[1] Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
[2] National Stock Exchange (NSE)
There are few small stock exchanges like Cochin Stock exchange, Jaipur Stock exchange etc. An Investor can trade shares (stocks) in any of the stock exchange in India.
Why we need Stock Broker?
In early days share trading was done through stock brokers, personally or calling them through telephones. Due to the number of people trading in stock markets increased enormously in last few years, some issues like location constrains, busy phone lines, miss communication etc. started to grow in stock broker offices. With Internet, Information Technology and computers, Stock market software were developed to help stock brokers in solving these problems.
[1] Installable software on Investor computer - Acts as a Trading terminal
[2] Web based (internet based) stock trading application
Investors can trade shares or derivatives in India through online trading facility.
With the introduction of Online trading, anyone can trade shares from anywhere with an internet connection and a computer
What is Rights Issue of a Share?
Example : If the market price of the share is Rs 200, the company may offer the rights issue shares for Rs 180. So if you are an existing shareholder, you get more shares at a cheaper rate than the market.
These shares do not come free like bonus shares. A Bonus share is offered free of cost. They are like a gift (bonus). Rights issue will need you to buy the shares.
It Rights Issue Good for me?
Only subscribe to a rights issue only if you really trust in the company’s performance. Don't just buy it because you are getting it cheaper that market price. Try to find out why the company is coming out with a rights issue. If the company needs this to raise money for a sound business plan that will eventually increase the profits and share price, then it is Good.
Bonus shares are additional free shares issued to the shareholder by the company. Profitable Companies in India issue Bonus Shares. These are additional shares issues given the shareholder without any cost to existing shareholders.
Example - A 2 : 1 bonus would mean that you will get two additional shares (free) for every one share you hold in the company. If you hold 50 shares of a company, a Bonus share of 2:1 will get 100 Bonus shares FREE. So your total number of shares in that company will be 150 instead of 50, without any additional cost (is that exciting!!)
Bonus shares are issued by using on the free reserves of a company. Companies accumulate its reserves by retaining part of its profit over the years (the part that is not paid out as dividend). Sooner these free reserves increase. When the company issues Bonus shares, the reserves will converts into the capital.
Does it impact Stock Price?
Are Bonus Shares Good or Bad for me?
Whenever a bonus issue is announced, the company also announces a record date for the issue. Record date is the date on which the bonus shares takes effect, and shareholders are entitled to the bonus shares on that date.
Posted by PRR at 12:45 PM 0 comments
For trading online in BSE or NSE, there are a few things that you should be cautious about.
Time Lag in online share trading
It doesn’t matter how fast your internet connection is, and whatever software and hardware you are using there will be some time lag between the time you click to place your order and the actual time when your order gets processed and registered. This time lag, depending on how long it is can seriously alter your final profits or losses. Take care that the time-lag is kept to a minimum. This can be possible if you have the best system and your broker provides its subscribers with the best service.
Get Real time Stock Quotes
While trading online, make sure that you get real time updates and stock quotes from your online broking firm. If it is delayed then you will be placing orders for rates which are old. This will take further time to complete your order. You will finally get is something a lot diverse from what you were expecting. So the feeds have to be live and real time stock quotes are very important for online trading.
Apart from brokerage fees there are service fees & taxes, which you have to pay for each trade. Understand in detail about this commission rates and transaction fees. It will have an effect on your final profits.
Guide for Stock Trading in India NSE & BSE (NIFTY & SENSEX Trading Guidance)
Guidance for Trading in Shares
Simple guidelines for making money in share market. Following article will help you to trade successfully in Indian Stock markets.
Losses in Trading always start with small amounts. You can always control the magnitude of your losses in stock trading. If you are ignorant to put your stop losses in a trade then it can wipe out all your gains which may be equivalent to multiple winning trades. In order to have success, do not take big losses, always use your stop loss to control it. After you start a trade, enter a stop loss and maintain it.
Avoid Predictions in Stock Market
Always follow wise Investors
Trust the Market directions
Information is eccentric - the financial sector wants you to buy stocks. Brokings which finance the companies, the bulletins which are paid to announce stories of company, the promoters which are paid to support stocks, the media which sell publicity on a high market and naturally, companies themselves get advantage when the stock prices move high. More purchasers, the prices go higher. Do not trust anybody by making decisions of investment, because each one can have a target. Only the market cannot be (although it can seem pretty stupid sometimes), therefore, always trust what the market indicates you.
Learn How Stock Market Moves
Posted by PRR at 12:47 PM 2 comments
Indian Online Stock Market Trading


Today’s Inspiration: “s 25:13-15 NIV. Sanctification is being set apart for the Lord, His Word, Commandments and Statutes. Troubles in life happen when we do things apart from God, depending on our own desires, intelligence, capabilities and will. This was the fall of man, when Adam chose to take life into his own hands and disobeyed God because of Satan’s temptation, deception and lies. Genesis 3:7.
You will be surprised how much the devil knows the Bible when He wanted to do on Jesus in the desert in Matthew 4, what He did to Adam in the garden of Eden. We all know Jesus has all the power that the devil said He could, yet the Lord was not tempted because His will, words and ways are fully directed, set apart for God and filled with the Holy Spirit. Luke 22:42. A True Normal Christian life is a crucified life at the Cross of Calvary.  Je to be a ransom for many setting us free from our sinful nature, and healing our infirmities. Matthew 20:28. Jesus demonstrated and led a victorious life because he followed the will of His Father in heaven, which pleases Him. This is Wisdom.
Prayer: O Lord my God, forgive me if I had allowed anger and pride to do things my way, being ensnared and causing hurt to others. Let my eyes always to be on your Word, change my heart and may my spirit be yielded to your Holy Spirit in humility, obedience and teachability. Crucify my fleshly emotions at the Cross and renew my mind with your grace that I may be more like you, humble and gentle, always ready for the Father’s will. Let not my will but thy' Name, Amen.


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If your crawl space looks like this
your indoor air quality is suffering. You are also paying too much to heat and cool your home. A vented crawl space usually has insulation located in the joist spaces. This insulation gets pulled away from the heated surface by moisture in the crawl space opening up air gaps and reducing any insulation value at all. The space usually has high humidity levels promoting mold growth. The heating and cooling vents running in that space usually has minimal insulation allowing for condensation to occur in the ductwork, again impacting indoor air quality and efficiency of the HVAC system.
Instead of a vented crawl space in our mixed humid climate, you should have a conditioned crawl space – like this one. This is a properly insulated and sealed crawl space.


