Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Retrieval
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Text
Formats:
json
Sub-tasks:
document-retrieval
Languages:
English
Size:
1M - 10M
Tags:
text-retrieval
_id stringlengths 2 71 | title stringlengths 2 71 | headings stringclasses 1
value | text stringlengths 0 8.64k |
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1257_Samalas_eruption | 1257 Samalas eruption | The 1257 Samalas eruption was a major volcanic eruption of the Samalas volcano , next to Mount Rinjani on the island of Lombok , Indonesia . It left a large caldera next to Rinjani volcano , the lake Segara Anak . This volcanic eruption reached a volcanic explosivity index of 7 , making it one of the largest eruptions ... | |
1906_San_Francisco_earthquake | 1906 San Francisco earthquake | The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San ... | |
1938_New_England_hurricane | 1938 New England hurricane | The 1938 New England Hurricane ( also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane and Long Island Express ) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike New England . The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9 , becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurrican... | |
1990s | 1990s | The 1990s ( pronounced `` nineteen-nineties '' and abbreviated as the `` Nineties '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1990 , and ended on December 31 , 1999 . | |
1993_Storm_of_the_Century | 1993 Storm of the Century | The 1993 Storm of the Century ( also known as the 93 Super Storm or the Great Blizzard of 1993 ) was a large cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12 , 1993 . The storm eventually dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15 , 1993 . It was unique for its intensity , massive size , and wide-... | |
2000s_(decade) | 2000s (decade) | The 2000s ( pronounced `` two-thousands '' or `` twenty-hundreds '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 2000 , and ended on December 31 , 2009 . The growth of the Internet contributed to globalization during the decade , which allowed faster communication among people around the world .... | |
2003_invasion_of_Iraq | 2003 invasion of Iraq | The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20 March to 1 May 2003 and signalled the start of the Iraq War , which was dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States ( prior to 19 March , the mission in Iraq was called Operation Enduring Freedom , a carryover from the War in Afghanistan ) . The invasion consisted of 21 ... | |
2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra , Indonesia . The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1 -- 9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ) . The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by... | |
2006_European_heat_wave | 2006 European heat wave | The 2006 European heat wave was a period of exceptionally hot weather that arrived at the end of June 2006 in certain European countries . The United Kingdom , France , Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , Italy , Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Germany and western parts of Russia were most affected . Sever... | |
2006_North_American_heat_wave | 2006 North American heat wave | The 2006 North American heat wave spread throughout most of the United States and Canada beginning on July 15 , 2006 , killing at least 225 people . That day the temperature reached 117 ° F ( 47 ° C ) in Pierre , South Dakota , with many places in South Dakota that hit well into the 120s . In early reports from this he... | |
2006_Texas_gubernatorial_election | 2006 Texas gubernatorial election | The 2006 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2006, to elect the Governor of Texas. The election was a rare five-way race, with incumbent Republican Governor Rick Perry running for re-election against Democrat Chris Bell and Independents Carole Keeton Strayhorn and Kinky Friedman, as well as Libertarian... | |
2007_Kangaroo_Island_bushfires | 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires | The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. The fires occurred mainly across the western side of the isla... | |
2007_United_Kingdom_floods | 2007 United Kingdom floods | A series of destructive floods occurred in parts of the United Kingdom during the summer of 2007 . The worst of the flooding occurred across Scotland on 14 June ; East Yorkshire and The Midlands on 15 June ; Yorkshire , The Midlands , Gloucestershire , Herefordshire and Worcestershire on 25 June ; and Gloucestershire ,... | |
2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season | 2008 Atlantic hurricane season | The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active hurricane season with sixteen named storms formed , including eight that became hurricanes and five that became major hurricanes . The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most ... | |
2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference | 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference | The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference , commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit , was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen , Denmark , between 7 and 18 December . The conference included the 15th Conference of the Parties ( COP 15 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) a... | |
