and customers do not need to deal with import duties.
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After shipping, you will receive a shipping email with the tracking number. Normally you can track your package at:
a. Total delivery time = Processing time + Shipping time
Processing time = the time between the time you place your order and the time of shipment
Shipping time = the time between shipping and delivery of your order to you
In this part we ask you for about 48 hours for quality control and arrange a suitable shipping. After the package is shipped, we will send you an e-mail with the shipping information.
We normally use DHL UPS FedEx USPS as courier. The shipping methods vary depending on the shipping method / warehouse. Please see the following table for details:
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The exact delivery time depends on where you are and where your package comes from. If you need more information, please contact our customer service. We will answer your question as soon as we have seen your e-mail
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When most people think of opening up an online store, they oftentimes automatically assume that the best route is to open up the store using the traditional B2C route (Business to Consumer).
When I launched my first online store, I definitely did as I was most familiar with this type of transaction. In the US, Forrester Research projected that E-commerce sales were at $252 billion in the B2C industry. With numbers like that it is easy to see that there is a huge amount of potential there. However, when looking at the big picture B2C sales are almost double for B2B E-commerce coming in at a whopping $559 billion. Ding, Ding I smell opportunity here do you?
Even with these surprising numbers most small to medium size distributors and manufactures do not have an e-commerce presence online, which means they are losing out on potential sales that they might not otherwise receive.
Now, as with every opportunity there are also potential downsides and there are pitfalls to consider when jumping into the B2B model such as:
1. Complex Shipping and orders which require more attention.
2. Payment is not immediate for most businesses as many use “net 30″ instead of standard credit cards.
3. Complicated Pricing structure
4. Product restrictions (think hazardous products, etc.)
5. Inventory/Availability- Orders are usually time sensitive, and customer must know immediately if an item is in stock.
6. System Integration-It is imperative the e-commerce system incorporate all data as most companies have separate systems to manage products, pricing, and orders, customers, and product information.
With that being said B2B e-commerce provides a huge opportunity, and those that are willing to take on the challenge will find themselves in a very lucrative position. By doing further research you might find a niche that allows you to cash in on this growth.
Filed under: Blog and Tagged: ecommerce
How To Choose An Online Niche
Published by Online Store Empire on August 8, 2015 Respond Permalink
Choosing an online niche for your store can be one of the most frustrating aspect of getting started online; there are literally millions of potential niches to enter into.
In order to build a successful online store you must determine:
*** that there is high enough demand for what you want to offer***
If there isn’t enough demand then you will be wasting your time setting up an online store, as you will get few to no sales…
To learn more about the complete strategies that I used on my own to launch a six figure online store from the ground up (with no experience & A very limited budget) check out the online store guide!


FAIRFAX, Va. (AP) — George Mason president Tom O'Connor says it's "bittersweet" to betement..


Any idea why Con Ed would have such heavily armed NYPD personnel outside the substation on East 14th Street and Avenue C....?
For two days now there have been two traffic guards on the intersection of 8th and C, next to the police station. When I inquired about their presence one of them said "We are here in case of an emergency. In case of emergencies." So he either didn't know why he was assigned his post or he didn't want to tell me. Judging by his unsure answer I think it was the former. November 11, 2012 at 1:32 PM
paranoid about the power supply to wall street, same reason why they blocked the 15st FDR exit years ago (besides making the road a nice parking lot for con-ed) - Bobby L


By Kathy Flanigan of the Journal Sentinel	Milwaukee County residents take note. Free Mondays at the Milwaukee Public Museum end this month. The longtime policy will be replaced by a Thank-You Thursday program.n on the first Thursday of every month as part of the new program. The museum will be open from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. each Thursday. Adultsresidency | Dec. 17, 2013 »Read Full Article(1)eorge Zimmerman, Florida's most known neighborhood watchman, is trying to get out of debt by selling original artwork on eBay, according to the New York Post and Vanity Fair magazine.The painting, which looks like a detail of the American flag in monochromatic blues, went from an original bid of 99 cents to nearly $100,000 by Tuesday morning. So far, there have been 98 bids on the work. The auction ends Saturday. | Dec. 17, 2013 »Read Full Article(82)