Home Featured I want to help find the cause of autism. Some autistic people think I’m the enemy.
Now reading:–- –-Now in college, I help manage Blue Devil Buddies, a program that organizes monthly social activities for local autistic youth. As a biology student, I have also worked in an autism genetics lab where researchers are trying to uncover the molecular, cellular and circuit-level basis of the disorder. In both roles, my intent has been to improve the lives of autistic people. But in the autism community, many see these efforts as mutually exclusive. It’s impossible, they say, to be both an advocate for autistic people and an advocate for autism research.
-– including ADHD, bipolar, and dyslexia –- ar#AThere is some legitimacy to these concerns. It’s difficult to justify concentrating limited funding on causation studies –- which can take decades to yield tangible benefits –- when there are millions of autistic adolescents and adults who need access to more services to improve their lives, including better education opportunities, employment assistance and in-home care. At the same time, blanket condemnations of genetics research are unfair. There is common ground where research on autism’s causes can be reconciled with the concept of neurodiversity and acceptance of autistic peopleface of autism. We use the term “autism” to describe what in reality could be five, or even 50, conditions. On one end of the spectrum, those with the disorder formerly known as Asperger Syndrome often can live independently and might have enhanced artistic talents and keen attention to detail. But other forms of autism can be debilitating, manifesting with intellectual disability, seizures or aggressive behaviors. Although all forms of autism present some challenges in social behaviors, the needs of people on one end of the spectrum are very different from those on the other. This is a challenge faced by all engaged in autism advocacy: It is difficult to know for which autistic people any group or person is advocating. By categorically opposing research into the causes of autism, neurodiversity advocates are not recognizing the needs of all autistic people.
In this way, medical research actually can support the mission of neurodiversity. The discovery of specific biomarkers for autism could help us understand the diversity hidden within the extremely broad “autism” diagnosis. Unless we learn how to better appreciate the range of “autisms” on the spectrum, we will continue to do a disservice to all of them, by overlooking their individual challenges and withholding the potential for precision medicine.
The mistake that neurodiversity advocates often make is to equate autism research with a modern form of eugenics.
Reprinted with permission from the Washington Post by the author. Original post can be found here.
About Manoj Kanagaraj
r. You can follow him on Twitter at @KanagarajMan
Sia on June 19, 2015 at 3:09 am said:
“According to the DSM 5, autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is characterized by: and
It’s not epilepsy. It’s not gastro-intestinal distress. It’s not allergies, or anything else. Though it can exist alongside those things.
And it can (but does not necessarily have to) exist along with intellectual disability.”
Re your cousin: http://wearelikeyourchild.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/a-checklist-for-identifying-sources-of.html


Victoria and David Beckham both appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris this month, revealing their ups and downs as a couple inside the issue too!
Married since 1999, and having four children, this famous Aries & Taurus couple share an amazing life together, while maintaining professional careers. But what about Victoria and David Beckham Love Compatibility?Astrologically, are David and Victoria Beckham compatible?Makes you wonder how they manage to make it looks so easy!
Victoria Beckham is an Aries, and that means that she is the leader in this relationship. Hard to tell from the outside because she is always very demure and tiny in stature, but Posh Spice is a strong woman!
David Beckham is of course a very successful, retired soccer player/model, who is also a Taurus. Born May 2, David Beckham is a famous Taurus Athlete who has shown to be a dedicated soccer player and doting father to his kids!
So how does a Taurus Man and Aries Female get along?Very carefully…On one hand they compliment each other as far as work life is concerned. Taurus can sometimes be stuck in a rut so they appreciate Aries' drive to start new projects. However, Aries is known for starting many things without finishing them, so Taurus partners can help keep Aries accountable for seeing something through to the finish line. David and Victoria Beckham are compatible in a very great career related sense, and it shows!Their combined net worth is $244 million and they are one of the richest celebrity couples!
Having money together is an important part of a Taurus-Aries love match…what about the other aspects of this astrological match?
Victoria and David Beckham Love Compatibility is solid and longterm.  grow is all part of this Zodiac Love match!


Keywords: CO2 Emissions; Model Robustness; GPS-Tracking Data; Car Mobility.;
Abstract: The mobility of people, freight and information is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, distributing consumer goods and supplying energy. There are two major problems that arise as a result of mobility. The first is economic cost and the second is environmental impact which is of increasing concern in sustainable development due to emission levels, particularly as a result of car use. This study focuses on constructing a network of induced emissions (NOIEs) by using three models and checking the robustness of NOIEs under varying parameters and models. The three models are Stead’s model, the NAEI model, and Oguchi’s model. This study uses the Swedish city of Borlänge as the case study. Calculating CO2 emissions by constructing the NOIEs using Stead’s model appears to give an underestimation when compared to results from a NOIEs which applies Oguchi’s model. Results when applying the NAEI model in constructing a NOIEs also give an underestimation compared to a NOIEs applying Oguchi’s model. Applying the NAEI model is, however, more accurate than applying Stead’s model in constructing a NOIEs. The outcomes of this study show that constructing a NOIEs is robust using Oguchi’s model. This model is preferable since it takes into account more important variables such as driving behavior and the length of the road segments which have a significant impact when estimating CO2 emissions.


MarioCulture & Society
The US Coast Guard is considered a branch of the US military even though it is in. However, during wartime the USCG operates under the DOD. It was created in 1790 to protect the shoreline of the United States. It is the smallest branch of the US military. In 2008, it had about 40,000 active duty personnel.
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For us, as walkers based in the North West, one significant benefit of the C&CC is that they have 2 fabulous sites right next to each other in Keswick in the Lake District. They are between the town & Derwentwater...both are literally a 5 minute walk into the town centre and one of them actually has its own lakeshore.....
Hi Nora, have you tried the C&CC site at Sandringham in Norfolk?
What planet are you on Vango?
(But I did know what you meant!
Is it the case that campers (tents) cant join the posh clu...err sorry, the Motorcampingcaravaning club or whatever it is now?


The UK’s first ever Financial Capability Week took place in November – a week of initiatives designed to highlight ways in which people can be helped to manage their money well. Financial capability as a concept is gaining ground and hundreds of organisations in the UK are involved in tackling the issue of low financial capability, helping people to prepare and cope with financial shocks and life events such as redundancy, bereavement and divorce.
The FCA has done a great job in bringing the concept of affordability to the forefront of the financial sector’s consciousness, as clearly, affordability affects every lending decision that is governed by FCA. However, in general, consumers’ awareness of their own affordability parameters is relatively low. Whilst consumers are increasingly aware of their credit score, they will flounder if asked to put a figure on their average monthly disposable income. They simply don’t have a handle on their affordability – what the minutiae of their bank statement tells them.
Tools for more robust credit decisions
At Castlight, we believe that no financial product should be consumed unless a rigorous affordability assessment has been completed. There wasn’t one on the market, so we have built a financial platform that not only calculates the consumer’s affordability (Actual Income Aggregated – Actual Expenditure Aggregated), by month but also categorises their expenditure in a format that enables full and comprehensive financial visibility.
An Affordability Platform
So – what do we mean at Castlight when we talk about affordability? We have a powerful platform which:
- Takes the average income that a consumer has across 12 months
- Deducts expenditure from income to get average disposable income or loss


Monell has established a formal partnership with Drexel University to promote education and research on flavor perception and food science. The agreement, which follows years of informal collaboration, leverages the respective strengths of two preeminent Philadelphia institutions.
Friday April 24 – Saturday May 2, 2015
015 events for adults and families.
ALAN LESHNER, PhD


A few months ago, just before the launch of Nintendo's Switch, the company did a Nindies Showcase video highlighting the independent games that would be coming to the system. Today, Nintendo announced that another one is incoming…and its sooner than you'd expect. Wednesday!
Get Jack'd up with these trailers for JackBox Party Packs 1&2!
Check out these trailers and then head to the eshop and grab your copies because the weekend is just around the corner and you don't know Jack!
If you plan to get Jack'd up, let us know below!
So, not an overabundance of games this week, but we're coming up quickly on the next big Nintendo offering in the Mario/Rabbids team-up game (which hits in a couple weeks). That's not to say that there isn't anything good. If you're into Minecraft and stories…


Before we can embark on a discussion of aspects of the perception of beauty, we might ask just what we mean by beauty?As is often the case with such exercises, what initially seems self-evident becomes increasingly obscure and difficult to pin down with increased scrutiny. We notice something "out there" which we label as beautiful. But is beauty really a feature of the object?Is it objective?
That these experiences are encoded procedurally(right pre-frontal cortex) rather than discursively, in the left hemisphere language functions has important implication for how they are engaged aesthetically. Discursive(episodic) memory/knowledge, is the knowledge of facts and figures—the content of knowledge that can be expressed in language. Procedural memory encodes the knowledge of how to do things. This is often illustrated by pointing to physical procedures, such as how to ride a bicycle. The crucial point is that there are not just physical procedures, but also psychological and emotional procedures, and these importantly mediate our implicit relational knowing and being. Ekman's expression rules are largely procedural. Procedural knowledge is activated and accessed differently than discursive knowledge is. Unlike discursive knowledge, which can be called to mind(what is the capital of Georgia?