2010_Northern_Hemisphere_heat_waves | 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves | The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves included severe heat waves that impacted most of the United States, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Hong Kong, North Africa and the European continent as a whole, along with parts of Canada, Russia, Indochina, South Korea and Japan during May, June, July, and August 2010. The... | |
2010_Russian_wildfires | 2010 Russian wildfires | The 2010 Russian wildfires were several hundred wildfires that broke out across Russia , primarily in the west in summer 2010 . They started burning in late July and lasted until early September 2010 . The fires were associated with record-high temperatures , which were attributed to climate change -- the summer had be... | |
2010_United_Kingdom_general_election | 2010 United Kingdom general election | The 2010 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 6 May 2010, with 45,597,461 registered voters entitled to vote to elect members to the House of Commons. The election took place in 650 constituencies across the United Kingdom under the first-past-the-post system. The election resulted in a large swing to t... | |
2010s | 2010s | ||
2011_Wisconsin_protests | 2011 Wisconsin protests | The 2011 Wisconsin protests were a series of demonstrations in the state of Wisconsin in the United States beginning in February involving at its zenith as many as 100,000 protesters opposing the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 , also called the `` Wisconsin Budget Repair bill . '' Subsequently , anti-tax activists and other con... | |
2012_in_science | 2012 in science | The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries , including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft , the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson , and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease . A total of 72 successful orbital spaceflights occu... | |
2013_New_South_Wales_bushfires | 2013 New South Wales bushfires | The 2013 New South Wales bushfires were a series of bushfires in Australia across the state of New South Wales primarily starting , or becoming notable , on 13 October 2013 ; followed by the worst of the fires beginning in the Greater Blue Mountains Area on 16 and 17 October 2013 . High fuel loads , coupled with warm... | |
2013_in_science | 2013 in science | A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013 , including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets , the development of viable lab-grown ears , teeth , livers and blood vessels , and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908 . The year also saw successful new treatments for dise... | |
2013–14_North_American_winter | 2013–14 North American winter | The 2013 -- 14 North American winter refers to winter as it occurred across the continent from late 2013 through early 2014 . While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere , there are two definitions of winter which may be used . Based on the astronomical defini... | |
2014_California_wildfires | 2014 California wildfires | The 2014 California wildfire season saw several notable wildfires ignited in the state of California , especially during the month of May , when multiple fires were ablaze concurrently in Southern California , and during September , when several massive wildfires were burning in Northern California . In the context of ... | |
2014_in_science | 2014 in science | A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2014 , including the first robotic landing on a comet and the first complete stem-cell-assisted recovery from paraplegia . The year also saw a significant expansion in the worldwide use and sophistication of technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles and wearable... | |
2014–15_North_American_winter | 2014–15 North American winter | The 2014 -- 15 North American winter refers to winter as it occurred across the continent from late 2014 through early 2015 . While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere , there are two definitions of winter which may be used . Based on the astronomical defini... | |
2014–16_El_Niño_event | 2014–16 El Niño event | The 2014 -- 16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line . These unusually warm waters influenced the world 's weather in a number of ways , which in turn significantly affected vario... | |
2015_Indian_heat_wave | 2015 Indian heat wave | In May 2015 , India was struck by a severe heat wave . , it has caused the deaths of at least 2,500 people in multiple regions . The heat wave occurred during the Indian dry season , which typically lasts from March to July with peak temperatures in April and May . Although it typically remains hot until late October ,... | |
2015_South_Indian_floods | 2015 South Indian floods | The 2015 South Indian floods resulted from heavy rainfall generated by the annual northeast monsoon in November -- December 2015 . They affected the Coromandel Coast region of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh , and the union territory of Puducherry , with Tamil Nadu and the city of Chennai parti... | |
2015_United_Kingdom_general_election | 2015 United Kingdom general election | The 2015 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 7 May 2015 to elect 650 members to the House of Commons. It was the first general election at the end of a fixed-term Parliament. Local elections took place in most areas on the same day. Polls and commentators had predicted the outcome would be too close t... | |