Italy in the 1930’s.. She turned one of the women’s remains into soap that she gave out to her neighbors, which earned her the nickname “la Saponificatrice di Correggio,” which translates to “the soap-maker of Correggio.” She was diagnosed as “manic” but could still stand trial and was sentenced to 30 years in prison and 3 years in a criminal asylum. She died in 1970.
These are only some of the women who have commited disgusting crimes throughout history. Although these women may have seemed to be innocent, these are some of the most horrible acts commited by women. Not only are these stories interesting, but people can learn a lot from these incidents. Stay tuned to see what disturbing things i talk about in my next article. </s> Blockchain Technology Will Change the Face of Retail Industry
Today’s
The Blockchain is a digital set of record and transactions connected in shared networks. By decentralized ledger technology, all statistics are accessible to vision in real time, so that any updates or alterations can see through the peer-to-peer network and delivers it probably to view the complete history of manufactured goods and its parts. These blocks of records cannot edit or delete in anyhow, making the technology hard to hack and then a secure alternative to the present alphanumeric data.
Blockchain can record any kind of data containing endeavors, logical property, art, and agreements whilst reducing paperwork and moving up dealings, in turn, dropping cost“block” tBenefits of Blockchain technology Transformation
However, Blockchain also offers customer-facing opportunities to improve the payments journey. If we set indirect the challenges definite above for a minute, then there are several potential use cases:
- Precision– the Blockchain provides the products historical data, where users have access to view the data and share from the entire network in the supply chain. Therefore, Blockchain helps to provide data from where and when the good manufactured and reveal the data what are the material used to make a track. This means the vendor can confirm the manufactured company, using raw materials and that these components have been decently located, and that the goods are renewed.
- Realistic – The truth of richness brands has always been a problem for well-known custom shops, with realistic prices possible at far cheaper prices, reducing the uniqueness of the details. Data traced from the sourcing of provisions to customer gaining will be funding customers that what they are buying is genuine and confirm validity. Blockchain will also improve check fraud of choice items and resale of stolen assets through tracing the purchase of the things.
- L
- s.
The retail industry is always seeking innovative technologies in order to enhance the existing methods, decrease expensadvances a solution to contemporary issues. There are several challenges connected with the adoption of the Blockchain, but the more companies start performing this technology, the more cases of successful performance see. There are many companies are approaching practical implementation happened test immediately, and the industry is going to grow ever as more companies get included.
The advantages that Blockchain proposals are engaging quite to innovative a wide spectrum of stakeholders to work mutually. The advantage is vast and multi- facilitate and enlarged clarity, decreased fraud, excellent safety, heightened productivity and, overall, improved customer support.
For retailers, this kind of security could do hugely helpful in reducing problems over control and possibly even blocking copyright claims.
If you are looking to implement advanced technology, boost sales and customer experience. Hire our Blockchain developers in India to make your project secure and reliable… </s> Google has made the setup super easy in the Google Cloud. The user interface is very intuitive. You can manage your cluster directly through the web interface. You can scale up with a few click or set up . Failover replicas make your uptime close to 100%. Load balancing is built in.
Setting up a manual kubernetes cluster is a bit time consuming. The infrastructure needed to set this is a little costly.
We do penetration testing and the attack vector is typically to compromise a pod and then attack the Kubernetes infrastructure. With the default settings, this is fairly easy. The details are described on 4armed.com hacking kubectl on GCP. The ideal scenario via the UI would be in the UI to check the security level desired. If it is low, current defaults are fine. Medium, conceal the metadata serivice and add all extra audit logging. Suggest PodSecurityPolicy and Network Policy. High = enforce all best practices and require explicit exceptions to over-ride any insecure settings.
Also, it is a


Made with a mixture of wheat and rye flour, it has a thin but resilient crust; it goes well with soups and ragouts.
Thin crusty flat bread usually made with wheat or rye flour; it is generally served with soup, salad or cheese.
Thin-crusted, round or rectangular bread of British origin; it is primarily used to make toast, canapés, croque-monsieurs and sandwiches.
The crust of this bread is marked with a cross; it is made with baking powder, which gives it a cakelike consistency.
Dark dense bread with a strong, slightly acidic taste, made with rye and wheat flour; it has a long shelf life.


