def ssd_minimal_discrete(X, A, B, C, block_len, initial_states=None):
    """
    Arguments:
        X: (batch, length, n_heads, d_head)
        A: (batch, length, n_heads)
        B: (batch, length, n_heads, d_state)
        C: (batch, length, n_heads, d_state)
    Return:
        Y: (batch, length, n_heads, d_head)
    """
    assert X.dtype == A.dtype == B.dtype == C.dtype
    assert X.shape[1] % block_len == 0

    # Rearrange into blocks/chunks
    X, A, B, C = [rearrange(x, "b (c l) ... -> b c l ...", l=block_len) for x in (X, A, B, C)]

    A = rearrange(A, "b c l h -> b h c l")
    A_cumsum = torch.cumsum(A, dim=-1)

    # 1. Compute the output for each intra-chunk (diagonal blocks)
    L = torch.exp(segsum(A))
    Y_diag  = torch.einsum("bclhn,bcshn,bhcls,bcshp->bclhp", C, B, L, X)

    # 2. Compute the state for each intra-chunk
    # (right term of low-rank factorization of off-diagonal blocks; B terms)
    decay_states = torch.exp((A_cumsum[:, :, :, -1:] - A_cumsum))
    states = torch.einsum("bclhn,bhcl,bclhp->bchpn", B, decay_states, X)

    # 3. Compute the inter-chunk SSM recurrence; produces correct SSM states at chunk boundaries
    # (middle term of factorization of off-diag blocks; A terms)
    if initial_states is None:
        initial_states = torch.zeros_like(states[:, :1])
    states = torch.cat([initial_states, states], dim=1)
    decay_chunk = torch.exp(segsum(F.pad(A_cumsum[:, :, :, -1], (1, 0))))
    new_states = torch.einsum("bhzc,bchpn->bzhpn", decay_chunk, states)
    states, final_state = new_states[:, :-1], new_states[:, -1]

    # 4. Compute state -> output conversion per chunk
    # (left term of low-rank factorization of off-diagonal blocks; C terms)
    state_decay_out = torch.exp(A_cumsum)
    Y_off = torch.einsum('bclhn,bchpn,bhcl->bclhp', C, states, state_decay_out)

    # Add output of intra-chunk and inter-chunk terms (diagonal and off-diagonal blocks)
    Y = rearrange(Y_diag+Y_off, "b c l h p -> b (c l) h p")
    return Y, final_state

    Arguments:
        X: (batch, length, n_heads, d_head)
        A: (batch, length, n_heads)
        B: (batch, length, n_heads, d_state)
        C: (batch, length, n_heads, d_state)
    Return:
        Y: (batch, length, n_heads, d_head)
    
classification/models/mamba2/ssd_minimal.py