2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference | 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference | The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference , COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris , France , from 30 November to 12 December 2015 . It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties ( COP ) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and the 11th session of the Confer... | |
2015_in_science | 2015 in science | A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2015 . Gene editing based on CRISPR got improved significantly . A new human-like species , Homo naledi , was first described . Gravitational waves were observed for the first time ( announced publicly in 2016 ) , and dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres were visited by sp... | |
2017_United_Kingdom_general_election | 2017 United Kingdom general election | The 2017 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 8 June 2017, two years after the previous general election in 2015. The governing Conservative Party remained the largest single party in the House of Commons but lost its small overall majority, resulting in the formation of a Conservative-led minority gov... | |
2018_British_Isles_heat_wave | 2018 British Isles heat wave | The 2018 Britain and Ireland heat wave was a period of unusually hot weather that took place in June, July and August. It caused widespread drought, hosepipe bans, crop failures, and a number of wildfires. These wildfires worst affected northern moorland areas around the Greater Manchester region, the largest was at Sa... | |
2019_United_Kingdom_general_election | 2019 United Kingdom general election | The 2019 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 12 December 2019. The Conservative Party, having failed to obtain a majority in the 2017 general election, had faced prolonged parliamentary deadlock over Brexit while it governed in minority with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), a situat... | |
2019_heat_wave_in_India_and_Pakistan | 2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan | From mid-May to mid-June 2019, India and Pakistan had a severe heat wave. It was one of the hottest and longest heat waves since the two countries began recording weather reports. The highest temperatures occurred in Churu, Rajasthan, reaching up to 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), a near record high in India, missing the record of... | |
2019_in_science | 2019 in science | A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2019. | |
2019–20_Australian_bushfire_season | 2019–20 Australian bushfire season | The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, colloquially known as Black Summer, was a period of unusually intense bushfires in many parts of Australia. In June 2019, the Queensland Fire and Emergency Service acting director warned of the potential for an early start to the bushfire season which normally starts in August. T... | |
20th_century | 20th century | The 20th century was a century that began on January 1 , 1901 and ended on December 31 , 2000 . It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium . It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1 , 1900 , and ended on December 31 , 1999 . The 20th century was dominated by a chain ... | |
21st_century | 21st century | The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era , in accordance with the Gregorian calendar . It began on January 1 , 2001 and will end on December 31 , 2100 . It is the first century of the 3rd millennium . It is distinct from the time span known as the 2000s , which began on January 1 , 2000 and will e... | |
A_Scientific_Dissent_from_Darwinism | A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism | A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism (or "Dissent from Darwinism") was a statement issued in 2001 by the Discovery Institute, a conservative think tank based in Seattle, Washington, U.S., best known for its promotion of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design. As part of the Discovery Institute"s Teach the ... | |
Abadan,_Iran | Abadan, Iran | Abadan ( آبادان Ābādān ) is a city in and the capital of Abadan County , Khuzestan Province which is located in central west of Iran . It lies on Abadan Island ( 68 km long , 3 -- 19 km or 2 -- 12 miles wide ) , the island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Kar... | |
Abbott_Government | Abbott Government | The Abbott Government was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott . The Government was made up of members of the Liberal -- National Coalition . The Leader of the Nationals , Warren Truss , served as Deputy Prime Minister . Following the 2013 Australian federal election on 7 Sept... | |
Abrupt_climate_change | Abrupt climate change | An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance , and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing . Past events include the end of the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse , Youn... | |
Academic_journal | Academic journal | An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published . Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation , scrutiny and discussion of research . They are usually peer-reviewed or refereed . Content typi... | |
Acid | Acid | An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron ( proton or hydrogen ion H + ) , or , alternatively , capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair ( a Lewis acid ) . The first category of acids is the proton donors or Brønsted acids . In the special case of aqueous solutions , proton donors form... | |