In conversation with AAN’s country director Kate Clark on closure of the Bagram Detention Facility in Afghanistan, and what will be the fate of the detainees?


Acevedo had come to campus to read from her novel “Clap When You Land” (2020). The novel-in-verse probes the events surrounding the Nov. 12, 2001 in which 260 passengers on the flight and five people on the ground perished. Over 90 percent of the passengers on the flight, which was bound for Santo Domingo, were of Dominican descent. Thirteen years old at the time of the crash, Acevedo later wrote “Clap When You Land” as a way of reflecting upon the schism she noted between the devastation the crash caused within the Dominican-American community and the relatively fleeting coverage by major U.S. news outlets of the crash, overshadowed as it was by the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. “Clap When You Land” is thus a work that considers “who matters and deserves attention in the media,” as Acevedo writes, while also exploring related issues of race, social class, and trauma.
The event, “A Conversation with Elizabeth Acevedo,” represented a perfect melding of the aims of the campus units and groups that sponsored it. MIT Reads seeks to “bring the campus community together through shared reading and discussion” of booksWomen’s and Gendergender equity. Global Languages strives to educate students in languages, cultures, and intercultural communications. The Committee on Race and Diversity aims to foster racial and cultural diversity on campus, with a special emphasis on cultivating communication among different campus constituencies. Hermanas Unidas, Latino ERG, and My Sister’s Keeper are organizations dedicated to supporting Latinas, Black women, and Latinx members of the MIT community.
Following the reading, Smith skillfully guided the Q&A session, observing, for example, “how women constantly show up for each other in ‘Clap When You Land’” and asking Acevedo to reflect upon the use of gender in her novels. The audience seemed at times both giddy and overwhelmed, as members took turns inquiring about issues such as the nature of the lesbian relationship at the novel’s center, and making more personal inquiries, for instance, about how Acevedo navigates predominantly white, elite spaces in her appearances as a writer and widely sought-r Afro-Latinx ancestors, which was met by raucous applause.