Three Signs Your Commercial Roof Needs Re-Covering
If your roof looks like it needs replacement but it's during the rainy season and you're concerned about water damage, or if you don't want to invest in having the old roof removed and hauled away just so it can take up space in a landfill for approximately the rest of forever, you may wish to consider having another layer installed over the top of your current roof. This process of leaving your original roof in place and simply installing another system over the top is called re-covering. Here are three signs that re-covering is what your roof needs.
1. The damage isn't localized
Localized damage is an ideal candidate for patching-type repairs that involve just the affected portion. In a situation where your roof is leaking because a branch fell on it during a storm and compromised its watertightness in a couple of places, you probably just need repairs. But if the roof has begun to fail in a variety of places, whether from age or from severe damage, you may need more thorough measures.
2. You're considering increased insulation
If your building has a deficit of insulation (for example, if only the minimum amount of insulation was installed with the last roof and you'd prefer more) or even if you're just wanting to make the building more eco-friendly by increasing insulation and thus reducing heat loss, re-covering can help. It allows the current roof to remain in place under the new roof, where it's able to act as an added layer of insulation without costing any extra money for installation. The caveat is that if the current insulation is wet and/or there are problems with the roof deck (such as rot from water damage), you shouldn't leave it in place; mold and mildew problems could develop.
3. Your roof hasn't already been re-covered
Generally speaking, it's not a good idea to just keep building up more and more layers of roof. So after one re-covering, you should plan on having a total replacement next time the roof fails. Of course, you can slow the progress of deterioration by using roof coatings (especially cool roof coatings, which minimize heat damage to the roof) and staying on top of maintenance. But in general, it's best to consider re-covering only if the roof hasn't been re-covered already.
These are three signs that re-covering is right for your commercial roof right now. If your roof doesn't meet these criteria, you may be looking at simple repairs or potentially an entire roof rrigan Roofing & Restoration.
2017 tips for saving money when replacing your roof


Orchard Hill is the place to be!
sor’on’didn’
Readers, do you enter contests?
A surge of adrenaline. A rush of endorphins. A buzz of excitement filtering through me that can only mean one thing…my first book is out!The e-book of Table for One has landed, and my life shall never be the same again!Okay, that might be a little dramatic, but this is the only day I will have a first release for the rest of my life, and if you saw me dancing right now you'd know I have a healthy dose of crazy!

I want to give a special thanks to Nicola for being so patient and kind as she walked me through my first book, and being a wonderful editor!Also, thanks to Kimberlee Mendoza for the beautiful cover!A book really is a team effort, and I believe we have all the best players right here in The Garden!
Rebecca heard the words with rare clarity, as though Jesus were standing beside the bed. “That’s great, Lord. But are You really here?
Until later….take care, stay in touch, God Bless and remember….even a Hero of your own!


Unfortunately, we can’ because of the shortage in inventory. If you have inquiries please call or text us at +1 |||PHONE_NUMBER||| .
Wis amazing deal while it lasts!
Are you planning on going to a franchised dealer anytime soon? You’ll most likely find these vehicles from MSRP. This means thatinventory shortage.
We’ve come to the best part, pricing. The 2021 Aston Martin DBS Superleggera Volante 2dr Convertible has a starting lease price of $4,795 per month with a $0 downpayment.
able with 10,000 miles per year and it’s for qualified customers only. If you’re interested, please call or text us at +1 |||PHONE_NUMBER|||  to get started.
These a the service provider. We advise you to get in touch with an authorized Aston Martin dealership for a more accurate quoteleased caThe registration fee is just one of the additional costs you need to consider when leasing a car. Others include taxes, destination charges, and license fees.
Just likex. That’s because the sales tax on every vehicle whether purchased or leased will vary from one state to another.
Here’s an examplo, if you’re purchasing or leasing a 2021 Aston Martin DBS Superleggera Volante in California, the sales tax would be around $7,250.
If you have any questions about the sales tax on a 2021 Aston Martin DBS Superleggera Volante leas.