Adam_Scaife | Adam Scaife | Adam Arthur Scaife B.A. M.A. MSc PhD FRMetS ( born 18 March 1970 ) is a British physicist , and head of long range prediction at the Met Office . He is an honorary visiting Professor at Exeter University . Scaife carries out research into long range weather forecasting and computer modelling of the climate . Scaife has... | |
Adelaide | Adelaide | Adelaide ( -LSB- ˈædəleɪdaudio = En-au-Adelaide . oga -RSB- ) is the capital city of the state of South Australia , and the fifth-most populous city of Australia . In June 2016 , Adelaide had an estimated resident population of 1,326,354 . South Australia , with a total of 1.7 million inhabitants , has the most central... | |
Adventure_Time | Adventure Time | Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network . It follows the adventures of a boy named Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( John DiMaggio ) a dog with the magical power to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake ... | |
Aeolis_quadrangle | Aeolis quadrangle | The Aeolis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Astrogeology Research Program . The Aeolis quadrangle is also referred to as MC-23 ( Mars Chart-23 ) . The Aeolis quadrangle covers 180 ° to 225 ° W and 0 ° to 30 ° south on Mars , and contains p... | |
African_humid_period | African humid period | The African humid period (AHP) is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun; changes in vegetation and dust i... | |
Agriculture | Agriculture | Agriculture or farming is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created... | |
Air_National_Guard | Air National Guard | The Air National Guard ( ANG ) , also known as the Air Guard , is a federal military reserve force as well as the militia air force of each U.S. state , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , and the territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands . It , along with each state 's , district 's , co... | |
Air_pollution | Air pollution | Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earth 's atmosphere . It may cause diseases , allergies or death in humans ; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops , and may damage the natural or built environment ... | |
Aircraft_lease | Aircraft lease | Aircraft leases are leases used by airlines and other aircraft operators . Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons : to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them , and to provide temporary increase in capacity . The industry has two main leasing types : w... | |
Airline | Airline | An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight . Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements . Generally , airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or l... | |
Airliner | Airliner | An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo . Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines . Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country , an airliner is typically defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial ser... | |
Airplane | Airplane | An airplane or aeroplane ( informally plane ) is a powered , fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller . Airplanes come in a variety of sizes , shapes , and wing configurations . The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation , transportation of goods and peopl... | |
Al_Gore | Al Gore | Albert Arnold Gore Jr. ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton . He was Clinton 's running mate in their successful campaign in 1992 , and was re-elected in 1996 . At the end of Clin... | |
Alaska | Alaska | Alaska ( -LSB- əˈlæskə -RSB- ) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America . The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east ; its most extreme western part is Attu Island ; it has a maritime border with Russia to the west across the Bering Strait... | |
Alaska_North_Slope | Alaska North Slope | The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean , the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow , and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern . | |
Albany,_New_York | Albany, New York | Albany ( -LSB- ˈɔːlbəni -RSB- ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County . Roughly 150 mi north of New York City , Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River , about 10 mi south of its confluence with the Mohawk River . The population of the City of Albany was 97,856 accordi... | |
Albedo | Albedo | Albedo ( -LSB- ælˈbiːdoʊ -RSB- ) is a measure for reflectance or optical brightness ( Latin albedo , Arabic albayad , `` whiteness '' ) . It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from zero ( corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation ) to one ( corresponding to a white body that reflects all i... | |
Alcoa | Alcoa | Alcoa Corporation ( from Aluminum Company of America ) is an American industrial corporation . It is the world 's fifth largest producer of aluminum , with corporate headquarters in New York City . From its operational base in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania in the United States , Alcoa conducts operations in 10 countries . ... | |
Alcohol_(drug) | Alcohol (drug) | Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most common recreational substances, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness")... | |
Alentejo | Alentejo | Alentejo is a geographical , historical and cultural region of south-central and southern Portugal . Literally , in Portuguese it means `` beyond '' ( além ) Tagus river ( Tejo ) . Alentejo includes the regions of Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo . It corresponds to the districts of Beja , Évora , Portalegre and the ... | |