In this chapter an introduction to Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films will be given, after which the application of SPM to the characterization of these films will be demonstrated. Apart from their biological relevance (as model systems for biological membranes) these films are a challenge to any form of microscopy since they are transparent and very thin (about 2 nm). In the sixth and last chapter a new form of atomic force microscopy (AFM) will be applied to these films.
In 1925 Gorter and Grendel came with their hypothesis that all living cells are surrounded by a lipid bilayer.1 They concluded this from an experiment that was met with a lot of criticism. In 1966 it was finally discovered that in fact they had made two mistakes that miraculously canceled each other out and that their conclusion was right. The only thing that had to be added to their model was the fact that in the natural membrane a variety of proteins (receptors) are embedded. This currently accepted model is known as the fluid mosaic model (see Fig. 5.1)2,3.
Fig. 5.1 Fluid mosaic membrane model: the natural membrane is a lipid bilayer, with embedded proteins.
Lipid bilayers consist of amphiphilic molecules which in their turn consist of a hydrophobic ('water-fearing') part, and a hydrophilic ('water-loving') headgroup. dimiristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), is an example of a amphiphilic membrane component, with a hydrophilic headgroup and two hydrophobic alkylchains (see also Section 5.2.1 and Fig. 5.5).
Many essential functions of living cells are performed by events associated with their membranes. The amount of protein in biological membranes varies between 30 and 70% depending on the function of the cell. The basic functions of biological membranes can be divided in three groups:4
(i) Organization: energetically most favorable spatial arrangements of chemical reaction sites and cell components.
(ii) Interaction: transport of substances.
(iii) Information: cell recognition and adhesion, immune reactions.
Because of various enzymes and other functional proteins attached to or embedded in membranes, they are involved in many metabolic processes. The two important energy conversion processes, photosynthesis in chloroplasts and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, are carried out in membranes.5 To understand these and many other processes, which are essential for living organisms, it is necessary to obtain knowledge of molecular structure and function of the membrane, preferably at a very high resolution.
The complexity of the biomembrane is such that frequently simpler systems are used as models for physical investigations. They are based on the spontaneous self-organization of the amphiphilic lipid molecules when brought in contact with an aqueous medium. The three most frequently used model systems are: (i) monolayers; (ii) black lipid membranes (BLM); (iii) vesicles or liposomes (see Fig. 5.2).
(a)(b) (c)Air Water
Fig. 5.2 Three of the most frequently used model systems: (a) monolayers at the air-water interface; (b) black lipid membranes (BLM); (c) vesicles or liposomes.
BLM and vesicles consist of lipid bilayers separating two aqueous compartments. They make the measurement of e.g., membrane resistance, capacity and permeability possible. Liposomes are spherical lipid multilayers.
An aspect of the model systems that has considerable relevance in the biological field, is their ability to undergo phase transitions (see Section 5.2.1). It is known that biomembranes tend to adapt to the ambient conditions to maintain themselves in a transitional state.6 In particular, it is thought that separate domains of lipid in different phases exist in real biomembranes. Because of this biological relevance, as well as their intrinsic interest, much attention has been paid to the phase transitions of simple model membrane systems.
A monomolecular layer of lipid molecules spread at the air-water interface is a system in which the transitions have been exhaustively studied.7 The hydrophilic parts of the molecules are then submerged in the water, while the hydrophobic parts remain outside and interact with each other to form a layer.
The monolayer at the air-water interface represents only one half of the naturally occurring bilayer, but allows the packing density of the spread lipid molecules to be varied by changing the available area per molecule. Therefore, monolayers can yield precise information on molecular packing and orientation, although they cannot provide information on membrane conductance, as is provided by BLM studies, or membrane permeability, as provided by liposome work.5 Thus, the monolayer can give precise information on membrane constituents organized in a membrane-like environment, but is less able to provide direct information on membrane functionality.
An advantage of the lipid monolayer as a model is that it can be transferred to a solid substrate, using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, allowing it to be studied using a whole range of techniques. The spreading of lipid monolayers, monolayer experiments and the Langmuir-Blodgett technique will be discussed in the next section.
In this section monolayer spreading and deposition is treated. The measurement of isotherms is described, and the interpretation of isotherms is discussed.
Monomolecular films on a water surface (named Langmuir films, after Irving Langmuir 1881-1957), can be prepared by spreading: when a lipid solution in a water-immiscible solvent such as chloroform is dropped onto a water surface, the solution spreads rapidly to cover the available area. After the solvent is evaporated, the lipid molecules are left behind at the air-water interface.7
The amphphilic lipid molecules will naturally orient themselves such that the hydrophilic headgroups are immersed in the water surface and the hydrophobic tailgroups remain outside and interact with each other. When a large water surface area per molecule is available, the film molecules move independently on the surface. Such a film is called a 'gaseous' film, in two dimensions. The monolayer can be compressed by decreasing the surface area with a moveable barrier (see Fig. 5.3). The barrier is in contact with the water and the lipid molecules cannot pass the barrier.
barrier subphase
Fig. 5.3 Schematic drawing of a monolayer at an air-water interface. The monolayer can be compressed by moving the barrier to the left.
For a compressed monolayer, the van der Waals forces are very large, the film molecules are not allowed to move about freely, and thus the film resembles a ‘solid’ in a two-dimensional crystalline phase. When the van der Waals forces between the molecules are weaker at larger molecular areas, the result is a ‘liquidlike’ film.
Fig. 5.4 Different phases of a monolayer: (a) gaseous phase; (b) Liquid-Expanded phase; (c) Liquid-Condensed phase; (d) Solid-Condensed phase.
Generally, a distinction is made between films in a liquid-expanded state (LE) and films in a liquid-condensed state (LC). It is not clear what the conformation of molecules in those phases looks like, but generally the conformations are envisaged as shown in Figure 5.4. The problem is that, as far as the conformation is concerned, it is not known where to draw the line between both phases. In the next section it will become clear why this distinction is made. Möbius gave a slightly different interpretation of the phase transitions.8 He divided the molecule under study in three sub-units, with each phase transition corresponding to one sub-unit being lifted from the water surface.
Molecules in the solid phase, have a dense packing of the headgroups or of the alkyl chains, depending on their relative sizes. Further decrease of the surface area results in the collapse of the monolayer by formation of undefined multilayers. The collapse areas for stearic acid and DMPE are determined by their alkyl chains.
(C14) (C14) (C18) NH3 COOH POOOOOOOO +- (a)
Fig. 5.5 Molecular structure of: (a) stearic acid; (b) dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE).
It is obvious that the role of the interaction of the subphase, i.e. water, with the film-forming substance is very important. For example, the dipolar nature of the molecules (see Fig. 5.5) has the effect of aligning the dipoles at the air-water interface. If there are sufficient ions in the subphase, this electrostatic interaction will be more or less shielded, which will reduce the interaction between the dipoles.
The presence of a molecular film on the surface of the water has a pronounced effect on the physical properties of the air-water interface. In the next section, the influence of a monolayer on the surface pressure and its measurement will be discussed.
5.2.2 Surface pressuremeasurement
The water surface on one side of any imaginary line pulls perpendicular to this line with a force equal and opposite to that exerted by the surface on the other side of the line. The force acting perpendicularly to a line of unit length is called the surface tension \(\gamma\), measured in N/m or mN/m. The surface pressure \(\pi\) of the monolayer is defined as the lowering of the surface tension due to the presence of the monolayer on the water surface:
\[\pi=\Delta\gamma\tag{5.1}\]
It can be interpreted as the two-dimensional analog of the three dimensional pressure. The measurement of the surface pressure as a function of the available area per molecule can provide information concerning molecular dimensions and intermolecular interactions.
(a)(b) thwwater lq
Fig. 5.6 Wilhelmy plate with dimensions indicated, immersed to a depth h in water, with a contact angle \(\theta\): (a) front view; (b) side view.
A method frequently used to determine the surface pressure resulting from monolayer compression is the Wilhelmy plate method (see Fig. 5.6). It is a highly accurate method for the measurement of the surface tension. Using the Wilhelmy method, a measurement is made by determining the force due to surface tension, on a plate which is suspended so that it is partially immersed in the water subphase. The forces acting on the plate consist of gravity and surface tension which pull downward (for a hydrophilic plate), and buoyancy due to displaced water which gives an upward force. For a rectangular plate of dimensions l, w and t, and material of density \(\rho_P\), immersed to a depth h in a liquid of density \(\rho_L\) the net downward force is given by:
\[F=\rho_Pglwt+2\gamma(t+w)\cos\theta-\rho_Lghwt\tag{5.2}\]
where \(\gamma\) is the surface tension, \(\theta\) is the contact angle on the solid plate, and g is the gravitational constant. Materials that are generally used for the Wilhelmy plate are clean filter paper or platinum. When completely wetted, the contact angle will almost be zero (\(\theta\approx 0°\)).
By quasi-statically moving the barrier and simultaneously measuring the surface pressure, the surface pressure can be determined as a function of the area of water available to each molecule. Because the temperature is kept constant, this relation is known as the surface pressure vs. area isotherm, usually abbreviated to 'isotherm', the two dimensional analog of the three dimensional P/V diagram. If the area per molecule is sufficiently large, ideal gas films obey the relationship:
\[\pi A=kT,\tag{5.3}\]
where k is the Boltzmann constant. This relationship is analogous to the three-dimensional gas law (i.e., PV = kT). In general, ideal gas behavior is observed only when the distances between the molecules are very large and the surface pressure is very small (less than 0.1 mN/m).
SCLCLEG Surface Pressure (mN/m) Mean Molecular Area (nm2) <PHONE> 20100 0.10.20.3 0.40.5
Fig. 5.7 The isotherm of stearic acid. The inset does not represent measured values, but serves as illustration for the behavior at very high available area.
In Figure 5.7 the isotherm for stearic acid is given (taken from Ref. 9). On examining this isotherm, a number of distinct regions become immediately apparent. If the surface area is reduced from an initial high value, with the monolayer in a gaseous state, there is a gradual onset of surface pressure until an approximately horizontal region is reached (inset Fig. 5.7). This is the gaseous-liquid expanded (LE) transition in the stearic acid isotherm. In the horizontal region the hydrophobic tailgroups, which were originally lying almost flat on the water surface, are subsequently being lifted from that surface. The inset in Figure 5.7 does not represent measured values, because the surface pressure in this region is so low that this portion of the isotherm is not resolved by measurements. Analogous to a 3D-gas, the compressibility is defined as:
\[\kappa=-\frac{1}{A}\left\lgroup\frac{\partial A}{\partial \pi}\right\rgroup_T.\tag{5.4}\]
The gaseous-liquid expanded transition of stearic acid is an example of a first order transition, which is characterized by a horizontal slope in the isotherm, with the compressibility approaching infinity.
There follows an abrupt transition to the liquid-condensed (LC) phase at an area per molecule of 0.28 nm2. The different phases are observed as portions of the isotherm with different slopes. In the liquid condensed phase the slope of the isotherm, and thus the compressibility, is approximately constant.
(a)(b)(d)
Fig. 5.8 The collapse mechanism by which undefined multilayers are formed.
At a surface area of just over 0.2 nm2 per molecule there is an abrupt increase of slope. Clearly, this is due to a phase change as well and represents a transition to an ordered solid-like arrangement of the molecules, known as the solid condensed (SC) or solid phase. In this phase the molecules are close-packed, and an all-trans (straight) chain configuration can be achieved (see Fig. 5.4). If this second linear portion of the isotherm is extrapolated to zero surface pressure, the intercept gives the area per stearic acid molecule that would be expected for the hypothetical state of an uncompressed close-packed layer. This value of 0.22 nm2 per molecule is close to that occupied by stearic acid molecules in single crystals, which confirms the interpretation of a compact film as a two-dimensional solid. The mean molecular area in close-packed configuration is equal to the cross-sectional area per CH2 chain.10 Further reduction of the surface area results in the collapse of the monolayer (see Fig. 5.8). Because molecular layers are riding on top of each other the compressibility then approaches infinity again.
For a DMPE monolayer a different isotherm is measured (see Fig. 5.9; taken from Ref. 11). For mean molecular areas around 0.5 nm2 the compressibility approaches infinity, indicating a first order phase transition from the LE to the LC phase. In first order phase transitions, phases coexist in separate domains, as will be discussed in Section 5.3.
The LC-SC transition is indicated by an abrupt increase in slope in the already steep portion of the isotherm. Note that the collapse area is approximately twice that of stearic acid because of the second CH2 chain of the DMPE molecule. The characteristics of the isotherms however, do not depend only on the molecules. The subphase is also very important, in particular the pH and the ion strength of the subphase. The influence of the temperature is analogous to that for a 3D-gas, but for monolayers there can be more phase transitions.