TURIN, Italy, Nov. 15
S, via the network.
"Emergency Electronic Brake Light warning".


PORTLAND, Maine (CBS) etting crowded, with nine pregnant nurses expecting babies in the next few months.
The hospital shared a Facebook photo of the nurses and their baby bumps and it’s gone viral.
They’re all due between April and July and t. Maine Medical Center says it’s ready to cover the shifts when the nurses go on maternity leave.
“I think we’re looking forward to raising our babies together. To having friends, playdates and continuing the support of having shared experiences of all having babies together,” Registered Nurse Holly Selby said.


Laptop Scheme Information
We are installing a new wireless network in our school very soon which will enable users to connect to the internet through the C2K system and have access to wireless printers from various wireless zones around the school. The school laptop scheme will enable students and staff to purchase a high spec laptop from Dell and pay for it over 12 months with 0 % finance. Laptops purchased through the scheme come with a three-year onsite warranty and variety of services. Dell supports the school's effortm.
Information Sheet And FAQs


“I don’t think we’ll be able to keep up with the demand,” Kohaykewych said.
“This is not unfamiliar territory. We have gone into places like Peawanuck and Fort Severn (on the Hudson Bay coast in Ontario) and that’s a 450-500-kilometre stretch of strictly bush travel,” Kohaykewych said.


Malika Sajdik m's Hong Kong office, Ms. Sajdik was in London. During this time, Ms. Sajdik completed a secondment in the firm’s Hong Kong office where she primarily worked on complex
London partner Stuart Davis speaks with Law360 about to developt.


Since performing on the Ellen DeGeneres Show at the age of ten, Brandon has made additional.


Paris vows to bring back rent caps in autumn as prices soar
Paris City Hall has reacted to news that rent prices in the capital have soared since left unregulated six months ago by promising to bring back their flagship rent caps in autumn, after they were scrapped by a court.
Published: 19 July 2018 13:21 CEST
Paris deputy mayor Ian Brossat told several French media outlets on Wednesday about mayor Anne Hidalgo's plans to bring back price caps for the city's rental market, six months after a French court scrapped the regulatory measure.
The decision comes after the country's National Association for Consumer and User Protection (CLCV) revealed how more than half of all rents in Paris had soared since deregulation was introduced six months earlier.
According to CLCV's findings, the average rent increase in that period was €1,530 per year and in some neighbourhoods nearly €5,400 more every year.
Brossat, who is also responsible for housing in Paris, says the city council would use France's prospective ELAN law, which would allow French municipalities who wish to impose rent controls to do so.
Nous avons donc demandé au gouvernement de nous permettre de réactiver l'encadrement des loyers.
C'est indispensable pour que ceux qui travaillent à Paris puissent s'y loger.
— Ian Brossat (@IanBrossat) July 18, 2018
"We have asked the government to let us bring back rent controls. The ELAN law allows us to. We will do it in autumn as it's essential that workers have a place to rent," Brossat tweeted.
This new legislation is being debated in the French Senate on July 19 2018, with the aim of implementing the "e" in Paris.
Brossat then told property publication Immoweek that he was referring especially to "young people, students, single-parent families and middle-class families, who were the the biggest beneficiaries of rent caps."
#loyer : parisien : la fin de l'encadrement des loyers se fait déjà sentir à #Paris Les résultats de notre #enquête ➡ https://t.co/o3l2DLssjP pic.twitter.com/5MOC9PeNBV
— CLCV (@clcvorg) July 18, 2018
Jean-Yves Mano, president of the CLCV, told France Info "property owners have become overconfident" without the rent caps in place.
Rent controls, which were introduced in Paris in 2015, managed to put a stop to ten years of uncontrolled price hikes in the city's rental market, a 50 percent increase in just a decade.
"We now have proof that the supervision was effective as two years it allowed Parisian rents to stabilise, " Brossat told France Info.
Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and deputy mayor Ian Brossat. Photo: AFP
"We are faced with a very simple question: should we allow the market to act of its own accord in our big cities? If we leave it, the middle classes will have to leave."
Back in November 2017, The French government and the mayor of Paris were left stunned by a Paris administrative court's decision to cancel landmark rent controls implemented in the French capital back in August 2015.
Those predictions seem to be coming true as Paris residents are forced to dig even deeper into their pockets to keep living in the capital.
Bail mobilité: How France's short-term rental contracts work
Authorities in Paris and other French towns will be able to regulate local businesses who wish to rent property on Airbnb, according to a decree published by the French government.Photo by Martin BUREAU / AFP)
It aims to allow towns to limit the growth of rentals on Airbnb, "protect the urban environment and preserve the balance between employment, housing, businesses and services on their territory," says the decree.
Th "th," e.
This decree which comes into effect on July 1st, "will prevent local businesses from being turned into holiday rentals," Brossat added on Twitter.
t "."
In February, "proportionate" and in line with European law.
What you should know about paying rental deposits in France