Alf_Ramsey | Alf Ramsey | Sir Alfred Ernest `` Alf '' Ramsey ( 22 January 1920 -- 28 April 1999 ) was an English football player and manager who , as manager of the England national football team from 1963 to 1974 , guided England to victory in the 1966 FIFA World Cup . Knighted in 1967 in recognition of England 's World Cup win , Ramsey also m... | |
Algae | Algae | Algae ( -LSB- ˈældʒi , _ ˈælɡi -RSB- singular alga -LSB- ˈælɡə -RSB- ) is an informal term for a large , diverse group of photosynthetic organisms which are not necessarily closely related , and is thus polyphyletic . Included organisms range from unicellular genera , such as Chlorella and the diatoms , to multicellula... | |
Alpine_climate | Alpine climate | Alpine climate is the average weather ( climate ) for the regions above the tree line . This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate . | |
Alternative_fuel | Alternative fuel | Alternative fuels , known as non-conventional and advanced fuels , are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels , other than conventional fuels like ; fossil fuels ( petroleum ( oil ) , coal , and natural gas ) , as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium , as well as artificial radioisotope ... | |
Alternative_medicine | Alternative medicine | Alternative medicine -- or fringe medicine -- includes practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but which are disproven , unproven , impossible to prove , or are excessively harmful in relation to their effect ; and where the scientific consensus is that the therapy does not , or can not , work because... | |
Amazon_basin | Amazon basin | The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries . The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 7,500,000 km2 , or roughly 40 percent of the South American continent . It is located in the countries of Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Peru , Suriname and... | |
Amazon_rainforest | Amazon rainforest | The Amazon rainforest ( Portuguese : Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia ; Selva Amazónica , Amazonía or usually Amazonia ; Forêt amazonienne Amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America . T... | |
American_Civil_War | American Civil War | The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . After a long standing controversy over slavery and state 's rights , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after Abraham Lincoln was elected . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed lo... | |
American_Legislative_Exchange_Council | American Legislative Exchange Council | The American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) is a nonprofit organization of conservative state legislators and private sector representatives that drafts and shares model state-level legislation for distribution among state governments in the United States . ALEC provides a forum for state legislators and priva... | |
Americans | Americans | Americans are citizens of the United States of America . The country is home to people of many different national origins . As a result , Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity , but with citizenship and allegiance . Although citizens make up the majority of Americans , non-citizen residents , dual ci... | |
Amundsen–Scott_South_Pole_Station | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station | The Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole , the southernmost place on the Earth . The station is located on the high plateau of Antarctica at an elevation of 2,835 metres ( 9,301 feet ) above sea level and is administered by the Division of Polar Programs ... | |
An_Inconvenient_Truth | An Inconvenient Truth | An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore 's campaign to educate citizens about global warming via a comprehensive slide show that , by his own estimate made in the film , he has given more than a thousand times . The idea to... | |
Anaerobic_digestion | Anaerobic digestion | Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen . The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to produce fuels . Much of the fermentation used industrially to produce food and drink products , as well as h... | |
Anders_Jonas_Ångström | Anders Jonas Ångström | Anders Jonas Ångström ( -LSB- ˈan.ˈdəʂ ˈjuː.ˈnas ˈɔŋ.ˈstrøm -RSB- ; 13 August 181421 June 1874 ) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy . | |
Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain | Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain | The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic . The Germanic-speakers in Britain , themselves of diverse origins , eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo-Saxons . This process occurred f... | |
Angstrom | Angstrom | The angstrom (, ; ANG-strəm, ANG-strum) or ångström is a metric unit of length equal to 10−10 m; that is, one ten-billionth of a metre, 0.1 nanometre, or 100 picometres. Its symbol is Å, a letter of the Swedish alphabet. The ångström is not a part of the SI system of units, but it can be considered part of the metric s... | |
Anoxic_event | Anoxic event | Oceanic anoxic events or anoxic events ( anoxia conditions ) refer to intervals in the Earth 's past where portions of oceans become depleted in oxygen ( O2 ) at depths over a large geographic area . During some of these events , euxinia , waters that contained hydrogen sulfide , developed . Although anoxic events have... | |