0.20.40.6 0.81.<DIGITS> SCLCLEG Surface Pressure (mN/m) Mean Molecular Area
Fig. 5.9 The DMPE isotherm.
For some microscopy techniques it is necessary to transfer a monolayer from the water surface to a solid substrate. The technique to do this has become universally known as the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique.12 For LB deposition, a substrate is first lowered through the monolayer so that it dips into the subphase, and then withdrawn. If the substrate used is hydrophilic, then deposition will follow the sequence of events shown in Figure 5.10.
During the lowering of the slide, the water wets the slide's surface and the meniscus turns up, but there is no deposition at this stage. As the slide is withdrawn, the meniscus is wiped over the slide's surface and leaves a monolayer behind. During this process the surface pressure is kept constant, using the surface pressure as a feedback signal for adjusting the barrier position. The value of surface pressure that gives best results depends on the nature of the monolayer but is usually more than 10 mN/m. In the deposited monolayer the hydrophilic groups are turned toward the hydrophilic surface of the slide. Initially there is liquid film between the monolayer and the slide's surface and bonding is completed after the water layer has drained away or evaporated.
Fig. 5.10 Deposition of multilayers by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique: (a) first immersion; (b) first withdrawal; (c) second immersion; (d) second withdrawal.
The rate at which the slide can be withdrawn from the water while a homogeneous film is deposited, is typically 1 mm/s. This rate depends on the rate at which the water film drains from the monolayer-slide interface and on the viscosity of the monolayer. A highly viscous monolayer will be unable to maintain a homogeneous film in the neighborhood of a rapidly moving slide.
To deposit a second layer onto the slide, the slide is again lowered through the monolayer. This time the slide's surface is hydrophobic; the meniscus turns down and the second monolayer is deposited with its hydrophobic tailgroups in contact with the exposed tailgroups on the slide. At the second withdrawal the next monolayer is deposited like the first, onto the hydrophilic headgroups of the last monolayer. If the monolayer material shows poor adhesion to the substrate, then the second immersion in the water can simply lead to the monolayer peeling off the slide and respreading on the water surface. Repeated dipping will then lead to a single deposited monolayer on the slide.
Because during dipping the pressure is kept constant, the barrier will move to compensate for the deposited molecules. By measuring the change in available surface on the water and the surface area of the substrate, the transfer ratio can be determined.
In a previous section it was mentioned that during a phase transition in a monolayer, different phases coexist, organized in separate domains. A problem encountered when describing domain formation is that the description is completely different for different compounds and conditions. In this section only the most essential and general aspects are discussed.
In this section we will consider domain nucleation and growth in a film in an LE-LC phase transition. LC domains will be referred to as 'solid' and LE domains as 'fluid' or 'liquid'. In the LC domains the molecules attain a near close-packed configuration. In the LE domains the molecules have more freedom to move, with flexibility increasing along the chain with the distance from the anchoring hydrophilic group.
Consider a lipid monolayer composed of liquid and solid domains, and for simplicity assume that the pure liquid and pure solid phases are incompressible. For a given water surface area, the fractions of the area covered by fluid and solid phases are then fixed. A state of global equilibrium is achieved once the number and shape of the solid domains correspond to the minimum energy state of the film.
On first slowly compressing a monolayer, a certain number of solid domains appears by a nucleation process.13,14 On further compression, these domains usually grow in size but not in number. If the monolayer is compressed rather quickly or if the impurity content is high, a large number of nuclei are formed. If compression speed is decreased the domain size is increased.14,15 In Ref. 16 the onset of the phase transition was detected before solid domains were visible with fluorescence microscopy. Therefore, it was suggested that domain formation results from aggregation of unresolved particles of condensed lipid.
Domain shapes are reversible with respect to growth and decay, even if these shapes are complex:14,17 the same kind of shapes are observed before and after compression and subsequent decompression. The changes are also reversible with respect to the temperature.18
The alignment of polar or charged molecules in the solid domains causes long-range electrostatic forces. Due to the electrostatic repulsion between the solid domains, they are separated by an approximately constant distance. For fusion of domains, a favorable relative orientation of colliding domains is necessary. This can be explained by the fact that the lattices of the crystalline domains must match. In that case the van der Waals forces between the touching lipid chains of both domains exceed the electrostatic repulsion.19
The shape of domains depends on the monolayer compound and the experimental conditions, and is determined by a thermodynamic equilibrium. More precisely, there is a competition between the long-range electrostatic dipolar repulsion Fel and the line tension \(\lambda\). The line tension represents the tendency to minimize boundary length. The shape of an individual solid domain is determined by the interplay of these forces:13,18,20-22
\[F=\lambda p+F_{el}\tag{5.5}\]
Here p is the perimeter of the solid domain. The electrostatic repulsion favors elongation and narrowing, while the line tension favors short boundaries and thus round domains.
Initially, the domains cover a small fraction of the area of the air-water interface, and are relatively far apart. Therefore, the electrostatic interaction is small, and circular shapes result. As the domains grow in area they come nearer to each other and tend to thin in one dimension because of the long-range dipolar forces. Experiments have confirmed the existence of the electrostatic interaction. Domains were microscopically observed while repelling each other over distances of tens of micrometers and could be moved by applying an electric field.18
In the absence of charged headgroups, the minimum energy domain shape is determined entirely by line tension and is circular for an isotropic solid. In the other extreme, when the charge is large and the line tension is weak, and if the domain does not break into pieces, the minimum energy shape is highly elongated. This effect can be observed when a small amount of cholesterol is added to a charged monolayer. This results in a strongly decreased line tension and the mentioned longer and thinner domains.21
Because the electrostatic repulsion influences the domain formation, domain shapes also depend on the ionic conditions of the water subphase. In Ref. 23 it was shown that an increase in the concentration of monovalent ions increased the pressure corresponding to the LE-LC phase transition of the lipid dilauroylphosphatidic acid (DLPA). Increasing the concentration of divalent ions had the opposite effect. These effects were ascribed to an increase in surface charge density in the former case, and to screening of electrostatic forces in the latter. Thus, it was possible to vary the size and shape of the domains at the air-water interface with the ionic conditions.
Another important factor is whether the packing of the molecules is determined by the chains or by the headgroups. For phospholipids and fatty acids, where crystallization is basically determined by the chain arrangement, the solid domains exhibit rounded boundary lines. If the packing is determined by the headgroups, domains exhibit pointed perimeters (e.g. the polymerizable diacetylenic lipid Bronco).14
Most of the facts discussed in the previous sections of this chapter were originally discovered using fluorescence microscopy.14,24 However, there are many other monolayer characterization methods to determine domain shapes, layer thickness or lattice constants of crystalline domains, as mentioned in the first chapter.
Now we will show how surface plasmon microscopy (see also Chapter 1) can be used to image and characterize phase-separated lipid LB films.
The substrate preparation and setup that was used is described in the previous chapter. The 2.5 nm thick SiO2 layer (without pattern) is in this case needed to make the substrate hydrophilic for deposition of the Langmuir-Blodgett lipid monolayer. LB films were obtained by spreading a 1 mg/ml solution of the lipid dimiristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) in 3:1 (v/v) chloroform/methanol onto the subphase (deionized water, pH~7.5). The monolayer was transferred to the substrate at a surface pressure of 20 mN/m and a molecular area of 0.5 nm2; the transfer ratio was about 1. The DMPE monolayer is under those conditions in an LE-LC phase transition (see Fig. 5.9). All experiments were carried out at room temperature.
Using the image acquisition techniques that were described in Chapter four, the DMPE monolayer was imaged for a wavelength of 568.2 nm. Figure 5.11 shows the resulting images for p and s polarization, the ratio of the two and the result after Fourier filtering to remove some residual fringes. For this wavelength the optical thickness variations in the monolayer under investigation hardly give any contrast
50 mm (a)(b)(c)
Fig. 5.11 SPM images of a phase-separated DMPE monolayer: (a) for p polarization; (b) for s polarization; (c) the ratio of the two; (d) the result after Fourier filtering to remove some residual fringes.
in the separate images. After division of the two however, a good contrast results and the lateral resolution is higher than it would have been for a longer wavelength (usually a wavelength of 632.8 nm is used). Due to the high dynamic range of the images, quantization levels do not become visible after the expansion of the gray scale. The dark 'islands' in the image are the LC domains surrounded by the LE phase. Because the monolayer was imaged under an angle only the middle part is optimally focussed.
Fig. 5.12 SPM image of a DMPE monolayer in a transition from the LE to the LC phase. Contrast inversion was obtained by choosing a different angle of incidence. On the left and right side the LC and LE part are at resonance, respectively.
By choosing either the resonance angle for the LE phase or the one belonging to the LC part of the monolayer as angle of incidence, the contrast can be inverted (see Fig. 5.12). We estimate the lateral resolution that was obtained to be 3 \(\mu\)m (NA 0.19).
To evaluate the thicknesses of the different domains, microscopic ATR scans were made of three different areas: the bare gold-SiO2, an LE domain, and an LC domain. The ATR curves for the covered areas were shifted relative to that of the bare area with 0.17° and 0.23°, respectively (Fig. 5.13). In Fig. 5.14 the possible thickness and refractive index combinations are given for both domains. Assuming a refractive index of 1.5 (Ref. 25) for both domains, the imaged thickness difference is less than 0.4 nm. When a higher refractive index is chosen for the condensed domain and a lower one for the expanded domain, the resulting thickness difference is even smaller. These values have been found by others as well, for similar systems.26,27 If it were possible to determine refractive index and monolayer thickness separately, then the nature of the monolayer packing could be further studied. The reflectance difference in this image, based on the shift of the reflectance curves, is 0.5 %. This is about the limit for practical SPM imaging, since the contrast should be sufficient to focus using the real-time image.
0.00.10.2 0.30.4 <PHONE>.15 -3.0-2.5-2.0 -1.5-1.0 0.00.20.4 0.60.81.0 LELCAu LCLE RMS difference Reflectance (P/S) Angular Shift Df (deg.) External Angle f (deg.) (a)
Fig. 5.13 (a) Microscopic reflectance scans for the DMPE layer, for a bare, LE, and LC region in an image. (b) The root-mean-square value of the difference of the LE and LC curves with the curve of the uncovered part when they are shifted towards this curve along the f-axis.
0.81.01.21.4 1.61.82.0 1.31.41.51.6 LELC Refractive Index Thickness
Fig. 5.14 Possible refractive index and thickness combinations as determined from the angular shifts for the LE and LC domains. The thickness difference of both domains is indicated for a refractive index of 1.5.
(1) Gorter, E.; Grendel, F. J. exp. Med. 1925, 41, 439.
(2) Singer, S. J. In Membrane Structure and Function; Rothfield, L. I., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1971.
(3) Singer, S. J.; Nicolson, G. L. Science 1972, 175, 720.
(4) Booij, H. L.; Daems, W. T., Eds., Biomembranen 50 jaar na Gorter en Grendel; Centrum voor landbouwpublicaties en landbouw documentatie: Wageningen, 1976.
(5) Benga, G., Ed., Structure and properties of cell membranes, volume III; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1985.
(6) Earnshaw, J. C.; Winch, P. J., Transitions in model membranes, SPIE 1403, 316-325 (1990).
(7) Birdi, K. S. Lipid and biopolymer monolayers at liquid interfaces; Plenum Press: New York, 1989.
(8) Vogel, V.; Möbius, D. Thin Solid Films 1985, 132, 205.
(9) Menger, F. M.; Wood, M. G.; Richardson, S. D.; Zhou, Q. Z.; Elrington, A. R.; Sherrod, M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 6797.
(10) Helm, C. A.; Möhwald, H.; Kjær, K.; Als-Nielsen, J. Europhys. Lett. 1987, 4, 697.
(11) Heckl, W. M.; Lösche, M.; Scheer, H.; Möhwald, H. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1985, 810, 73.
(12) Langmuir-Blodgett Films; Roberts, G. G., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1990.
(13) McConnell, H. M.; Moy, V. T. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 4520.
(14) Möhwald, H. Thin Solid Films 1987, 159, 1.
(15) Lösche, M.; Rabe, J.; Fischer, A.; Rucha, B. U.; Knoll, W.; Möhwald, H. Thin Solid Films 1984, 117, 269.
(16) Vogel, V.; Möbius, D. Thin Solid Films 1985, 132, 205.
(17) Gaub, H. E.; Moy, V. T.; McConnell, H. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 1721.
(18) Keller, D. J.; Korb, J. P.; McConnell, H. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 6417.
(20) Moy, V. T.; Keller, D. J.; Gaub, H. E.; McConnell, H. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 3198.
(21) McConnell, H. M.; Keller, D. J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987, 84, 4706.
(22) McConnell, H. M.; Keller, D. J.; Gaub, H. E. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 1717.
(23) Lösche, M.; Helm, C.; Mattes, H. D.; Möhwald, H. Thin Solid Films 1985, 133, 51.
(24) Heckl, W. M.; Miller, A.; Möhwald, H. Thin Solid Films 1987, 159, 125.