The customized laser ranging sensor S91-C1 uses a class of invisible laser, less than 0.4mW, safe for human eyes. One category refers to the output light power of the visible light laser is less than 0.4mW, which is generally considered safe for human eyes, and normal exposure to the beam of this laser will not cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye.
Internationally, there is a unified classification and unified safety warning signs for lasers. Lasers are divided into four categories (Class 1~Class 4). Class I lasers are safe for humans, Class II lasers cause minor harm to humans, and Class III and above lasers are safe for humans. Lasers can cause serious harm to people, so special attention should be paid when using them to avoid direct exposure to human eyes.
S91-C1 laser distance sensor has good performance in many special applications, such as medical treatment, monitoring system and so on.
If your project requires the use of such a special class of lasers, please contact us!
S91-C1 laser ranging sensor, the measuring range is 0.03~5m, the measuring accuracy is +/-1mm, the measuring time is 0.4-4s, the power supply voltage of the laser ranging module is 3.3V, and the protective shell is installed, which can The increased voltage is 5~32V, the working temperature is 0-40℃, and a class of invisible laser is used, 620~690nm, <0.4mW, which is safe for human eyes. It is anti-interference, and still has high measurement accuracy and reliability in outdoor environments. In addition, the application is simple, the power consumption is stable, and the power consumption is very small.
Seakeda laser distance sensor can transmit data through RS232, RS485, USB, TTL and other interfaces, and can also be connected to MCU, Raspberry Pi, Arduino, industrial computer, PLC and other equipment. Please contact us for connection diagrams.
The laser range tof sensor can quickly and accurately measure the distance to the target. It adopts the principle of phase measurement, which uses the frequency of the radio band to modulate the amplitude of the laser beam and measure the phase delay generated by the modulated light going back and forth to the measuring line once. Then, according to the wavelength of the modulated light, the distance represented by the phase delay is converted. That is, the indirect method is used to measure the time required for the light to go through the round trip.
Model S91-C1
Measuring Range 0.03~5m
Laser Grade Class 1
Laser Type 620~690nm,<0.4mW
Working Voltage 6~32V
Size 63*30*12mm
Interface RS485
Working Temperature 0~40℃
1. Under bad measure condition, like environment with strong light or the diffuse reflectance of measuring point over-high or low, the accuracy would have bigger amount of error: ±1 mm± 50PPM.
4. Measuring range can be customized
Application fields of laser range sensor:
Since the S91-C1 laser distance measurement sensors use a class of human eye-safe laser, it has a good prospect in the medical automation industry.