Antarctic_ice_sheet | Antarctic ice sheet | The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic... | |
Antarctic_sea_ice | Antarctic sea ice | Antarctic sea ice is the sea ice of the Southern Ocean . It extends far north in winter and retreats almost to the coastline each summer . Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick . This is in contrast to ice shelves , which are formed by glaciers , float in the sea , and are up to a kilo... | |
Antarctica | Antarctica | Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surroun... | |
Antarctica_cooling_controversy | Antarctica cooling controversy | An apparent contradiction in the observed cooling behavior of Antarctica between 1966 and 2000 became part of the public debate in the global warming controversy , particularly between advocacy groups of both sides in the public arena including politicians , as well as the popular media . In his novel State of Fear , M... | |
Anthony_Watts_(blogger) | Anthony Watts (blogger) | Willard Anthony Watts ( born 1958 ) is an American blogger who runs Watts Up With That ? , a popular climate change denial blog that opposes the scientific consensus on climate change . A former television meteorologist and current radio meteorologist , he is also founder of the Surface Stations project , a volunteer i... | |
Anthozoa | Anthozoa | Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria . Unlike other cnidarians , anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development . Instead , they release sperm and eggs that form a planula , which attaches to some substrate on which the cnidarian grows . Some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through budding... | |
Anti-submarine_warfare | Anti-submarine warfare | Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW , or in older form A/S ) is a branch of underwater warfare that uses surface warships , aircraft , or other submarines to find , track and deter , damage or destroy enemy submarines . Successful anti-submarine warfare depends on a mix of sensor and weapon technology , training , and exper... | |
Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction | Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction | Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction is a subgenre of science fiction , science fantasy or horror fiction literature in which the Earth 's technological civilization is collapsing or has collapsed . The apocalypse event may be climatic , such as runaway climate change ; natural , such as an impact event ; man-made ... | |
Apple_Corps | Apple Corps | Apple Corps Ltd ( informally known as Apple ) is a multi-armed multimedia corporation founded in London in January 1968 by the members of the Beatles to replace their earlier company ( Beatles Ltd ) and to form a conglomerate . Its name ( pronounced `` apple core '' ) is a pun . Its chief division is Apple Records , wh... | |
Aqua_(satellite) | Aqua (satellite) | Aqua ( EOS PM-1 ) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in orbit around the Earth , studying the precipitation , evaporation , and cycling of water . It is the second major component of the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) preceded by Terra ( launched 1999 ) and followed by Aura ( launched 2004 ) . The... | |
Arab_Spring | Arab Spring | The Arab Spring ( الربيع العربي ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī ) also referred to as Arab revolutions ( الثورات العربية aṯ - ` awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah ) or Democracy Spring ( الربيع الديمقراطي ar-Rabīʻ ad-Dīmuqrāṭī ) was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations , protests , riots , coups and civil wars in No... | |
Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary | Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary | Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is the northernmost wildlife sanctuary of Kerala , southwest India . It is 55 km2 in area and located on the western slope of the Western Ghats . It was established in 1984 . The headquarters of the sanctuary is near Iritty . Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the southeast part of Kannu... | |
Arctic | Arctic | The Arctic ( -LSB- ˈɑrktɪk -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɑrtɪk -RSB- ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth . The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean , adjacent seas , and parts of Alaska ( United States ) , Canada , Finland , Greenland ( Denmark ) , Iceland , Norway , Russia and Sweden . Land within the Arcti... | |
Arctic_Circle | Arctic Circle | The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the abstract five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of the Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the northern summer solstic... | |
Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge | Arctic National Wildlife Refuge | The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR or Arctic Refuge ) is a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska , United States . It consists of 19286722 acre in the Alaska North Slope region . It is the largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country , slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge .... | |
Arctic_Ocean | Arctic Ocean | The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world 's five major oceans . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) recognizes it as an ocean , although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea , classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlanti... |
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