HS"
Newcomer SAiNT 420, aka Jeff Little, posted this snazzy acoustic/electric guitar arrangement from Zelda 64 over on the Minibosses forums, and was met with suggestions that he submit it here, which thankfully he did. Though it's mixed a little low, and the solo that makes up the bulk of the middle of the track gets into Jerry Garcia levels of continuous, running passages, nevertheless the playing is superb and the wah guitar solo towards the conclusion alone is worth the price of admission. Introing with just acoustic guitar strumming, at 0'20" an acoustic lead solo comes in over that and you know straight out that - especially if you're a guitar buff - this is going to be an enjoyable ride. Fuzz electric comes in circa 1'17" in an extended lead that has its ups and downs - in the beginning, the fresh timbral addition to the existing acoustic texture is welcome, and the seemingly improvised playing is creative in its meandering. It does go on a bit; whether you're still into it by the time we get to the wah guitar will depend largely on your tolerance or predilection towards extended guitar solos. I prefer a bit shorter length, and some of the more chromatic passages here struck some odd tonality, but the majority was an enjoyable, mellow groove. Like many, I'm a sucker for a good cry-baby wah-guitar solo, and at 3'10" that's exactly what we get, as Jeff concludes this collage of guitar flavors with a really smooth wah solo that soars up and down with style to spare. The core melody is thankfully brought back in immediately afterwards, to remind us that this is not only an extended showmanship of guitar skills, but also a rather creative, interpretive ReMix of Zelda 64. Some excellent playing here, with a variety of guitar styles in full effect. Though to hear such playing matched with a fuller arrangement that played more on the original material would be wonderful, nevertheless this piece works on a standalone basis as a good extension of Kondo's composition into the realm of the fretted, both plugged and unplugged. Good stuff.
While It's impossible to deny that the mixing is a tad rough, I think it has an overall positive on the effect of the atmosphere. It's just a purely emotive piece, and precisely what the original song asks for.
And I didn't find it too long at all. Because the soloing rarely repeats itself it flies by.
I highly enjoyed this mix. The night I downloaded it we had a huge storm and I went out on my porch and danced to it. One of the best experiences in my life.
This one ran way long for my tastes, and the sound balance was pretty weak, with the leads often too buried or too prevalent, and the arrangement meanders. Decent overall, but more like a WIP than a finished piece, and way too much soloing for my tastes. Some wrong notes in the middle solo also hurt it.
Socrates: Check over the Content Policy to see if that answers your question.
Great guitar, great mood, great salute to the original. Great in every way! Keep it up! This is awesome music to chill to.
Sweet song, gorgeous tone on all the guitars, and it has a wah-wah.
edit: I take back what I said about the mixing and stuff. Maybe I just had the volume to high on my headphone's volume control thingy. It's actually perfect.
First, the bad -- I have to agree with the majority of the listeners regarding this mix. Aside from the general "noodling" as previously mentioned, the production values are sorely lacking. It sounds like someone doing a demo in his room and recording it onto a cassette tape. I have wavered numerous times between keeping this mix and outright deleting it from my collection.
With that said, you guys definitely need to check out SAiNT's homepage: http://mywebpages.comcast.net/saint420. He took the time to actually remaster this track. Although the basic structure is still the same and there will inevitably still be complaints of rambling notes, SAiNT ups the production factor by no less than 10x. The lead guitar is re-EQed, the track is remastered at a super-high bitrate, drums and a bass are added, the SoS theme is revisted more flavorfully after the 2nd solo, and the song finishes on a strong ending. This should have been the definitive version posted to OCR. Grab this now, before yet another independent artist's webpage goes the wayside of the 404 error.
By the way, also grab his Duck Tales remix there while your at it. Somewhat coarse on the drums, but good nonetheless.
SAiNT, I didn't think much of your playing before, due mostly to the aforementioned issues on the original lackluster recording, but my opinion has done a 180 U-turn since. If you ever read this, keep churning out the good stuff. Props.
Great song. It deas get old after a while. I wonder if it has anything to do with the title, "SoS". And yet I just realized what it means... DUH! Man, am I dense.