The Prime Minister’s office has been keeping an eye on Bloggerheads… and not for the first time.
Going further back into the logs, I can see someone from 10 Downing St making regular visits to this weblog as far back as late 2004 (when this new tracking package was introduced). In the last 6 months, they’ve accessed 3.41 MB of data (this does not take into account visits to Backing Blair).
Hell, you *know* the kind of stuff that I discuss on Bloggerheads… and you know that I present facts and evidence wherever possible. It’s not just me prattling on; on serious issues there are links to many other weblogs, articles, reports and documents.
Let’s leave America using napalm on civilians and our troops being trained to use white phosphorus as a chemical weapon to one side for the moment and focus instead on torture. We do, after all, need a timely example.
Last night I watched John Bellinger, legal, being interviewed by Jonathan Beale for the BBC on the subject of the Council of Europe’s report on the secret US-led detentions/renditions (the full report can be accessed here).
Jonathan Beale: You say it’s not worthy. Are you saying that what it says is essentially not true? You deny the allegations?
John Bellinger: Well, it is filled with innuendo, with rumour, and with inaccuracies.
And obviously some level of truth, otherwise he would have been able to issue a firm denial. Which he didn’t.
He then goes on to attribute the reports of rendition to people with “anti-American views”, but it’s that ‘handful’ term I’m most interested in.
It would appear that it is OK to ship a few terrorism suspects so they can be tortured abroad, just so long as you shape your admission in the form of a ‘denial’. Again, scale is all-important. Hundreds… bad. Handful… gooooood.
As John is a paper-shuffler by trade, perhaps he’s referring to the only ‘face’ he sees on these people… that being their carefully-extracted confessions. I can hold 1000 sheets of A4 paper in one hand without too much difficulty. If we generously allow for a 10-page confession each, that amounts to 100 terrorism suspects self-confessed terrorists. You could probably fit even more of these people into a ‘handful’ if their experiences under torture were recorded on computer disc (say, if you wanted to be able to show some graphic photos to other detainees as a precursor to interrogation).
Downing St Says: A.
Politics.co.uk: The prime minister said the Council of Europe report “adds absolutely nothing new” to previous claims about the CIA’s use of European airportsrture. “We have said absolutely all we will on this and I have nothing to add. Theto that,” Mr Blair told MPs.
You should by now be able to see that Blair’s statement isn’t, in fact, a denial; it is instead evidence of a wilful denial of facts… facts that we can now be certain that Tony Blair and/or his staff have ample access to.
You may not care enough to acknowledge or investigate reports of torture, but I seek to remind you that others enjoy a rare condition known as ‘curiosity’… and anybody searching in any of the major search engines for ‘blair torture’, ‘tony blair torture’, ‘straw torture’, ‘jack straw torture’, ‘uk torture’, ‘british government torture’ (and many other variations besides) will find their way to posts like this and/or these documents (via Bloggerheads or other sites such as blairwatch.co.uk, craigmurray.co.uk, theregister.co.uk and dailykos.com).
All done? Good. Now we *both* know what we’re dealing with.
By now you’re probably hoping that I’m only reaching people who are already aware of the truth or suspicious of your lies… but you’d be wrong to do so.
Every pair of eyes opened brings you one step closer to your now-inevitable demise, and I remain determined to open as many eyes as possible.
I am coming for you, and I will not stop.
Further; the longer you hang on, the easier it will be for me to tie your political heirs to your poisoned legacy.
I will soon be coming for them, and I will not stop.
This is not a vendetta… it is a necessity; I simply cannot allow those in power to continue to cynically exploit the threat of terrorism for political and financial gain.
I plan to pursue you to the end of your political career and beyond.
I’d much rather he use his new position to prompt an investigation into the white phosphorous training issue.


