def test_no_read_permission() -> None:
        """Test ``validate_path`` raises PermissionError for a file without read permission."""
        with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            file_path = Path(tmp_dir) / "test.txt"
            with file_path.open("w") as f:
                f.write("test")
            file_path.chmod(0o222)  # Remove read permission
            with pytest.raises(PermissionError, match=r"Read or execute permissions denied for the path:*"):
                validate_path(file_path, base_dir=Path(tmp_dir))
Test ``validate_path`` raises PermissionError for a file without read permission.
tests/unit/data/utils/test_path.py