BSB: Shakey Byrne defends Championship title with his sixth win as Haslam crashes out with brake failure | CircuitProDigital
BSB: Shakey Byrne defends Championship title with his sixth win as Haslam crashes out with brake failure
Posted by CircuitProDigital | Oct 16, 2017 | Breaking News, British Superbikes |
“Last night I went to bed after that first race and I was 14 points closer to this happening and all I kept thinking about was “what if it did, what if it’s me this weekend” and I barely slept a wink to be honest because I was so engrossed in scenarios and outcomes and plots and subplots.-I’ll take a title in BSB however they come because they do not come on the back of Kelloggs’ Frosties packets!”
The last race of the season started with Leon Haslam and defending champion Byrne separated by just two points after Byrne won race two and Haslam finished tenth, ahead of the crucial decider at the Kent circuit.
On the opening lap James Ellison had taken the advantage from Christian Iddon and Michael Laverty. The title contenders were in formation, with Josh Brookes in fourth ahead of Haslam and Byrne, but the Australian knew he was still in contention and he was pushing to move through the field.
The ‘Pocket Rocket’ had to jump off the bike at 172mph at Hawthorns and subsequently sustained a broken right wrist, right thumb and left ankle. He heroically returned to the grid for the championship celebrations at the end of the race to congratulate Byrne on his title victory before heading to the medical centre.
Christian Iddon (Tyco BMW) +0.524s
Jason O’Halloran (Honda Racing) +8.147s
Dan Linfoot (Honda Racing) +15.053s
Leon Haslam (JG Speedfit Kawasaki) +18.531s
MCE Insurance British Superbike Championship, Brands Hatch, race three result:
Josh Brookes (Anvil Hire TAG Yamaha)
Michael Laverty (McAMS Yamaha) +1.929s
Dan Linfoot (Honda Racing) +5.281s
Shane Byrne (Be Wiser Ducati) +6.512s
Richard Cooper (Bennetts Suzuki) +7.628s
2017 MCE Insurance British Superbike Championship standings:
Jake Dixon (RAF Regular & Reserves Kawasaki) 562
2017 British Superbike Championship, BSB R12, Brands Hatch GP, Kent, UK. 15th October 2017. Shane Byrne, Sittingbourne, Be Wiser Ducati Racing Team wins the 2017 Championship for the 6th time
“I don’t really know how I feel to be honest because I came here thinking I’m 33 points behind Leon and he’s such a tough competitor that I never envisaged being able to pull back 33 points, but what I did envisage was coming here to do the best job I possibly could this weekend and try and win three races.
“That may sound a little bit arrogant or aloof but it was basically my way of making sure we came away from this weekend as champions.
“I sat there quite content, trying not to use to much tyre and following him around making sure nobody was going past me, and then as we went down into Hawthorns Leon didn’t get on the brakes or whatever happened and jumped off his bike and it really threw me, I’m not going to lie. I spent a couple of laps afterwards thinking “hold on a minute, we are supposed to be fighting for a championship, we can’t fight for a championship if you’re in there”.
“I hadn’t actually won a race since we were here in July and that never happens. BSB is so tough right now that it’s really, really difficult to win. We’ve ended up champions so I’m super, super happy to have defended the title. That’s the one thing I wanted to do and we’ve got that done now so it’s going to be a nice winter.
“Last night I went to bed after that first race and I was 14 points closer to this happening and all I kept thinking about was “what if it did, what if it’s me this weekend” and I barely slept a wink to be honest because I was so engrossed in scenarios and outcomes and plots and subplots.
I’ll take a title in BSB however they come because they do not come on the back of Kelloggs’ Frosties packets!”
NextDubai: Logan Hannah poised for Formula 4 debut later this month at Yas Marina Circuit