Call center employees wear many hats! Agents are tasked with providing customer service, solving customer problems, and conducting research — all with a smile and a positive attitude.
While call center agents rely on hard skills — or technical skills — to handle contact center technology, call center soft skills are just as critical for success. Sometimes referred to as “transferrable skills”, these skills are made up of a person’s personality traits, habits, and behaviors.
Contact center agents develop soft skills through their own life experiences, and use them to provide a positive, customer experience. This type of skill-set is also necessary to foster a positive work environment.
Many employers value soft skills over hard skills, since most hard skills can be acquired through call center training. After all, it’s easier to teach someone how to use a computer system — it’s much more difficult to help them empathize with a customer.
Let’s go through some essential soft skills for a contact center agent, and how they help assure a strong customer experience.
Communication doesn’t start without listening. Specifically, active listening entails a complete focus on the customer’s words, processing and understanding those words, resisting the urge to interrupt, and responding in a thoughtful, validating manner.
Call center agents require strong communication skills to do their jobs. Agents should channel clarity and professionalism in the way they communicate with customers. Additionally, they should be able to transfer their knowledge of products and services into understandable, accessible communication to a customer. Clear communication promotes quicker resolution, while professionalism improves customer satisfaction.
Role play is a great form of call center agent training that helps agents learn how to listen, understand, and communicate.
Since call center agents deal with customers, who at the end of the day are human, an appetite for change is essential. As contact centers use call monitoring and other technology to measure progress, agents must be adaptable to new ways of doing business to ensure processes line up with customer needs.
Changes requiring adaptability might look like extra training or mentorship to adapt to changing customer needs, or new technology to improve efficiency.
Many calls that an agent receives entail listening to a problem and then finding a solution. Agents must think fast and identify a customer’s problem, evaluate the customer’s needs, and then find a solution.
Problem-solving is a soft skill that requires a sense of initiative and autonomy, as well as adaptability to respond to new problems effectively. Effective problem-solving skills can improve average handle time and customer satisfaction.
Customers are forced to be patient when calling call centers, even though most customers hate waiting. The least an agent can do is practice that same patience in taking care of a customer’s needs. Patience for an agent might look like waiting for a customer to finish sharing their story and experience, especially if the customer is confused or upset.
While some customers might not immediately acknowledge an agent’s patience, they will certainly notice an agent’s impatience. This is an important soft skill that is essential for customer loyalty and problem resolution.
Many callers to a call center have a problem they want to deal with. Some customers might feel confused, upset, and sometimes, downright angry! Empathy from an agent comforts worried customers and shows them that the call center values their experience. It’s important to make a customer feel supported and valued throughout a confusing or difficult time.
Curious about your agents’ soft skills? Fonolo’s call monitoring and analytics help assess agents’ communication and problem-solving skills and offer the required data to improve customer experiences.


annual IMPACT Tennessee summit on Thursday, November 10, at Vanderbilt University’s The Wond’ry in Nashville.
IMPACT Tennessee’s program offers attendees an exclusive insight into where we’ve been and where we’re going in the world of sustainability, including a keynote presentation from Z Smith, two Green Business Certification Inc-approved education panel sessions, a recognition ceremony, and a networking and social hour.


During the recent Hospital visitation outreach, we saw a man who had kidney failure and was in Dialysis. His case was hopeless. The wife called us to pray for him as she could no longer afford the cost of dialysis. A session is N25,000. We decided to pay for 5 sessions. After just one of our paid sessions, he felt a great improvement. Tests were carried out on him and he was discharged to go home. He was asked to return for further tests which they did and he still didn’t require dialysis. It’s been 3 weeks, he is fine, he is at home and only goes for tests without requiring further Dialysis…Glory to Jesus. God bless WWP.


“Where were you when the page was blank?” We’re experienced in just about every aspect of marketing, advertising and design. We work along side of business owners, executive directors, brand managers and account service teams to create award winning material in a variety of categories…even when the page is blank!
“Can you guys do that?” Yes…yes we can. We can produce your project from scratch or jump in the driver’s seat and take the wheel. We’ve been in the business long enough to know where you are and where you want to go. Relax…we’ve got this.


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Thes.
Everyone is welcome to our group, which meets every 3rd Tuesday of each month.
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The group is loosely structured of necessity and members attend as their schedules permit. We currently have about 75 people locally and nationally on our list serve
Categories: Education, Glossary, Hate Crimes, History, Law, News, U.S., US Government, World
Tagged as: Doctrine of Discovery, Native Americans
Stress caused by Racism affects the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex


Bob Cardaneo, e drum and bugle corps activity, has long been helping keep the World Drum Corps Hall of Fame afloat financially through fund raising ocean cruises organized by his own cruise travel agency. Since 2001, he has helped raise more than $40,000.00 as the booking agency for the Friends and Fans of Drum Corps Cruises, sponsored by the World Drum Corps Hall of Fame. Bob played French horn with the Garfield Cadets in 1967. He also served as horn instructor for the Garfield Plebes for many years. Bob began judging in 1969 with the All Eastern Judges Association. He has judged with the NJA and is currently with the East Coast Judges Guild. He has judged for both DCI and DCA. He has been Brass Caption Head for DCA for the past 7 years.