You say you want a special little place to escape, must have charm and character and be in the mountains? Guess what!! We have it all ready for you to make it your own! This cabin has it all and it sits on one of Green Mountain Falls most sought after streets. It is pretty rustic and ready for the right person to make it theirs. There are three non conforming rooms as there are no closets but creativity in this cabin is just what would give it more charm. As you enter your greeted by a beautiful stone firplace w/pellet burning insert that is main heat along with baseboard electric heat. Living room and dining area are all one great room with lots of good light and the wood walls from the bench seating all around on side of living room. to the right is the small but functional kitchen with newer cabinets, electric and plumbing. The bedrooms are non conforming but an armoire could be a great fix. There is a beautiful area out the back kitchen door, very private. Belvidere Ute Pass and there is no parking allowed on the street itself for hikers so being right at the base of the trail head up the falls is a huge advantage. It is so beautiful in the winter with the crisp cool air and snow covered mountains and truly heaven in the summer when everthing is in bloom and you can hear the stream running just below you. Easy walk in to Green Mountain Falls for fishing, dining, bike riding, or just hanging out! You are minutes away from Woodland Park or Colorado Springs with all the amenities you could need or want.


favour of a religious identity. This growth in religious affiliation is greatl for wider society."


Published: January 23, 2021 12:33 AM IST
Cristiano Ronaldo Transfer News Real Madrid (Credit: IANS)
Juventus star forward Cristiano Ronaldo on Wednesday surpassed Josef Bican goal tally to become the top goalscorer in football history. Ronaldo netted a goal in the final of Italian Super Cup against Napoli to achieve the massive feat. It was Ronaldo's 760th goal as Juventus beat Napoli to clinch the ninth Italian Super Cup title.
EXCLUSIVE | Ex Manchester United Star Wes Brown Picks Diego Maradona Over Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as GOAT
Cristiano Ronaldo-Lionel Messi Rivalry to Be Renewed on 19th January in Riyadh
However, the Czech football federation declared that Bican has netted 821 goals in official matches as Ronaldo is still 61 short to match the feat.
"The answer is – Josef Bican scored 821 goals in official matches," the statement readCup and national team selections are included.
"I"
Ronaldoand 5 for Sporting Libson. He is the leading goal-scorer for Real Madrid and Portugal national team.
The all-time top goalscorer title is much contested, and football world governing body FIFA keep an official record of the statistics.
Meanwhile, after the win against Napoli in Italian Super Cup final, Ronaldo expressed his happiness on Twitter.
"Very happy with my 4th title in Italy…," Ronaldo tweeted after the win.
Czech football federation
Published Date: January 23, 2021 12:33 AM IST
LIVE India vs Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI Score: SL Win Toss, Opt to Bat
Cristiano Ronaldo and Georgina Rodriguez All Set to Live Together By Breaking Saudi Arabian Law- Report
Cristiano Ronaldo Will Have to Serve 2-Match Ban Before Making Al Nassr Debut


USGBC Northern California is pleased to present a guest blog by Mark Maxwell, Assistant Director of Construction and LEED Coordinator, andtheir LEED Lab.
LEED Lab™ is a post-secondary course that usby learning In the course, students facilitate the LEED®g a new facility each year. Completing the LEED Lab course gives students the skills, knowledge and expertise to manage future certifications and other projects in sustainability. Students who attend and pass this course will also be positioned to sit for the professional certification exams to earn their LEED Green Associate (LEED GA) ands. In addition, this course provides the study guide and practice exams for the LEED Green Associate exam.
In the first semester, stakeholders from various departments were identified (purchasing, energy, recycling, custodial, etc.), since students will be collected and gathered data from them. After the students met with the stakeholders, they broke up into three teams, each of which was assigned a credit category or categories. Some categories are much easier than others, so some teams could take on more.
Next, the teams read all the credits in their categories to determine which credits they were going to pursue. They then developed a scorecard for the project of the credits the class was pursing, to come up with the total number of points and certification level they could achieve. I then gave a 15-minute presentation on LEED Online. This presentation explained how to access LEED Online, once they registered with USGBC and could navigate through documenting credits.
Finally, each team was assigned to put together credit summaries for the next semester class, which allowed the team members to have a basic understanding of every credit the team was going to pursue. Each credit summary would have the name of the credit, the intent, possible points, list of implementations, timeline for documentation, the stakeholder and contact information to coordinate with for data collection and other pertinent information to help the team member document the credit.
The second semester teams then read all the credit summaries and decided when the three-month performance period would be so that they could begin to document the credits. Once the performance period started, students began contacting and working with the stakeholders to collect data. Students documented their credits to LEED Online as they were completed.
Measurable benefits from this class include LEED certification for the project, lower operating costs for the building,, reduced waste sent to the landfills, energy and water conservation, re of the students and UC Merced community.
Several students with whom I spoke about the class felt they had a broader knowledge of sustainability and the built environment as a result. One student told me that he secured an internship at Frito Lay because of the class. LEED Lab engaged students in many different majors, not just ones who would typically take an engineering class. When I asked several students who were majoring in history, English or economics why they took this class, they told me they wanted to learn more about sustainability.
If you think about it, sustainability touches on everything we do, as well as every major. Not just buildings themselves, but how we operate buildings, our lives and the day-to-day things we do that impact ourLEED Lab at UC Merced, please email USGBC Northern California.
Interested in learning more? Attend the “LEED Lab Case Study: Creating a project-based course at the University of California, Merced” virtual presentation on Sept. 21, 2016 at 12:00 p.m. ET. To sign up, please contact Jaime Van Mourik. A recording will also be available for interested parties who are not able to attend.


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Home > Fox News Sunday To Host Fringe Gun Activist For Newtown Anniversary Discussion
Larry Pratt Has Suggested Newtown Was A False Flag Operation
ht [1] [2] [3]l. [4] that opponents of guns in schools "like bodies piling up." Days later on CNN's Crossfire, Pratt said [5] he "would strongly encourage"[6] to Pratt on January 13 to discuss Newtown.
Pratt, who has said [7] he will talk to "anyone that will let us have their microphone," is a fixture on the conspiracy theory radio circuit. He has flirted with theories that the Newtown mass shooting was a "programmed event" put on by the government. Right Wing Watch has also documented [8] numerous conspiracy theories and outlandish charges against the Obama administration promoted by Pratt. During a January appearance [9] on a far-right radio show, Pratt endorsed as plausible [10] the host's claim that a race war could occur between "Christian, heterosexual white haves" against "black, Muslim and/or atheist -- not that there's much difference -- black have-nots."
Here are four reasons why mainstream outlets should stop hosting Pratt to discuss gun violence:
Pratt was forced to leave [3]d [4]The Boston Globe reported in 1996 that Pratt "aho.""armed militia units" at that meeting.
Pratt Proposes Solving School Shootings By Putting More Guns In Schools
d [4], "You like bodies piling up I see, good move."  "would strongly encourage" the carrying of guns in kindergartens.
Pratt Has Suggested Newtown And Aurora Movie Theater Mass Shootings Could Have Been False Flag Operations[9] that Sandy Hook was a "programmed event" de"the m."told [4] "t," nonetheless "" Pratt later walked back [7]ng [8][10] betweens [11], any [12].
Larry Pratt [15] Show/Publication
Guns14/fox-news-sunday-to-host-fringe-gun-activist-for/197272 Links[1] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-reifowitz/gun-owners-of-america_b_3222681.html
[2] http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/12/13/will-warren-wing-scuttle-budget-deal/
[3] 4] http://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/12/cnn-mainstreams-gun-extremist-larry-pratt/195848
[5] http://www.mediamatters.org/video/2013/09/17/on-cnns-crossfire-executive-director-of-gun-own/195934
[6] http://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2013/01/13/why-is-pro-gun-extremist-larry-pratt-on-fox-new/192212
[7] http://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2013/05/30/why-a-leading-gun-activist-frequents-extremist/194271
[8] http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/meet-man-fox-news-chose-debate-gun-laws-mark-kelly
[9]11] http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/pratt-obamacare-could-lead-gun-confiscations-concentration-camps
[12-raising-private-dhs-force-equally-powerful-military
[14] http://www.mediamatters.org/issues/guns
[15] http://www.mediamatters.org/tags/larry-pratt